Plant Physiology
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Importance of Plant Physiology / Crop Physiology in Agriculture
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Plant Physiology
- 1. Plant Physiology BOT-232 Importance of Plant Physiology in Agriculture Lecture- 1st By Prof. SD Tidke
- 2. What is Plant Physiology?
- 3. Definition: • “Science of how plants develop, grow, and respond to their environment at the cellular & biochemical level” • Plant Physiology is the study of: – the functions occurring in plants – the vital processes occurring in plants – how plants work Plant Physiology is : -
- 4. FATHER OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY Stephen Hales
- 5. 5 WHAT DOES PHYSIOLOGY INCLUDE? Structure and anatomy as it relates to plant function Sources of energy for growth & development Water & nutrient uptake and movement Responses to the environment (light, temp., water) Plant responses to stresses (abiotic & biotic)
- 6. WHAT TYPES OF SCIENCE ARE INVOLVED? 6 Plant biology Plant anatomy Ecology and Environmental Biology Cell biology Inorganic & organic chemistry Biochemistry Molecular biology
- 7. WHY STUDYPLANTS • Plants provide the Oxygen to breath • Plants provide the Ozone UV screen • Plants provide a diversity of food • Plants provide fibers • Plants provide wood and paper • Plants provided fossil fuels • Plants provide medicines • Plants provide latex • Plants provide essential oils • Plants provide decoration • Plants provide jobs
- 8. IMPORTANCE OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE • Many aspects of Agriculture and Horticulture can be benefitted from more intensive research in plant physiology to provide practical solutions in agriculture and horticulture • Plant physiology serves as the foundation for the numerous recent advances in agriculture: • Forestry • Pharmacology • Plant pathology • Agronomy • Floriculture
- 9. 1. SEED PHYSIOLOGY • Seed is the most important input in agriculture. • Germination of seed and proper establishment of seedling depends upon various internal and external factors. • Knowledge of Seed physiology helps in understanding of different physiological and morphological changes that occur during germination. • Any deviation in these processes causes Seed dormancy. Example: When ever Paddy is used as a seed material in the very next season it is recommended to treat the seed either with HNO3 (Nitric acid) or with GA
- 10. 2. OPTIMUM SEEDLING GROWTH AND PLANT POPULATION • By knowing the process of radicle and plumule emergence and their function we can achieve best plant health, which is the outcome of best plant physiology. • By knowing the different inputs requirement of plants (water, nutrients, sunlight) we can easily manage the plant population to get highest yield.
- 11. 3. MODE OF ACTION OF DIFFERENT WEEDICIDES • The use of herbicides to kill unwanted plants is widespread in modern agriculture. • Majority of Herbicides about half of the commercially important compounds—act by interrupting photosynthetic electron flow (Ex. Paraquat, diuron) or electron flow of respiration. • In Photosynthesis when the electron transport is blocked, it virtually stops light reaction of photosynthesis. When light reaction is stopped the dark reaction does not happen and thus CO2 is not fixed as carbohydrate. Therefore, the weed is killed by starvation
- 12. 4. NUTRIOPHYSIOLOGY • Nutriophysiology is yet another important area to under stand crop physiology. • For the healthy growth of a crop around 17 essential elements are required. • Knowledge of nutriophysiology has helped in identification of essential nutrients, ion uptake mechanisms, their deficiency symptoms and corrective measures. • It also helps to check the toxicity symptoms of various nutrients. • The use of fertilizers and their intake by plants can be totally understand by studying plant physiology.
- 13. 5. PHOTOPERIODISM • Response of plant to the relative length of day and night is called as photoperiodism. • This concept was used to choose photo insensitive varieties. • The semi dwarf Rice varieties that have revolutionized Indian agriculture, are lodging resistant, fertilizer responsive, high yielding and photo insensitive. • Photo insensitivity has allowed rice cultivation in nontraditional areas like Punjab. • Even in traditional areas rice-wheat rotation has become possible only due to these varieties.
- 14. 6. PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS • Plant growth regulators Plants can regulate their growth through internal growth mechanisms involving the action of extremely low concentrations of chemical substances called Plant growth substances, phytohormones or Plant growth regulators. • The regulation of flowering, seed formation and fruit setting has been controlled through the application of different hormones at the appropriate time of plant height and age.
- 15. 7. POST-HARVEST PHYSIOLOGY • Post harvest losses of agriculture and horticulture are causing a great distress to farming community. • Moisture and temperature are the two important factors causing physiological changes that reduce the post harvest quality of grains. • Control of moisture content and maintenance of low temperatures have proved effective in storage of grains. Being perishable in nature the magnitude of post harvest loss is comparatively higher in horticultural crops. • Example: In recent years a method called ‘modified atmospheric storage’ was developed for prolonged post harvest life of fruits and vegetables. Shelf life of cut flowers can be increased by application of kinetin (cytokinin). This will reduce the burst of ethylene and thus reduces the rate of senescence.
- 16. 8. IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT AND STRESS • Indian agriculture being predominantly rainfed in nature, so development of drought resistant varieties is very important. • Root zone depth, density of roots, plant water potential, relative water content, water use efficiency, xerophytic characters of leaves etc. are some of the characters helped to bred drought tolerant varieties and to develop efficient irrigation management practices (sprinkler and drip irrigation).
- 17. 9. TRANSPIRATION EFFICIENCY OR WATER USE EFFICIENCY • Among Several physiological approaches, transpiration efficiency or water use efficiency is the most dependable trait, which is “the amount of dry matter produced per unit amount of water transpired”. • The importance of water use efficiency (WUE) in influencing grain yield under water limited conditions can be explained by the following model give by passioura. • Grain Yield = T x TE x HI • Where T = Total transpiration by the crop canopy • TE = Transpiration Efficiency or WUE • HI = Harvest Index (Economic Fraction of Dry matter) • This relationship provides an analytical tool to select the genotype.
- 18. Thus, physiological understanding of plants provides the fundamental scientific base about various aspects of metabolism, growth and development. This is immensely important for crop improvement or technology improvement in agriculture or horticulture.