9. What is the mechanism by which a function is
accomplished?
Origin: How did that mechanism come to be?
10.
11.
12.
13. Natural Selection: the increase in frequency of genes that produce phenotypes that
raise the likelihood that animals will survive and reproduce
Adaptation: a physiological mechanism or other trait that is a product of evolution
by natural selection
Adaptive Significance: Why the trait is an asset – why natural selection favored the
evolution of a trait
17. The mechanisms by which animals perform their life
sustaining functions.
The evolution and adaptive significance of physiological
traits
The ways in which diverse phylogenetic groups of animals
both resemble each other and differ
The ways in which physiology and ecology interact, in the
present and during evolutionary time
The importance of all levels of organization – from genes to
proteins, and tissues to organs-for the full understanding of
physiological systems
19. 1. Structurally dynamic
2. Organized systems that
require energy to maintain
organization
3. Both time and body size are
fundamental significance in
the lives of all animals
20. The atoms of their bodies
are in dynamic exchange
with the atoms in their
environments (isotope
studies)
25. Changes in response to the external environment:
1. Acute Changes – short term, reversible, in individuals
2. Chronic Changes – long term, reversible, in individuals
3. Evolutionary Changes – alteration of gene frequencies (genotypes) over
the course of multiple generations in population exposed to new
environments
Changes in response to the internal environment:
4. Developmental changes – programmed changes from conception to
senescence
5. Changes controlled by periodic biological clocks-changes that occur in
repeating patterns
26.
27. Acclimation – chronic response to a laboratory
environment – controlled environment with just a few
changes
Acclimatization – chronic response to a natural
environment (winter/summer, high/low elevation)
Norm of Reaction – Correspondences between
phenotypes and environments (high melanin & high sun),
can be adaptations
28. Developmental changes – programmed changes
from conception to senescence
Changes controlled by periodic biological clocks-
changes that occur in repeating patterns
29. Body Size – Many traits vary in regular ways with
their body size among related species – brain size,
heart rate, energy use etc. Scaling – the study of
these relationships
37. Need for oxygen due to need for
metabolic energy.
Releasing energy from organic
compounds (food) release hydrogen.
This is combined with oxygen to form
water.
The suitability of an environment
depends on availability of O2.
40. Universal solvent in biological systems
Required for blood and all other body
fluids to have their proper compositions
Water bound to proteins and other
macromolecules as water of hydration
required for proper chemical and
functional properties
41.
42.
43.
44. At head height air temps approach
50°C in summer and 7°C in winter
In the burrow
of a kangaroo
rat at 1 m
beneath the
soil surface,
temperatures
remain
between 15°C
and 32°C
47. A change in gene frequencies over time
in a population of organisms
Not necessarily due to adaptation which
occurs due to natural selection
Nonadaptive evolution occurs when
gene frequencies change but does not
confer a survival or reproductive
advantage.
48. Natural Selection: the increase in frequency of genes that produce phenotypes that
raise the likelihood that animals will survive and reproduce
Adaptation: a physiological mechanism or other trait that is a product of evolution
by natural selection
Adaptive Significance: Why the trait is an asset – why natural selection favored the
evolution of a trait
49. Processes in which chance assumes a
preeminent role in altering gene
frequencies.
-Random deaths
-Founder effects
50. The control of an allele of a single gene of
two or more distinct and seemingly
unrelated traits- can lead to nonadaptive
outcomes
53. Study lab populations over many generations – fruit
flies
Single-generation studies of individual variation
54.
55. Creation of variation for study – knock out animals,
RNA interference, allometric engineering
Studies of the genetic structures of natural
populations - clines
Phylogenetic reconstruction-making family trees
from molecular data
56. There must be genetic diversity of
a trait for it to evolve
Editor's Notes
AnPhys3e-Chapter-01-Opener.jpg
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b) The laws of chemistry and physics must be considered
Multiple levels of animal organization must be considered. Nerve impulses travel to swimming muscles.
ATP is utilized from food molecules and the fish is propelled forward.
The fish can alter ion-pumps on it’s gills depending on whether it’s in salt or fresh water. Traveling far to spawning grounds reduced the size of female fish ovaries.
AnPhys3e-Fig-01-03-0.jpg
A chemical compound (luciferin) reacts with ATP to form luciferyl-AMP. Then if oxygen can reach the luciferyl-AMP the two react to form a chemical product in which electrons are boosted to an excited state and emits photons. This requires the enzyme catalyst called firefly luciferase.
b) When a firefly is not producing light any O2 that reaches the insect’s light cells via its gas-transport tubules is intercepted by mitochondria between the case tubules and the sites of the luciferin rxns.
c) The light cells produce light when the nervous system of the firefly is stimulated causing the mitochondria to be bathed in nitric oxide and therefore unable to absorb O2
AnPhys3e-Fig-01-04-0.jpg
AnPhys3e-Fig-01-05-1R.jpg
AnPhys3e-Fig-01-05-2R.jpg
Adults people resynthesize 2-3% of their body protein each day and 10% of the amino acids come from food
Adults people resynthesize 2-3% of their body protein each day and 10% of the amino acids come from food
AnPhys3e-Fig-01-06-0.jpg
AnPhys3e-Fig-01-07-0.jpg
Home heating example, Neg feedback – the system opposes deviations from the set point, pros and cons of regulation and conformity: reg costs energy but allows cells to fxn independently of outside condition. Conf: energetically cheap but must conform to outside conditions
Heat acclimation in humans – 3.5 miles per hour, 49 degrees C, 20% humidity, the passage of time permits biochemical or anatomical restructuring i.e. weight lifting
Ordinary Least Squares Regression on a log scale to see the relationship between gestation length and body size.
AnPhys3e-Fig-01-11-0.jpg
Thermophilic (heat-loving) lizard common in N. American deserts can survive in temps as high as 48.5 degrees C
An adult liberates 1/5 pound of oxygen each day.
AnPhys3e-Fig-01-13-0.jpg
Density Layering in Lakes
Life began in water. Most oceanic invertebrates come from ancestors that never left the seas so their bodies have similar [salt] to sea water
AnPhys3e-Fig-01-16-0.jpg
AnPhys3e-Fig-01-16-0R.jpg
Founder effect: a species enters an a new area and founds a new population there that may reflects the founder’s genes rather than the gene pool it came from
Mosquitos become resistance to organophosphate insecticides but also more sensitive to cold
Mosquitos become resistance to organophosphate insecticides but also more sensitive to cold
Terrestrial vertebrates representing 3 phyla that separately colonized land have independently evolved breathing organs that invaginated the body suggesting that these are adaptive for living on land
Mosquitos become resistance to organophosphate insecticides but also more sensitive to cold
Trap several hundred mice and measure maximal rate at which they can take in and us O2
Clines-a progressive change in allele frequencies or gene-controlled phenotype frequencies along an environmental gradient
Clines-a progressive change in allele frequencies or gene-controlled phenotype frequencies along an environmental gradient