Introduction to principles of plant physiology

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Principles of Plant
Physiology
Hort.122
By
BEIRA H.M.
2008

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What is Plant Physiology?
 Literal Definition:
 In Greek: physis = nature and logos = word
“Discourse on the nature of plants”
 Definition:
“Science of how plants develop, grow, and
respond to their environment at the cellular
& biochemical level”

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 Plant physiology is the study of:
– the functions occurring in plants
– the vital processes occurring in plants
– how plants work
 In essence, plant physiology is a study of the
plant way of life, which include various aspects of the
plant lifestyle and survival :
- metabolism,
- water relations,
- mineral nutrition, development,
- movement,growth, and transport processes.

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 Plant physiology is a lab science.
 Plant physiology is an experimental science.
 Plant physiology relies heavily on chemistry and
physics

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What does phsiology include ?
 Combining what is known about:
 Structure and anatomy as it relates to plant
function
 Sources of energy for growth & development
 Water & nutrient uptake and movement
 Responses to the environment (light, temp.,
water)
 Plant responses to stresses (abiotic & biotic)

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 What types of science are
involved?
 Plant biology
 Plant anatomy
 Ecology and Environmental Biology
 Cell biology
 Inorganic & organic chemistry
 Biochemistry
 Molecular biology

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Why Study Plants
1. Plants provide the Oxygen we breath
 4.5 billion years before
 Ancient Atmosphere:
 H2O + N2 +NH3 + CO2 + CO + CH4 + H2 + H2S
 an anaerobic (no oxygen gas) atmosphere
 Toxic to life
 CO2 + H2O + light +chlorophyll----> CH2O + O2
 potential to change the atmosphere in important ways

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2. Plants provide the Ozone UV screen
 oxygen gas in the atmosphere is routinely
converted to ozone by natural processes:
 O2 ---> O3
 Ozone
 absorbs ultraviolet light coming from the sun
 provided a protective shield allowing life to exist with
much less mutation
 provided stability for life

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3. Plants provide a diversity of food
 Plants are the source of energy and protein for animals
 Plants are responsible for feeding all the animals on
the planet (food web)
 Eating plants rather than animals (vegetarian) makes
feeding the world more efficient
 To make one kilogram of beef it takes 10 kilograms of
grain! It is more efficient to eat the grain ourselves!

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4. Plants provide fibers
 Not all carbohydrates are digestible
 The indigestible carbohydrates include cellulose
referred as “fibers”
 it is nevertheless very useful to us
 Cellulose in plants is deposited into xylem.
 In some plants these fibers are long and
slender and can be spun together to make
thread.
 This thread can be woven into fabrics including
linen (flax fiber) and cotton (fruit fibers)

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5. Plants provide wood and paper
 large concentrations of xylem made the tissue
as wood.
 This forms the trunks of trees and can be cut
into lumber for building houses and ships.
 Be burned as fuel for heating homes and
cooking food.
 The fibers sized together into sheets of paper.

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6. Plants provided fossil fuels
 Not all of the plant carbohydrate was eaten with
3-billion years of plants living and dying before
animals started eating up everything produced
 But much of the plant material remained piling
up in the ancient landscape.
 The piles were covered over and buried deeply
by sediments.
 The buried vegetation initially decomposed to
form natural gas (CH4) in part

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 Some of the vegetation was compressed and formed
coal which is also used in electrical generation.
 Yet more of the deposits formed crude oil which is the
source of a range of hydrocarbons for making plastics
 ultimate source of the gasoline in car, the grease in its
axles, as well as home heating oil, and the electrical
energy that powers the lights
 The oil is the source of plastics in your telephone and
computer

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7. Plants provide medicines
 Plants are a source of medicines directly
 Quinine from plant bark prevents malaria
 Caffeine from plants is an important daily stimulant
for many humans
 Fossil fuel is also converted into a wide
range of synthetic compounds including
alcohol and a wide range of medicines
 Alcohol was produced from starch early in
civilization

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8. Plants provide latex
 Rubber trees in the tropics bleed a kind of sap when
wounded that we can harvest as latex
 This natural rubber can be used for making gloves for
surgery and dish washing, or washers and water-tight
seals
 The latex can be combined with sulfur and formed into
vulcanized rubber that makes really tough tires

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9. Plants provide essential oils
 Used to make our homes and bodies smell better
and our food to taste better
10. Plants provide decoration
 used in landscaping towns, businesses, and homes
11. Plants provide jobs
 Plants have been a constant source of business and
employment throughout human history

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plant
physiology
 Plant physiology serves as the foundation for
the numerous recent advances in agriculture:
 Forestry
 Pharmacology
 Plant pathology
 Agronomy
 Floriculture
Photosynthesis
 The efficiency of photosynthetic conversion of
solar radiation in the production of food
nutrients that are acceptable to human diets
can be increased.

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Techniques of tissue culture
 decrease the time required to create desirable strains
of crop plants
 Production of disease free crop plants
Irrigation
 Understanding the water relations of crops
Weed control
 Auxin is selective weed killers.
 They cause increased carbohydrate metabolism to such an
extent that the plant burn themselves to death.

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Nutrition
 The quality of field crops can be regulated
through suitable micronutrient additions to soil.
Growth regulators
 Better crop yield can be increased by learning how and
when the application of plant growth regulators to plants
is most effective.
• Pruning of apical buds to induce lateral buds to grow
• Synthetic auxin to prevent premature
• Promotion of root formation in cutting s
• GA: increase stalk length

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