Plant Morphology MCQ Introduction
A plant’s morphology refers to its physical appearance and structure. It encompasses various characteristics such as leaf shape, stem texture, root system development, flower color, and fruit size. Through plant morphology, scientists can identify different plant species or classify them based on their similarities in form.
This field also helps us understand how plants adapt to their environment by modifying their physical features or developing specialized structures that aid survival. For instance, desert plants have evolved thorns to protect themselves from predators, while aquatic plants have developed air-filled chambers to help them float on water surfaces.
By studying plant morphology, we gain a deeper appreciation for the diversity and complexity of plant life on our planet.
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Plant Morphology MCQ
Q 1. In the cymose type of inflorescence:
- The main axis continues to grow, and the flower blooms in an apical shape.
- The main axis continues to grow, and the flower blooms like a basal petal.
- Growth is limited and the flowers are arranged in basal petals.
- Growth is limited and the flowers are apical.
Answer: 1, The main axis continues to grow, and the flower blooms in an apical shape.
Explanation: In a cymose inflorescence, the main axis (also called the peduncle) continues to grow, producing new lateral branches called pedicels. The flowers are borne on these pedicels in an acropetal succession, which means the youngest flowers are at the top, and the oldest are at the inflorescence’s base. As the central axis grows, it produces new flowers at the top while the lower, older flowers mature and eventually senesce.
Q 2. Ovary is one-chambered, but it becomes two-chambered due to the formation of a false septum in:
- Dianthus and Primrose
- Mustard and Argemone
- Sunflower and Marigold
- Pea and Lemon
Answer: 1, Dianthus and Primrose.
Explanation: In Dianthus (carnation) and Primrose (Primula), the ovary is originally one-chambered (monocarpellary) but becomes two-chambered (bi-carpellary) due to the formation of a false septum. The false septum is formed by the inward growth of tissue from the inner wall of the ovary, dividing it into two chambers or locules.
Q 3. Family Fabaceae differs from Solanaceae and Liliaceae. Concerning the stamens, pick out the characteristics specific to the family Fabaceae but not found in Solanaceae or Liliaceae.
- Epiphyllous and Dithecous anthers
- Diadelphous and Dithecous anthers
- Polyadelphous and epipetalous stamens
- Monadelphous and Monothecous anthers
Answer: 3, Polyadelphous and epipetalous stamens.
Explanation: Polyadelphous stamens refer to the stamens that are fused by their filaments into multiple groups or bundles. In Fabaceae, the stamens are often arranged in a characteristic pattern, such as nine stamens fused, forming a tube around the pistil, while one stamen remains separate.
Epipetalous stamens refer to the stamens attached to the flower’s petals. In Fabaceae, the stamens are usually attached to the petals, often in a distinct arrangement, such as the stamens forming a curved structure around the pistil.
As mentioned in the options, dithecous anthers refer to structures with two locules or pollen sacs. However, this characteristic is not specific to the family Fabaceae and can be found in other plant families as well.
Monadelphous and monothecous anthers are not specific to Fabaceae but are characteristic of other plant families.
Q 4. Axile placentation is observed in:
- China Rose, Petunia, and Lemon
- Mustard, Cucumber, and Primrose
- Chine rose, Beans, and Lupin
- Tomato, Dianthus, and Pea
Answer: 1, China rose, Beans, and Lupin.
Explanation: Axile placentation is an arrangement of ovules or seeds around the axis in a flower where they are attached to the inner wall of the ovary. This type of placental arrangement is seen in many flowering plants such as China rose, Beans, and Lupin.
Q 5. Massive aerial roots present in a Banyan tree is
- fibrous
- respiratory
- epiphytic
- prop roots
Answer: 4, prop roots
Explanation: It is well known that banyan trees (Ficus benghalensis) develop extensive aerial roots as part of their unique growth habit. As they grow toward the ground, these aerial roots become thick and support the tree. They originate from the branches or trunk of the tree and grow downwards.
Because these aerial roots prop up the branches and main trunk of the Banyan tree, they stabilize its structure. Banyan trees thrive in a wide variety of habitats because of their prop roots, which provide support and absorb water and nutrients from their environment.
Q 6. Diadelphous is found in
- Pea
- Citrus
- China rose
- Lily
Answer: 1, Pea
Explanation: In diadelphous stamens, the stamens are arranged in two groups or bundles, with nine stamens fused and one stamen separate. This arrangement is characteristic of the Pea family (Fabaceae), which includes plants like peas, beans, and lentils.
On the other hand, Citrus (Citrus spp.), China Rose (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) and Lily (Lilium spp.) do not have diadelphous stamens. They have different arrangements of stamens or belong to separate plant families.
Q 7. In monocotyledonous seeds, the outer covering of endosperm separates the embryo by a proteinous layer called:
- Aleurone
- Scutellum
- Testa
- Tegmen
Answer: 1, Aleurone
Explanation: In monocotyledonous seeds, the outer covering of the endosperm that separates the embryo is called the scutellum, not a proteinous layer. The scutellum is a specialized structure found in the seeds of monocots, and it is a part of the endosperm.
The aleurone layer is protein-rich between the endosperm and the seed coat (testa). It is involved in providing nutrients and enzymes for the germination of the seed.
Q 8. Which of the following is not a floral character of the family Fabaceae?
- Calyx – Sepals five, gamosepalous; imbricate aestivation
- Corolla – Petals five, polypetalous; vexillary aestivation
- Androecium – Ten, diadelphous, anther dithecous
- Gynoecium – Ovary inferior, bi-carpellary, unilocular with many ovules
Answer: 1,Calyx – Sepals five, gamosepalous; imbricate aestivation.
Explanation: In the family Fabaceae (Leguminosae), the calyx is typically formed by five sepals fused (gamosepalous) and has valvate aestivation. Valvate aestivation refers to the arrangement of sepals or petals that touch each other at the margins without overlapping.
Q 9. In marginal placentation, the placenta forms a ridge along the following:
- Ventral suture of the ovary
- Dorsal suture of the ovary
- Anterior suture of the ovary
- Posterior suture of the ovary
Answer: 2, Ventral suture of the ovary.
Explanation: In marginal placentation, the placenta forms a ridge along the ventral suture of the ovary.
Marginal placentation is a type of placentation where the ovules are attached to the ventral suture or the inner wall of the ovary, forming a single row or ridge. In this case, the placenta is located along the ventral suture of the ovary, which is the side facing the center of the flower.
Q 10. The morphological nature of the edible part of a coconut is
- Cotyledon
- Perisperm
- Pericarp
- Endosperm
Answer: 4, Endosperm
Explanation: The edible portion of a coconut is known as the endosperm. It is a white, fleshy tissue that surrounds the embryo and serves as its source of nourishment. The endosperm consists of the coconut’s meat or flesh, commonly consumed. In contrast, the cotyledon and perisperm are not found in the coconut, nor are any components of its outer covering, the pericarp.
Q 11. The stem is modified into flat, green organs performing the function of leaves
- Phyllodes
- Cladodes
- Phylloclades
- Scales
Answer: 3, Phylloclades
Explanation: Phylloclades are flattened, leaf-like structures that arise from the stem of certain plants. They are green in color and carry out photosynthesis, performing the functions of leaves. Phylloclades can be found in various plant species, including cacti and succulents.
Phyllodes are modified leaf structures that are elongated and flattened, resembling leaves. They are typically found in plants of the Acacia genus.
Cladodes are modified branches that resemble flattened stems and function as photosynthetic organs. Examples of plants with cladodes include members of the genus Ruscus.
Scales are small, modified leaves that often protect buds or bulbs but do not perform the primary functions of leaves.
Q 12. Which of the following embryo parts contains radicle and plumule?
- Embryonal axis
- Endosperm
- Seed coat
- Cotyledon
Answer: 1, Embryonal axis
Explanation: The embryonal axis contains both the radicle and the plumule. The radicle is the embryonic root of the plant, and the plumule is the embryonic shoot. The endosperm provides nutrition to a developing embryo, the seed coat protects it from damage, and cotyledons are food-storage organs.
Q 13. While representing a floral formula, G stands for
- Superior ovary
- Inferior ovary
- Androecium
- Epigynous flower
Answer: 1, Superior Ovary
Explanation: When appearing in a floral formula, G represents the position of the ovary, located above the attachment point of other floral parts such as sepals, petals, and stamens. In addition to G, other symbols are used for different floral parts, including K (calyx or sepals), C (corolla or petals), P (perianth combining both sepals and petals), A (androecium or male reproductive structures/stamens), and G (gynoecium or female reproductive structures/pistils).
Q 14. Monocarpellary, the superior ovary is found in
- Liliaceae
- Poaceae
- Solanaceae
- Fabaceae
Answer: 4, Fabaceae
Explanation: Fabaceae is a monocarpellary, superior ovary family, meaning that the flower has one carpel (which contains female reproductive parts), and the ovary is positioned higher than other parts of the flower. This feature is found in many family plants, including beans, peas, and clovers.
Q 15. Reticulate venation is the feature of dicots, but some monocots also exhibit this venation, like
- Smilax
- Eryngium
- Corymbium
- Calophyllum
Answer: 1, Smilax
Explanation: Reticulate venation is primarily a characteristic feature of dicotyledonous plants. However, some monocotyledonous plants also exhibit reticulate venation. Among the options provided, Smilax is a monocotyledonous plant with reticulate venation.
Smilax is a genus of plants that belongs to the family Smilacaceae. It includes several species of climbing or trailing vines commonly known as greenbriers. These plants have leaves with reticulate venation, which means the veins form a net-like pattern throughout the leaf surface.
On the other hand, Eryngium, Corymbium, and Calophyllum are primarily dicotyledonous plants, but they do not typically exhibit reticulate venation.
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Plant Morphology MCQ FAQs
Plant morphology is crucial for understanding the structure and form of plants. It helps in identifying and classifying plant species, studying their growth patterns, and determining their ecological roles. Additionally, it provides insights into plant evolution and aids in various fields such as agriculture, horticulture, and environmental science.
Plant morphology identification involves observing and analyzing the external characteristics of plants, including their roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits. By examining these features, botanists and researchers can differentiate between various plant species.
Carl Linnaeus is often regarded as the father of morphology. His work laid the foundation for modern taxonomy and classification, including the study of plant morphology.
Plant morphology is studied through careful observation, specimen collection, and analysis of plant structures. Microscopic techniques, laboratory experiments, and fieldwork are commonly employed methods in studying plant morphology.
Morphology is broadly classified into several branches, including comparative morphology, developmental morphology, and evolutionary morphology. These classifications help researchers explore different aspects of plant structure and form in relation to their functions and evolutionary history.
