Angiospermic Plant Morphology

Balwant Singh

In the intricate web of life on our planet, the study of plants has always held a special place. They are not only the green tapestry that blankets the Earth but also the very foundation of life itself. This book embarks on a journey into the mesmerizing realm of plant morphology, an exploration that takes us from the tips of their roots to the crowning beauty of their flowers and fruits. The world of plants, with its myriad forms and functions, is a story of adaptation, evolution, and sheer natural wonder. The study of plant morphology is like peeling back the layers of a botanical masterpiece. This book is structured to unveil the diverse aspects of plant morphology, covering essential topics such as root system morphology, stem morphology, leaf morphology, flowers and inflorescence morphology, and fruit morphology. For students, the study of plant morphology is foundational in botany and biology. It provides a comprehensive understanding of plant structure, which is essential for plant identification and classification, as well as for more advanced studies in plant physiology, ecology, and genetics. Plant morphology is a crucial tool for identifying and classifying plants. Taxonomists and field biologists rely on detailed descriptions of plant parts, such as leaves, flowers, and fruits, to distinguish between different species. A book on plant morphology aids in accurate identification. This book is enhanced with pictures, diagrams, and illustrations that make the material easier to understand. As you explore the mysteries of plant morphology and learn about the wonders of plant morphology, let these pages serve as your guide.

Plant morphology, including morphogenesis, remains relevant to practically all disciplines of plant biology such as molecular genetics, physiology, ecology, evolutionary biology and systematics. This relevance derives from the fact that other disciplines refer to or imply morphological concepts, conceptual frameworks of morphology, and morphological theories. Most commonly, morphology is equated with classical morphology and its conceptual framework. According to this, flowering plants and certain other taxa are reduced to the mutually exclusive categories of root, stem (caulome) and leaf (phyllome). This ignores the fact that plant morphology has undergone fundamental conceptual, theoretical and philosophical innovation in recent times. These changes, when recognized, can fundamentally affect research in various disciplines of plant biology. They may even change the questions that are asked and thus may affect the direction of future research. If, for example, plant diversity and evolution are seen as a dynamic continuum, then compound leaves can be seen as intermediate between simple leaves and whole shoots. Recent results in molecular genetics support this view. Phylogenetically, this could mean that compound leaves are the result of developmental hybridization, i.e. partial homeosis. Many other examples are given to illustrate the relevance and potential impact of basic conceptual and theoretical innovations in plant morphology.

As a scientific discipline, plant morphology is 211 yr old, originated by Goethe in 1790. It is a discipline that has largely been Germanic in practice. Because it took its origins from the study of the natural history of plants and the United States is principally an engineering society, the discipline of plant morphology in its pure form has never been widely practiced in this country. What has been labeled ''plant morphology'' in the United States has served largely as a handmaiden for systematics, using morphological characteristics to carve up diversity into its systematic subunits. Because the heart of plant morphology as a science is a focus on the convergences rather than the homologies in a phylogenetic sense, the German tradition of plant morphology is a unifying science that focuses on fundamental themes that transcend systematic boundaries. This paper traces the history of the science of plant morphology through the lineage of its principal practitioners: Goethe, Hofmeister, von Goebel, and Troll. It also evaluates the principles of plant morphology by applying them to the phyletically diverse Pteridophytes, showing that contemporary members of that group exhibit levels of shoot organization comparable to that of seed plants and discusses the implications of these findings. Although the Pelton Award is made for meritorious work in the field of experimental morphology of plants, I consider the latter as a particular approach within the broader and older discipline of plant morphology. In recent times there has been no clear statement of what the science of plant morphology is and how such emphases relate to the science as a whole. It is not clear to many practitioners that plant morphology itself represents a valid scientific discipline. Due to historical declines in the interest and teaching of plant morphology, it has come to be viewed largely as a provider of characters for systematic circumscription, hence virtually synonymous with plant systematics. Given that contemporary systematics has put a greater emphasis on molecular rather than morphological data, the time seems ripe to reevalute plant morphology and what its role can and should be in modern plant biology. In this article I attempt to clarify the concept of plant morphology as a discipline, review its historical heritage, and discuss how it relates to and differs from systematics. I show that plant morphology is a scientific discipline with its own principles , from which predictions can be made about the unknown. I illustrate some of these general principles and their application by evaluating them in a phyletically heterogeneous plant group, the pteridophytes, which previously had been interpreted largely by models from fossil rather than contemporary plants. The principal reasons the science of plant morphology is virtually unknown and did not make an impact in the Anglo-American regions of the world are mainly cultural and historical. Plant morphology is largely a German science that never was prominent in the United States. The German tradition of plant morphology took its origins from the study of the natural history of plants. Because the United States is principally an engineering society, concerned more with the tools of science than with its theory, philosophy, and history, we have never had a comparable natural history tradition. Because it required the use of a particular tool (microscopy), plant anatomy, which focuses on the cell and tissue levels of organization, received greater emphasis and scientific credibility in this country than did plant morphology. This difference in emphasis is reflected especially in the difference in conception of what has been called ''plant morphology'' in the United States compared to this concept in Germany. Following the tradition established by Coulter and Chamberlain of the University of Chicago (Coulter and Chamberlain, 1901), plant morphology in the United States was defined as the study of the anatomical and cytological features of the life histories of plants expressed in a taxonomic framework. Hence, the emphasis was on the microscopic details of vascular plant reproduction and systematic relationships with the focus of the German tradition relegated to brief accounts of the plant's habit. In the context of our country's emphasis on tools and techniques rather than philosophy, this microscopical/life-history conception of plant morphology doubtless was seen as being more rigorous than the seemingly less precise study of form relationships based on external morphology, i.e., the German tradition. A series of influential textbooks exemplifying and promoting this Anglo-American conception of plant morphology developed through the years, including the most recent editions of Bold, Alexopoulos, and Delevoryas (1987); Gifford and Foster (1989); and Scagel et al. (1984). These works not only reinforced this life-history emphasis in research and ped

REVIEW Angiospermic Plant Morphology (Root, Stem, Leaves, Flower, Fruit & Seed) Angiospermic Plant Morphology Mr. BalwantPageSingh 1 REVIEW Angiospermic Plant Morphology (Root, Stem, Leaves, Flower, Fruit & Seed) Balwant Singh Angiospermic Plant Morphology Page 2 Preface I am glad to present before the readers our First Review Book “Angiospermic Plant Morphology” prepared for under graduate level students . The book covers all the parts of plants and their relatives in an account level. This book is useful for all students those interested in study of Botany and specially taxonomy and morphological study. In the book, each parts of plant are deals specialized heading. Suitable diagrams are given with examples for better understanding of matters. The language of the book has been kept very simple. It is hoped that the teachers and students of take interest and shall find this book quite useful. The author shall appreciate to receive valuable suggestions for the learned teachers for further improvement of this book. The Author Angiospermic Plant Morphology Page 3 CONTENTS S.N. TOPIC’S PAGE 1. Angiosperm 05-06 2. Root 07-11 3. Stem 11-15 4. Leaves 16-24 5. Inflorescence 25-33 6. Flower 33-39 7. Aestivation 39-44 8. Fruit 44-50 9. Seed 51 10. Dispersal 52-55 11. Important Facts 56-57 Angiospermic Plant Morphology Page 4 ANGIOSPERM It is a plant group that comprises those that have flowers and produce seeds enclosed within coat and also including herbs, shrubs, grasses, and most of trees.  Type of Angiospermic plants-: On the basis of nature of plant, Angiosperm is of three types1) Herb:- A seed-bearing plant which does not have a woody stem and after flowering they can completely dies down to the ground. 2) Shrub:- A woody plant which is smaller than a tree and has several main stems arising at or near the ground. 3) Tree:- A woody perennial plant that typically having a single stem or trunk growing to a considerable height and bearing lateral branches at some distance from the ground.  Type of Angiospermic plants-: On the basis of life span of plant, Angiosperm are of three types1) Annual Plant:- They complete their life cycle in one year or single growing season. Eg. Pea, Mustard, Wheat, Rice etc. 2) Biennial Plant:- They complete their life cycle in two years (growing and vegetative). They can store food in the first year and the second year, flowering and fruiting is done. They die off after producing flowers and fruits. Eg. Carrot, Radish, Turnip etc. 3) Perennial Plant:- They Survive for several years and plants usually bears flowers and fruits every year and don’t die after producing flowers. Eg. Mango, Orange, Apple, Citrus, Dalbergia etc.  Biennial plants like Radish, turnip, carrot are biennial in colder areas but they SPECIAL become annual in warmer places.  Morphology:- Morphology is the Geek ward, which is made up of two wardsMorpha = Form + Logos = Study That means the study of form and features of plant and plant parts like root, stem, leaves, flower and fruits, known morphology.  Morphology of Angiosperms:- The Angeospermic plant body is differentiate into two systems1) Underground System or Root System-: Root 2) Aerial System or Shoot System-: Stem, Leaves, Flower, Fruits 3) Connecting System or Interlinked System:- Seed Angiospermic Plant Morphology Page 5 In other way, on the basis of functional part of plant, it’s divided into also three parts1) Vegetative Part:- Root, Stem, Leaves 2) Reproductive Part:- Flower, Fruits 3) Interlinked Part:- Seed SPECIAL   Part of Plant:- Generally a plant have following partsA) ROOT B) STEM C) LEAVES D) FLOWER E) FRUIT F) SEED Angiospermic Plant Morphology Page 6 ROOT Root is the part of plant which form underground system and provide support to anchoring of shoot system. It conveying or transporting water and nourishment to the rest of the plant parts. Root has following features1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) It is non green, underground part. It is not bearing buds generally. It is not forming nodes and internodes. It has unicellular root hairs. Geotropic Hydrotropic TYPES OF ROOTS: Roots are of two types1) Adventitious root 2) Tap root Adventitious roots: In some plants, after sometime of the growth of tap root which arises from radicle, stops and then roots, develop from other part of plant, which are branched or unbranched, fibrous or storage, are known as adventitious roots and constitute fibrous root system. e.g. Monocot roots (Wheat, Rice, Maize, Sarghum, etc.) Tap root: It develops from radicle and made up of one main branch and other sub branches. The primary roots and its branches constitute tap root system. e.g. Dicot roots (Mango, Pea, Mustard, Gram etc.) REGIONS IN ROOTS In root, morphologically four distinct regions are found1) Root cap region: It is terminal structure. It protects tender apex of root. Angiospermic Plant Morphology Page 7 2) Meristematic region: Cells of these regions are very small and thin walled. They divide repeatedly and increase cell numbers. 3) Elongation region: The cells of proximal to meristematic zone undergo rapid elongation and enlargement and are responsible for rapid growth of roots. 4) Maturation region: Cells proximal to region of elongation gradually differentiate and mature. Root hairs are present in maturation zone. ROOT MODIFICATIONS  Modification of Tap root 1) Storage Tap roots:i) Conical roots: These roots are thicker at their upper side and tapered at basal end. eg. Carrot. ii) Fusiform roots: These roots are thicker in the middle and tapered on both ends. These types of roots help in storage of food. eg. Radish. iii) Napiform roots: These roots become swollen and spherical at upper end and tappered like a thread at their lower end. eg. Turnip (Brassica rapa), Sugarbeet iv) Tuberous root: Such roots do not have regular shape and get swollen & fleshy at any portion of roots. eg. Mirabilis. 2) Nodulated root: Nodules are formed on branches of roots by nitrogen fixing bacteria, (Rhizobium). eg. Plants of leguminosae family– Pea, Pigeon pea. Angiospermic Plant Morphology Page 8 3) Respiratory roots: Halophyte or Mangrove grows in oxygen deficient marshy area. Some branches of tap root in these plants grow vertically and come out from soil. These roots are called pneumatophores through which air entered inside the plant. eg. Mangrove plants (Rhizophora, Heritiera, Sonaratia etc.)  Modification of Adventitious roots 1) Storage adventitious roots:i) Tuberous root: When food is stored in these roots, they become swollen and form a tuber or bunch. eg. Sweet potato (Ipomea batata) ii) Fasciculated root: Roots arise in bunch (cluster) from lower node of the stem and become fleshy eg. Dahlia, Asparagus. iii) Nodulose root: In this type, tips of roots swell up. eg. Melilotus, Curcuma amoda. iv) Beaded or moniliform root: When root swells up like a bead at different places after a regular interval.eg. Vitis, Momordica (Bitter gourd), Portulaca. v) Annulated root: Roots having series of ring like swellings eg. Psychrotia Angiospermic Plant Morphology Page 9 2) Stilt roots or brace roots: When root arises from lower nodes and obliquely enter in soil, known as stilt roots eg. Maize, Sugarcane, Pandanus (screwpine) 3) Pillar roots or prop root: When root arises from branches of plant and grows downward towards soil. It functions as supporting stem for the plant. eg. Banyan. 4) Butteress rootp: Such roots appear from the basal part of stem and spread in different directions in the soil. eg. Ficus, Bombax , Terminalia. It is a characteristic feature of tropical rain forest. 5) Climbing roots: These roots arise from nodes and help the plant in climbing. eg. Money plant (Pothos), Betel, Black pepper etc. 6) Foliar roots or Epiphyllous roots: When roots arise from leaf they are called as foliar roots. eg. Bryophyllum, Bignonia. 7) Sucking or haustorial roots or Parasitic roots: In parasitic plant roots enter in the stem of host plant toabsorbed nutrition from host. eg. Dendrophthoe, Cuscuta, Viscum. 8) Assimilatory roots: The aerial roots of Tinospora and submerged roots of Trapa (Water chestnut) become green and synthesize food. Podostemon also has green assimilatory roots. 9) Hygroscopic roots: These are found in epiphytes, especially in orchids and help in absorption of moisture from the atmosphere using special tissue called velamen. eg. Orchids, Banda 10) Contractile roots: They shrink 60 – 70% of the original length and bring underground organ at properdepth in the soil e.g., corm of Crocus (saffron), Fresia. 11) Root thorns: These are hard, thick and pointed thorns e.g. Pothos armatus.  Reproductive roots: These are fleshy, adventitious roots used for vegetative reproduction e.g., sweet potato (Ipomea batata), Dahlia.  Leaf roots: When one leaf of each node modifies into root like structure for balancing the plant in water. Eg. Salvinia. Angiospermic Plant Morphology Page 10 FUNCTIONS OF ROOT 1) Help in Fixation (Primary function) 2) Absorption of water and minerals 3) Storage of food 4) Conduction of water 5) Photosynthesis and respiration STEM Stem is a part of plant which presents above the surface of soil i.e. it shows negative geotropic growth. It has nodes and internodes. Branches, leaf, flower bud and bracts are developed from nodes. Stem arises from plumule. FORMS OF STEM 1. Caudex: It is unbranched, erect, cylindrical stout stem and marked with scars of fallen leaves. Crown of leaves are present at the top of plant. eg.: Palm 2. Culm: Stem is jointed with solid nodes & hollow internodes. eg. Bamboo (Graminae) 3. Excurrent: The branches arise from the main stem in acropetal succession and the tree assumes a cone like appearance e.g. Pinus, Eucalyptus, Casuarina, etc. 4. Decurrent (Deliquescent): The lateral branches grow more vigorously and out compete the main trunk, giving a dome-shaped appearance, e.g., mango (Mangifera indica), shishem (Dalbergia sissoo) and banyan (Ficus bengalensis). VEGETATIVE MORPHOLOGY OF STEM 1) Herbaceous stem:- Those stem that have no persistent woody stem above ground. This type stem may be found in annual, biennial and perennial plant. 2) Woody Stem:- Those stem which is produces wood as its structural tissue. These are usually perennial plants. Herbaceous stem Angiospermic Plant Morphology Woody stem Page 11 TYPES & MODIFICATION OF STEM 1) Aerial stems (Epiterranean stem): It may be reduced, erect and weaki) Reduced :– Stem reduced to a disc. eg., Radish, Carrot, Turnip. ii) Erect stem :- It is strong and upright e.g., maize, wheat, mango. iii) Weak stems :– These are thin, soft and weak and need support. They can be upright or prostrate. 2) Creepers :– The stem creeps on earth and the roots arise at the nodes, e.g., Grasses, Strawberry, Oxalis. 3) Traliers :– The stem creeps on the ground, but the roots do not arise at the nodes. They may be are of two types:i) Prostrate or procumbent – The stem creeps on ground totally, e.g., Evolvulus, Tribulus. ii) Decumbent – When prostrate stem projects its tip, e.g., Portulaca, Linderbergia. 4) Lianas (Stem climber) :- Woody perennial climbers found in tropical rain forests are lianas. They twin themselves around tall trees to secure sunlight, e.g., Hiptage, Bauhinia vahlii (Phanera). 5) Climbers :– Plants are with long weak stem and have organs of attachment to climb the object. They may be of following type :i) Rootlet climbers – Roots produced at nodes help in climbing e.g., Tecoma, Pothos, Piper betal (pan). ii) Hook climbers – In Bougainvillea, Duranta and Carrisa, the thron is modification of axillary vegetative bud which helps in climbing. In Bignonia, terminal leaflet is converted into hook. iii) Tendril climbers – Tendrils are thread like structure which helps the plants in climbing. Tendrils are modifications of – a. Entire leaf e.g. Lathyrus sativus. b. Leaflet e.g. Pisum sativum c. Petiole e.g. Clematis, Nepenthes. d. Stipule e.g. Smilex. e. Leaf apex e.g. Gloriosa f. Inflorescence e.g. Antigonon. Angiospermic Plant Morphology Page 12 g. Stem e.g., Vitis (grapevines), gourds, Passiflora (modified axillary bud). 6) Twiners :– The stem body twines around the support without any special organ of attachment. e.g.,Cuscuta, Dolichos.  Sub-aerial modification: 1) Runner :– When stem grows and spread on the surface of soil. Roots are developed at lower side andleaves from upper side from node eg. Cynodon dactylon (Doob grass), Oxalis. 2) Stolon :– In it branches are small and stem condensed and grow in all direction. After sometime, ofgrowing, their apical region comes out from the soil. eg. Fragaria (Wild strawberry), Jasmine, Peppermint. 3) Sucker :– In it the main stem grow in the soil horizontally and branches develop obliquely from nodesabove the soil, eg. Mint, Pineapple, Chrysanthemum. 4) Offset :– A lateral branch with short internode and each node bearing a rosette of leaves and tuft of roots at base. eg. Pistia, Eichhornea. SPECIAL  Sub-aerial modifications are also involved in vegetative reproduction.  Underground modification: These modifications occur generally for food storage and vegetative propagation. 1. Tuber :– In this the tips of underground branches become swollen in the soil. Eyes are found on then which are axillary buds and covered with scaly leaves. eg. Potato, Helianthus tuberosus etc. 2. Rhizome :– Rhizome is fleshy and horizontally stem found below in soil. Small nodes and internodes are found which is covered by scaly leaves. eg. Ginger, Turmeric, Canna, Water lily, Banana etc. Angiospermic Plant Morphology Page 13 3. Corm :– Corm is condensed structure which grow vertically under the soil surface. They are having spherical node and internode eg. Colocasia, Alocasia, Zaminkand, Saffron, Gladiolus, Colchicum etc. 4. Bulb :– In bulbs, stem is reduced and has disc like structure and surrounds with numerous fleshly scaly leaves. Many roots arise from its base. Food is stored in flashy leaves. They show apical growth eg. Onion, Garlic etc.  Special stem modification: 1) Phylloclade :– It is green photosynthetic flattened or rounded succulent stem with leaves either feebly developed or modified into spines e.g., Opuntia, Casuarina, Euphorbia, Cactus etc. 2) Cladode – Phylloclade usually having one or two internode which is long & succulent, called cladode, e.g.,Asparagus, Ruscus etc. Angiospermic Plant Morphology Page 14 3) Thorn :– It is modification of axillary bud, e.g., Bougainvillea, Duranta, etc. SPECIAL  Thorns of Alhagi possess flowers, while thorn of Duranta bears leaves. 4) Tendrill :– it is a leafless, spirally coiled structure found in climbers. It may be a modification of Axillary bud, e.g. Passiflora or terminal bud e.g., Vitis. 5) Bulbils – A condensed, axillary fleshy bud are known bulbils. It helps in vegetative reproduction. eg.Dioscorea, Globba, Agave, Oxalis, Dioscorea etc.  FUNCTIONS OF STEM The main function of the stem is spreading out branches bearing leaves, flowers and fruits. It conducts water, minerals and photosynthesis. Some stems perform the function of storage of food, support, protection and of vegetative propagation. Angiospermic Plant Morphology Page 15 LEAF The leaf is a lateral generally flattened structure borne on the stem. The leaves develop from the nodes. Their main function is photosynthesis and food making, axillary buds are found in its axil. All the leaves of a plant is known as phyllome. Axillary bud later develops into a branch. Leaves originated from shoot apical meristem and are arranged in acropetal order. It is also known as Phyllopodium.  Parts of Leaf:- Phyllopodium is divided into three parts1) Hypopodium or Leaf Base 2) Mesopodium or Petiole 3) Epipodium or Lamina Hypopodium or Leaf Base:i) Leaves are attached to stem by leaf base. ii) In some plants, leaf base becomes swollen and is called pulvinus which is responsible for sleep movement e.g., Cassia, mimosa, bean etc. iii) In some plants, leaf base expands into sheath (Sheathing leaf base), e.g., grasses and banana (monocots) etc. iv) When the leaf base partially encloses the stem, known semi amplexicaul e.g., Prickly poppy, Calotropis procera (Madar) etc. v) When leaf completely encloses the stem, known amplexicaul e.g., Sonchus, Polygonum. etc. Mesopodium or Petiole:i) The part of leaf connecting the lamina with the branch of stem. Petiole help to hold the blade to light. ii) In Eichhornia petiole swell and in citrus it is winged. iii) Petiole is modified in tendrils in Nepenthes. iv) In Australian acacia petiole is modified in phyllode. v) Long thin flexible petiole allow leaf blade to flutter in air, thereby cooling the leaf and bringing freshair to leaf. Epipodium or Lamina:Angiospermic Plant Morphology Page 16 It is flattened and broad part of leaf. The main function of Lamina is photosynthesis and transpiration. Lamina may be are of following shapes1) Acicular – Lamina is long and pointed, like a needle. eg. Pinus 2) Lanceolate – In this type lamina is pointed or narrower at the ends while broader in the middle. eg.Bamboo, Nerium 3) Linear – The lamina is long and narrow having parallel margins. eg. Grass 4) Ovate – In this type lamina is egg-shaped having broad base with slight narrow top. eg. Ocimum,Banyan, China rose. 5) Cordate – Its shape is like a heart. eg. Betel. 6) Oblong – Long and broad lamina. eg. Banana 7) Sagittate – The lamina is triangular in shape. eg. Sagittaria 8) Spathulate – The lamina is broad spoon shaped. eg. Calendula 9) Orbicular or Rotund – In this types the lamina is spherical. eg. Lotus. 10) Elliptical or Oval – In this type the middle part of lamina is broad while the ends are narrow and oval. eg. Guava. 11) Oblique – In this types midrib divides, lamina into two unequal halves. eg. Bignonia, Neem. Angiospermic Plant Morphology Page 17  Appendages of Leaves:- Some plant leaves have lateral appendages on either side of leaf base, known as stipules. If stipules are present in leaf known stipulated leaf and if it is absent then leaf is known exstipulated.  Type of Stipules:1) Free lateral – They are independently present on both sides of leaf base. eg. Hibiscus rosasinensis (China rose) etc. 2) Interpetioler – When two leaves are meet oppositely at the node then nearest stipules of each leaf join with each other. In this way only two stipules of two leaves are found in place of four. eg. Ixora, Anthocephalus etc. 3) Intrapetioler – In this type both stipules of a single leaf join with each other to form a single stipule.eg. Gardenia etc. 4) Foliaceous – These types of stipules form a leaf like structure. eg. Pea etc. 5) Scaly – Stipules are dry, small and paper like. eg. Desmodium etc. 6) Spiny – Stipules modified into spine. eg. Zizyphus (Beri), Acacia etc. 7) Ochreate – When both stipules of leaf combine together and form a tube like structure, It is called ochreate. eg. Polygonum etc. 8) Adnate – Both stipules are attached with petiole. eg. Rose etc. 9) Tendrillar – Stipules are modified into tendrils like structure. eg. Smilax etc. Angiospermic Plant Morphology Page 18 SPECIAL  A special type of stipule is found known Bud scale – Protect the young Bud. e.g. Ficus etc.  TYPES OF LEAVES 1) Foliage leaf:– They are usually green coloured and their main function is photosynthesis. 2) Cotyledonary leaf:– This leaf comes out during germination and helps in nutrition until the first leaf is not formed. 3) Scaly leaf (Cataphylls):– Such leaves are usually dry membrane like and they can’t perform Photosynthesis. 4) Bract (Hypsophyll):– Bract is the leaves which are present in flower axis. 5) Bracteole:– These are leaf like structure found on pedical. 6) Floral leaf:– Sepals, petals, stamen and carpel are found in flower which are included in this type of leaf. 7) Perianth:– In some flowers, Calyx and Corolla are not distinct and are termed as Perianth and unit of perianth is called tepal. eg. Lily etc. Angiospermic Plant Morphology Page 19  Leaf Durations:1) Persistent or Evergreen:– Leaves of such plants are found in all season and do not (fall) shed combindly. eg. Pinus, Saraca indica, Datepalm etc. 2) Deciduous:– All leaves of such plants shed at the same time eg. Azadirachta etc. 3) Caducous:– Leaves fall soon just after appearance or after opening of bud. eg. Rose etc.  Leaf insertion:1) Cauline leaves:– When the leaves are found on node of stem, then these are called cauline leaves. eg. Maize, Hollyhock etc. 2) Ramal leaves:– When leaves are found on branches, then these are called ramal leaves. eg. Delbergia, Zizypus etc. 3) Radical leaves:– During favourable season, leaves develop from the nodes of underground stem and seem that they are developing from roots. These types of leaves are known as radical leaves. eg. Radish, Turnip etc.  VENATION OF LAMINA The arrangement of veins and veinlets in leaves (Lamina) is known as venation. It may be are of two types1) Reticulate:- It is found in dicots. Exception – Calophyllum, Eryngium. It has parallel venation. 2) Parallel:- It is found in monocots. Exception – Smilax, Dioscorea, Alocasia, Colocasia. It has reticulate venation.  Reticulate venation:- In its main vein divided into various branches (veinlets) and form a net like structure. Reticulate venation is of two typesa) Unicostate or pinnate– In this type of venation leaf have only one principal vein or midrib that give off many lateral veins which proceed toward margin and apex of lamina of the leaf and form a network.eg. Mango, guava, Peepal etc. b) Multicostate or palmate– In this type of venation many principal veins arising from the tip of petiole and proceed towards tip of lamina. It is again two types1. Multicostate divergent – Many principal veins arising from the tip of petiole, diverge from another toward the margin of leaf blade eg. Cotton, Caster, Cucurbita, grape etc. 2. Multicostate convergent – Many principal veins arising from the tip of petiole. At the base of leaf they are closely arranged but diverage from one another in Angiospermic Plant Morphology Page 20 middle part and converge towards the apex of leaf. eg. Camphor, Zizyphus, Tejpat, Chinarose, plum etc.  Parallel venation:- In this type of venation, all veins run parallel to each other and they do not form network. It may be are of two typesa) Unicostate or pinnate– This type of venation pattern having only one principal vein, which gives off many lateral veins, which proceed toward the margin of leaf blade in a parallel manner but they don’t have veinlets.eg. Banana, Ginger, Canna etc. b) Multicostate or palmat – This type of venation pattern having many principal veins arising from the tip of the petiole and proceeding upwards. It is again two types1. Multicostate divergent:– Many principal veins arising from the tip of petiole and diverge toward the margin of leaf. They don’t divide into veinlets and don’t form network. eg. Coconut, Date palm etc. 2. Multicostate convergent:– Many principal veins arising from the tip of petiole run in a curved manner in lamina and converge towards the apex of leaf blades. eg. Wheat, Sugar-cane, Bamboo etc. SPECIAL  Furcate venation – The veins branch dichotomously but the reticulum is not formed by the finerbranches. eg. Adiantum (fern) etc. Angiospermic Plant Morphology Page 21  TYPES OF LEAF 1) Simple Leaf:– A leaf which may be incised to any depth, but not down to the midrib or petiole, then this type of leaf called simple leaf. eg. Mango, Chinarose, Ficus, etc. 2) Compound leaf:– A leaf in which the leaf blade is incised up to the midrib or petiole, thus dividing it into several small parts, known as leaflets. This type of leaf is known as compound leaf. It may be two types1. Pinnately Compound Leaf :– In this type of leaf, mid rib is known as rachis. Leaflets are arranged on both sides of rachis. It is also following typesa. Unipinnate– In this type of leaf, division occurs only once and leaflets are directly attached on bothsides of rachis.  If the number of leaflet is even, then leaf is known as paripinnate. eg. Cassia fistula, Sesbania etc.  If the number of leaflet is odd, it is known as imparipinnate. eg. Rose, Neem etc. b. Bipinnate– A twice pinnate compound leaf eg. Acacia, Gulmohar, Mimosa etc. c. Tripinnate– A thrice pinnate compound leaf eg. Moringa etc. d. Decompound– A compound leaf, which is more than thrice pinnate. eg. Carrot, Coriander etc. 2. Palmate compound leaf:– In this type incision of leaf are directed from leaf margin to apex of petiole and all leaflets are attached on the upper end of petiole. It may be following typesa. Unifoliate– When single leaflet is found. eg. Lemon etc. b. Bifoliate– When two leaflets are present. eg. Bauhinia, Regnelidium, Bignonia etc. c. Trifoliate– When three leaflets are attached. eg. Oxalis, Aegle, Trifolium etc. d. Tetrafoliate – When four leaflets are attached to the petiole. eg. Marsilea etc. Angiospermic Plant Morphology Page 22 e.Multifoliate– when more than four leaflets are found, then leaf is called multifoliate palmate compound leaf. eg. Silk cotton etc.  Leaf Phyllotaxy :- It may be are of following types1) Alternate or spiral:– Single leaf arising at each node. eg. Cyprus rotandus, Chinarose, mustard, Sunflower etc. 2) Opposite:– Leaves occur in pair at the node, they may be two typea. Decussate: Leaves that stands at right angle to next upper or lower pair eg. Calotropis, Mussaenda etc. b. Superposed: Successive pairs of leaves stand directly over a pair in the same plane eg. Psidium(guava), Ixora etc. 3) Whorled:– More than two leaves at each node eg. Nerium, Alstonia etc. 4) Heterophylly:– It is the occurrence of more than one type of leaves on the same plant. It is also three types – a. Developmental Heterophylly: Leaves of different forms and shape occur at different period or places on the same plant eg. Mustard, Sonchus, Eucalyptus etc. b. Environmental Heterophylly: It is aquatic adaptation which is commonly found in rooted emergent hydrophytes. In this, submerged leaves differ from the floating and aerial leaves. eg. Limnophila, Heterophylla, Ranunculus aquatiles, Sagittaria etc. c. Habitual Heterophylly: Due to habit mature leaves differ in their shape and incissions eg. Artocarpus (Jack fruit) etc.  MODIFICATION OF LEAVES 1) Leaf tendril – In it, whole leaf is modified into thin thread like structure which is called leaf tendrileg. Lathyrus aphaca (wild pea) etc. 2) Leaflet tendril – When leaflet is modified into tendril like structure than it is called leaflet tendril.eg. Pisum sativum (Garden pea), Lathyrus odoratus (sweet pea) etc. Angiospermic Plant Morphology Page 23 3) Leaf spine – Leaves or any part of leaflet are modified into pointed spine. eg. Asparagus, Opuntia, Aloe, Argemone etc. 4) Leaf scale – In it, leaves become thin, dry and form a membrane or paper like structure and serve to protect axillary buds as in Ficus Tamarix, Ruscus, Casurina etc. 5) Leaf pitcher – Leaves of some plants are modified to pitcher shape. eg. Nepenthes, Dischidia etc. 6) Leaf bladder – In some plant, leaves are modified into bladder like structure eg. Utricularia etc. 7) Leaf Hooks – In some plants terminal leaflets are modified into curved hooks for helping the plant in climbing. eg. Argemone, Opuntia, Aloe, Cat's nail (Bignonia unguis – cati) etc. 8) Phyllode – In its, petiole becomes flat structure and function as normal leaf. eg. Australian acacia etc. 9) Flashy leaves – In onion and garlic food storing flashy leaves are present. Angiospermic Plant Morphology Page 24 INFLORESCENCE Arrangement of flower on floral axis  Racemose:– In this type of inflorescence the main axis continues to grow and does not terminate in a flower and give off flower laterally in acropetal manner where old flowers are arranged toward base and young flowers are at tip. When peduncle is broad then flowers are centripetally arranged. It may be are of following types1) Raceme:– When peduncle (main axis) is elongated and flowers are pedicellate.eg. Radish, characteristic feature of cruciferae family. When peduncle is branched and each branch bear pedicellated flowers like racemose and are arranged in acropetal manner known as compound raceme or panicle. eg. Gulmohar, Neem etc. 2) Spike:– In it peduncle is elongated but flowers are bisexual and sessile.eg. Achyranthes. When peduncle is branched and each branch bear spike, like inflorescence then the small branch having flower is called spikelet and this arrangement is called as spike of spikelet. Characteristic inflorescence of family Gramineae. 3) Catkin:– In it peduncle is thin, long and weak, and flowers are sessile and unisexual. Peduncle is pendulus.eg. Mulberry, betula, oak etc. 4) Spadix:– In it peduncle is thick, long and fleshy and have small sessile and unisexual male and female flowers covered with one or more green or colourfull bracts known as spathe.eg. Colocasia, Maize, Aroids, Palms etc. 5) Corymb:– In it peduncle is short and all flowers are present at same level because the lower flower has much long pedicel than the upper one eg. Candy tuft (Iberis amara) etc. If in this type of inflorescene peduncle is branched, then each branch has flower cluster then this type of inflorescence is called compound corymb.eg. Cauliflower. SPECIAL * In mustard corymbose raceme type of inflorescence is present 6) Umbel – An inflorescence in which the flower stalks of different flowers are of more or less equal length, arise from the same point. At the base of flowers stalks, there is whorl of bracts forming the involucre.eg. Centella If in this type of inflorescence, peduncle is branched then each branch has flower cluster then this type of inflorescence is called compound umbel.eg. Coriander, Foeniculum, Cuminum. It is characteristic feature of umbeliferae. Angiospermic Plant Morphology Page 25 SPECIAL * Scapigerous umbel is found in onion 7) Capitulum / Racemose head – In it the growth of peduncle is retarded and it become broad, flattened concave or convex. On it small flowers are found. These flowers are called floret. If all the flower of capitulum is same, then it is called homogamous. If two different type of floret, ray floret and discfloret are present in same inflorescence than it is known as heterogamous. In this type of inflorescence florets may be unisexual, bisexual and sterile. This inflorescence is surrounded by one or more involucre (Coat). It is most advanced type of inflorescence. eg. Sunflower, Zinnia, Marigold, Cosmos. Angiospermic Plant Morphology Page 26  CYMOSE In this type of inflorescence, the peduncle terminates in a flower. In it the older flowers are present at tip and young buds are arranged towards base. This arrangement is called basipetal succession. It is of following types1) Uniparous cyme / Monochasial cyme - The peduncle ending in a flower producing lateral branch at a timeof ending in flower. It is of two types a. Helicoid cyme – When all lateral branches developed on the same side on peduncle then it is called helicoid cyme. eg. Heliotropium, Saraca, Atropa, Datura. b. Scorpioid cyme – In it the lateral branch is alternately develop on left and right side. eg. Bignonia, 2) Riphidium – In monochasial cyme all flowers are borne on same plane. eg. Solanum nigrum 3) Dichasial or biparous cyme – In it peduncle ends in a flower, from the basal part of peduncle two lateral branches arise, which also end in a flower, now this same arrangement occur on these lateral branches.eg. Bougainvillea, Jasmine, Teak, Mirabilis, Dianthus, Nyctanthes. 4) Multiparous cyme / polychasial – In it peduncle ends in a flower and from the base of it many lateral branches arise which also terminates in flower, this arrangement now also occur on this lateral branches.eg. Calotropis (Madar), Nerium, Asclepias, Hamelia. Angiospermic Plant Morphology Page 27  SPECIAL TYPE OF INFLORESCENCE 1. Cyathium – The bracts or the in volucre become fused to form a cup shaped structure on the margin. In the central part of cup shaped structure a single female flower is found, which matures earlier. Due to the growth of pedicel this come out from the cup shaped structure. Female flower are surrounded by large no. of small male flowers. The male flower, which lie toward centre mature earlier than the flower which are towards periphery. This inflorescence is found in Euphorbiaceae family like Euphorbia, Poinsettia, Pedilanthus. 2. Verticillaster - A cluster of subsessile or sessile 3-9 flowers born on a dichasial cyme ending in monochasial cyme (scorpioid) in the form of condensed whorl on either side of the node. The opposite clusters give the appearance of whorl or verticel due to overcrowding. The verticels are further arranged in a racemose manner eg. Ocimum (Tulsi), Salvia. Characteristic inflorescence of labiateae family. 3. Hypanthodium – In it peduncle is modified in narrow cup like structure. At the base of cup female flowers develop while towards mouth male flower develops. All three types of flowers are present in this inflorescence. eg. Banyan, Peepal, Ficus species. 4. Coenanthium : In Dorsitenia, the receptacle becomes saucer shaped and its margins are slightly curved. Arrangements of florets are similar to hypanthodium. 5. Mixed inflorescence – Sometimes flowers are arranged in both racemose and cymose manner on same peduncle called mixed inflorescence. SPECIAL  Mixed spadix – Banana  Cymose raceme or thyrsus – Grapes. Angiospermic Plant Morphology Page 28 Bracts Inflorescences usually have modified shoots considering the broadest meaning of the term, any leaf associated with an inflorescence is called a bract. A bract is usually located at the node where the main stem of the inflorescence forms, joined to the main stem of the plant, but other bracts can exist within the inflorescence itself. They serve a variety of functions which include attracting pollinators and protecting young flowers. According to the presence or absence of bracts and their characteristics we can distinguish    Ebracteate inflorescences: No bracts in the inflorescence. Bracteate inflorescences: The bracts in the inflorescence are very specialized, sometimes reduced to small scales, divided or dissected. Leafy inflorescences: Though often reduced in size, the bracts are unspecialized and look like the typical leaves of the plant, so that the term flowering stem is usually applied instead of inflorescence. This use is not technically correct, as, despite their 'normal' appearance, these leaves are considered, in fact, bracts, so that 'leafy inflorescence' is preferable. Leafy-bracted inflorescences: Intermediate between bracteate and leafy inflorescence. Ebracteate inflorescence Bracteate inflorescence Terminal inflorescences:- Plant organs can grow according to two different schemes, namely monopodial or racemose and sympodial or cymose. In inflorescences these two different growth patterns are called indeterminate and determinate respectively, and indicate whether a terminal flower is formed and where flowering starts within the inflorescence. 1) Indeterminate inflorescence or Axillary inflorescence: Monopodial (racemose) growth. The terminal bud keeps growing and forming lateral flowers. A terminal flower is never formed. 2) Determinate inflorescence or Terminal inflorescence: Sympodial (cymose) growth. The terminal bud forms a terminal flower and then dies out. Other flowers then grow from lateral buds.  Axillary and Terminal inflorescences are sometimes referred to as open and closed inflorescences respectively. Angiospermic Plant Morphology Page 29 Axillary inflorescence Terminal inflorescence Determinate inflorescence or Terminal inflorescence is usually the first to mature (precursive development), while the others tend to mature starting from the bottom of the stem. This pattern is called acropetal maturation. When flowers start to mature from the top of the stem, maturation is basipetal, while when the central mature first, divergent. Inflorescence with a perfect acropetal maturation Inflorescence with an acropetal maturation and lateral flower buds. Inflorescence with the subterminal flower to simulate the terminal In determinate inflorescences the terminal flower is usually the first to mature (precursive development), while the others tend to mature starting from the bottom of the stem. This pattern is called acropetal maturation. When flowers start to mature from the top of the stem, maturation is basipetal, while when the central mature first, divergent. Determinate inflorescence with acropetal maturation Angiospermic Plant Morphology Determinate inflorescence with basipetal maturation Determinate inflorescence with divergent maturation Page 30 SOME SPECIAL INFLORESCENCE FIGURE 1) Simple Inflorescence- Angiospermic Plant Morphology Page 31 2) Compound Inflorescence- Angiospermic Plant Morphology Page 32 FLOWER Flower is defined as highly condensed and modified reproductive shoot. The part from where flower arise is called bract. Flower has short or long flower stalk which is called pedicel. The upper part of pedicel is swollen, spherical shaped or conical which are called thalamus/Receptacle. Floral leaves are present on it. In a flower there are 4 types of floral leaves are found✧ Sepal ✧ Petal ✧ Stamen ✧ Carpel Angiospermic Plant Morphology Page 33 ✔ SOME WORDS RELATED TO FLOWER 1) Complete Flower – When calyx, corolla, androecium and gynoecium are present. 2) Incomplete Flower – Flower with one of the four whorl missing. 3) Bisexual Flower – Both gynoecium and androecium present in the same flower. 4) Unisexual Flower – Androecium (staminate flower) or gynoecium (Pistillate flower) any one of them are present in the flower. 5) Monoecious Plant – When both male and female flowers are present on the same plant. eg. Cocos,Ricinus, Colocasia, Zea, Acalypha. 6) Dioecious Plant – When male and female flowers are present on separate plant eg. Mulberry, Papaya. 7) Polygamous Plant – When unisexual (male or female), bisexual and neuter flowers are present on the same plant eg. Mango, Polygonum. 8) Monocarpic Plant – The plant which produces flowers and fruits only once in life eg. Pea, Mustard, Bamboo, Agave. 9) Polycarpic Plant – The plants which produces flowers and fruits many times in life, eg. Pear, Mango, 10) Achlamydeous Flower – Flowers are naked without sepals and petals eg. piperaceae. ✧ Monochlamydeous Flower : Only one accessory whorl is present (Perianth) eg. Polygonaceae, Liliaceae. ✧ Dichlamydeous Flower : Both accessory whorls present in flower. Angiospermic Plant Morphology Page 34 11) Hemicyclic or Spirocyclic Flower : Some of the floral parts are in circles and some are spirally arranged. eg. Ranunculaceae. 12) Cauliflory : Production of flowers on old stem from dormant buds eg. Artrocarpus, Ficus.  Symmetry of flower – If the floral leaves are cyclic arranged in a flower, then it is called cyclic flower. If floral leaves are spirally arranged then it is called spiral flower. Floral symmetry is of three type – 1) Actinomorphic / Radial / Regular – When flower is divided by any vertical plane into two equal halves, then it is called actinomorphic flower eg. Mustard, China rose, Datura, Chilli. 2) Zygomorphic / Bilateral – When the flower is divided into two equal halves only by one vertical plane, then it is called zygomorphic flower eg. Pea, Bean, Gulmohur, Cassia. If it is divided into two equal halves, from median plane, then it is called medianly zygomorphic, eg. Ocimum (Tulsi) But if it is divided into two equal halves, by lateral plane then it is called laterally zygomorphic. 3) Asymmetrical / irregular – When the flower cannot be divided into two equal halves from any plane, then it is called asymmetrical flower. eg. Canna. Internodal elongation in flower : 1) Anthophore – Inter node between calyx and corolla is called anthophore. eg. Silane 2) Androphore – Inter node between corolla and androecium is called androphore. eg. Passiflora 3) Gynophore – Inter node between androecium and gynoecium is called gynophore. eg. Capparis. 4) Gynandrophore or Androgynophore – When both androphore and gynophore both conditions arefound in same flower then this condition is called gynandrophore or and rogynophore. eg. Cleomegynandra. 5) Carpophore – Elongation of thalamus beyond carpels. eg. coriandrum SPECIAL Part of flower which lies near to mother axis is posterior part while the part which is far from mother axis is anterior part of flower. ✔ INSERTION OF FLORAL LEAVES 1. Hypogynous condition – When petals, sepals and stamens are situated below the ovary, the flower is called hypogynous and in this condition ovary will be superior. eg. Mustard, Chinarose, Brinjal. Angiospermic Plant Morphology Page 35 2. Perigynous condition – In it thalamus grow upwardly and form a cup shaped structure. Gynoecium is situated in the centre and other parts of flower are located on the rim of the thalamus almost at the same level. It is called perigynous. The ovary here is said to be half inferior eg. plum, peach, rose. 3. Epigynous condition – The margin of thalamus grows upward enclosing the ovary completely and getting fused with it, the other parts of flower arises above the ovary, the ovary is said to be inferior and this condition is known as epigynous eg. Guava, Cucumber and ray florets of sun flower. SPECIAL 1) Bracts : Bracts are specialized leaves present in axis of flower. 2) Bracteate – The flower which have bract is called bracteate flower. 3) Involucre – The whorl of bract surrounding peduncle is called involucre. 4) Involucel – Group of bracteole is called involucel. 5) Spathe – In flowers when large bract completely encloses whole inflorescence, then it is called spathe.eg. Banana, Maize. 6) Petaloid bract – When the size of bract of flower is greater than size of flower and these are of various coloured then it is called petaloid bract. eg. Bougainvillea. 7) Glumes – Small, dry, scaly bracts are called Glumes. eg. Wheat, Grass. ✔ CALYX The outermost whorl of flower is called calyx. Each member of this whorl is called sepal when all the sepals are free from each other, then it is called poly-sepalous condition eg. Mustard, Radish. When the sepals are fused each other, then it is called gamosepalous condition eg. Cotton, Datura, Brinjal. a) In calyx of Mussaenda, one of the sepal enlarge and form a leaf like structure. It may be white orbrightly coloured. It attracts the insects and thus act as advertisement flag. b) In Trapa, calyx is modified into spines and helps in protection of fruit. Angiospermic Plant Morphology Page 36 c) In Argemone spines are present on the surface of sepal which protects the flower bud. d) In larkspur and Balsum, the posterior part of sepal is modified into a narrow tube. This structure is called sepal spur. Nectar is stored in it for insect attraction. e) In asteraceae family, sepals are modified into hairy structure. It is called pappus. The pappus is a modified calyx and helps in dispersal of fruit. ✔ DURATION OF SEPALS 1. Caducous – Sepals fall just at the time of opening of flower bud. eg. Poppy. 2. Deciduous – Sepals fall after pollination eg. Mustard 3. Persistant – If sepals do not fall and remain attached to fruit. eg. Tomato, Capsicum, Brinjal, Cotton, Datura. * Sometime below calyx, a whorl similar to sepals is found which is called epicalyx. eg. Malvaceae family. ✔ COROLLA The second whorl of flower is called corolla and each member of it is called Petals. When the shape and size of petals are similar then it is called symmetrical while when they are not similar then they are asymmetrical. When all the petals are free, then it is called polypetalous while when petals are fused, then it is called gamopetalous. Forms of Corolla A) POLYPETALOUS 1. Cruciform – 4 petals are present in it. The lower narrow part of petal is called claw while the outer broad part is called limb. These petals are arranged crosswise. eg. Radish, Mustard. 2. Caryophyllaceous – It consists of 5 petals the claw of petals are short and the limb of petals from right angle to the claw eg. Dianthus. 3. Rosaceous – It consist of 5 or more petals. Claws are absent in it and limbs are spread regularly outwards. eg. Rose, Coconut. Angiospermic Plant Morphology Page 37 B) GAMOPETALOUS 1) Campanulate – Five petals are arranged like bell. eg. Tobacco, Raspberry, Campanula. 2) Funnel shaped or infundibuliform – Funnel like petals arrangement eg. Datura, Railway creeper. 3) Tubular – Petals are like tube eg. Disc florets of sunflower. ZYGOMORPHIC POLYPETALOUS COROLLA Papilionaceous – Five petals are present. Its posterior petal is largest and is known as standard or vexillum. Vexillum covers two lateral petals which are called as wings and the innermost basal petals are united to form a keel or carina. Both lateral parts cover the keel. eg. Pea, Gram, Arher ZYGOMORPHIC GAMOPETALOUS COROLLA 1. Bilabiate – The petal of gamopetalous corolla is divided into two lips. The place between two lips is called corolla mouth. eg. Ocimum, Salvia. 2. Personate – In this case the corolla is bilabiate but the two lips are near to each other eg. Antirrhinum 3. Ligulate – The upper part of corolla is long, flattened which is attached with short narrow tube. eg. Rayflorets of sunflower. Angiospermic Plant Morphology Page 38 AESTIVATION The mode of arrangement of sepals or petals in floral bud with respect to the other members of the same whorl is known as aestivation. It is of following types 1) Valvate – When the petal of a whorl lies adjacent to each other petal and just touches it. eg. Calotropis, Custard-apple, Mustard. 2) Twisted – In it one part of a petal covers adjacent petals and the other part is covered by posterior petal. One margin of the petal overlaps that of the next one and the other margin is overlapped by the third one. eg. Cotton, Ladyfinger, Chinarose 3) Imbricate – When both margin of the one petal are covered by the others two petals and both margin of another one, covers other, Rest are arranged in twisted manner. It is of two types  Ascending imbricate – The posterior petal is innermost i.e., it’s both margins are overlapped. eg. Cassia, Bauhinia, Gulmohur etc.  Vexillary or Descending imbricate – The anterior petal is innermost and posterior petal is outer most & largest. eg. Pea, Bean. 4) Quincuncial – It is a modification of imbricate type. Out of the five petals, two are completely internal, two completely external and in the remaining petal, one margin is internal and the other margin is external. eg. Murraya, Ranunculus. Angiospermic Plant Morphology Page 39 PERIANTH When there is no distinction between calyx and corolla the whorl is described as perianth. Individual perianth segments are called Tepals. Green tepals are called sepaloid and coloured tepals are called petaloid. Tepals are free (polytepalous) or fused (gamotepalous). eg. Liliaceae and Graminae family. ANDROECIUM It constitutes the third whorl of the flower and is made up of one or more stamens. Each stamen consists of filament, anther and connective. Each anther is usually bilobed and each lobe has two chambers the pollensac. The pollen grains are produced in pollensac. Attachment of filament to anther lobe: The attachment of filament to another lobe is of 3 types 1. Adnate – Filament runs through the whole length of the anther from the base to the apex. eg. Michelia (Champa), Magnolia 2. Dorsifixed – The filament is attached at the centre to the back of the anther. eg. Passion flower 3. Versatile – Filament attached to the back of the anther at a point only, thus the anther can swing freely.eg. Wheat, grass, maize. Cohesion of stamens: When the floral parts of similar whorl are fused, then it is called cohesion. When the stamens of an androecium are free from one another, it is called polyandrous condition. Adelphous : when stamens are united by their filament only, it is called adelphous. It is of following types – Angiospermic Plant Morphology Page 40 ✧ Monoadelphous – When all the filaments are united into a single bundle but anthers are free fromeach other. In this type of cohesion a tube is formed around the gynoecium which is called stamina tube eg. Cotton, Hollyhock, Ladyfinger. ✧ Diadelphous – When the filaments are united in two bundles but the anther remains free eg. Gram, Pea, Bean In these plants from 10 stamens, 9 stamens are arranged in bundle while 1 remains free. ✧ Polyadelphous – When filaments are united into more than two bundles. eg. Citrus, Castor.  Synandrous – When anthers as well as filaments of stamens are united through their whole length. eg.Colocasia, Alocasia, Momordica, Cucurbitaceae family  Syngenesious – In it only anthers are united in bundle but filaments remain free eg. Compositae family. Adhesion of stamens: When the stamens are attached to other parts of flower, then it is called adhesion of stamens. Epipetalous – When stamens are attached to petals. eg. Brinjal, Datura, Tobacco, Sunflower, Potato. Epiphyllous – When stamens are attached to tepals. eg. Onion, Lily. Gynandrous – When stamens are attached to gynonecium either throughout their whole length or by their anther eg. Calotropis. Length of stamens: Didynamous – When four stamens are present, out of them two are long and two are short, then it is called didynamous. eg. Labiatae family. Tetradynamous – When there are six stamens and they are arranged in two whorls. In outer whorl, there are two short stamens while in inner whorl, there are four long stamens, this condition is called tetra dynamous. eg. Cruciferae family. Angiospermic Plant Morphology Page 41 Didynamous Tetradynamous SPECIAL 1) Inserted – When the stamens are smaller than corolla. eg. Datura 2) Exserted – Stamens are longer than corolla and are radially outward. eg. Gulmohar. 3) Diplostemonous – The stamens are double the number of petals and present in two whorls. The outer whorl of stamens is alternating with petals (alternipetalous), while inner whorl is opposite to petals (antipetalous). eg. Liliaceae family. 4) Obdiplostemonous – It is reverse of diplostemonous. The outer whorl of stamen is opposite to petals, while inner whorl of stamen is alternating with petals. eg. Caryophyllaceae. 5) Isostemonous or Haplostemonous – In such type of condition stamens are present in single whorls. No. of stamens is equal to no. of sepals and petals and generally whorl of stamens is alternating with petals. 6) Heterostemonous – Stamens are of different length in some flowers. 7) Staminodes – When stamens are without pollen grains & remain sterile throughout life are called staminodes e.g. Salvia verbascum.  GYNOECIUM (PISTIL) 1. It is the fourth and second essential whorl of the flower. It is female part of the flower comprising of the inner whorl of megasporophylls in the form of carpels bearing ovules. It consists of ovary, style Angiospermic Plant Morphology Page 42 and stigma. Ovary is the enlarged basal part, on which lies the elongated tube the style; the style connects the ovary to the stigma. The stigma is usually at the tip of the style and is receptive surface for pollen grains. The gynoecium may be monocarpellary or multicarpellary. 2. If only one carpel is present in gynoecium this condition is called monocarpellary. 3. If more than one carpel is present in gynoecium this condition is called polycarpellary. 4. If all the carpels in polycarpellary / multicarpellary condition are free, then condition is called apocarpous. 5. If all the carpels are fused together, then condition is called syncarpous. ✔ COHESION OF CARPEL In syncarpous gynoecium four types of cohesion are found 1) When ovaries are fused, but stigma and style are separated with each other, eg. Dianthus, Plumbago 2) Ovary and style are fused, but stigma is not fused. Malvaceae family. Hibiscus rosasinensis, cotton. 3) When stigma is fused but the ovary and style are free. eg. Calotropis, Cassia fistula, Nerium. 4) Carpels are completely fused. This condition is found in max. Flowers, eg. Mustard, Radish, Tomato. ✔ PLACENTATION The ovules are attached on ovary walls on one or more cushion called placenta. The arrangement of ovules with in ovary wall is known as placentation. It is of following types – 1. Marginal : Marginal placentation is found in unilocular ovary. The placenta forms a ridge along the ventral suture of the ovary and the ovules are borne on this ridge forming two rows. eg. Leguminosae. 2. Parietal : This type of placentation is found in unilocular syncarpus ovary. In it the ovule develops on the inner wall of the ovary or on peripheral part. Ovary becomes bi or multilocular due to formation a false septum eg. Cucurbita, Argemone, and Cruciferae family (Mustard) 3. Axile : It is found in multicarpellary syncarpous gynoecium. The fusion margin of carpels grown inward and meet in the centre of the ovary. Thus an axis forms in the centre of ovary, thus ovary becomes multi chambered. The ovules are born at the central axis. Number of these chambers is equal to the number of carpel eg. Potato, China rose, Onion, Lemon, Orange, Tomato. 4. Free central : This type of placentation is found in syncarpous gynoecium. In it, the ovary is unilocular and the ovules are borne on the axis in the centre of the ovary. Septum are absent in ovary. Placentation is axile in beginning. After sometimes walls of chamber destroy and only ovulated central axis left. eg. Primrose, Dianthus (Caryophyllaceae) Angiospermic Plant Morphology Page 43 5. Superficial – This type of placentation is found in multicarpellary syncarpous gynoecium. The ovules are attached on the walls of locules eg. Nymphea (Water lily) 6. Basal : The ovary is unilocular and a single ovule is borne at the base of ovary. eg. Marigold, Sunflower (Asteraceae family). FRUIT Fertilized and ripened ovary is fruit. A Fruit consist of (i) Pericarp (fruit wall), (ii) seed. The seeds are protected inside fruit. But in some fruits seeds are not found like in grapes, banana and such type of fruits are seedless fruit. If a fruit is formed without fertilization of the ovary it is known as parthenocarpic fruit. Pericarp : After ripening, the ovary wall change into pericarp. This pericarp may by thick and fleshy or thick and hard or thin and soft. Pericarp is differentiated in 3 layersEpicarp :- It is the outermost layer, which is also called rind Mesocarp :- It is the middle layer. Endocarp : It forms the innermost layer.  TRUE FRUIT : When the fruit is developed only from the ovary, the fruit is called as true fruit. eg. Mango, Coconut, Zizyphus  FALSE FRUIT OR PSEUDOCARP : In some fruits, in place of ovary, some other parts of flower like thalamus, inflorescence, calyx are modified to form a part of fruit. These types of fruit are called false fruits.eg. Apple, Strawberry, Pear. Angiospermic Plant Morphology Page 44 ✔ CLASSIFICATION OF FRUIT Fruits are divided in three groups ✧ Simple ✧ Aggregate ✧ Composite SIMPLE FRUIT:These fruit develop from monocarpellary ovary or multicarpellary syncarpous ovary. Only one fruit is formed by the gynoecium. Simple fruits are of two types – ✧ Fleshy fruit ✧ Dry fruit Fleshy Fruit:- These fruit develop from superior or inferior syncarpous gynoecium. These may be unilocular or multilocular. These fruits are indehiscent. Dispersal of seeds occurs after pericarp is destroyed. Fleshy fruits are of following types:  Drupe: - These fruit develops from mono or multicarpellary, syncarpous, superior ovary. In these fruits endocarp is hard and stony so these fruits are also called stony fruits. eg. Mango, coconut almond, Peach walnut, plum. Brachysclereids are present in endocarp. In mango edible fleshy part is mesocarp and the part where seed is protected is called as endocarp. In Ber, epicarp and mesocarp both are edible part. The rind of Almond and walnut are endocarp and their edible part is seed. In coconut epicarp is hard and thin while mesocarp is thick and consists of hard fibers. The endocarp is hard and seed is protected in it. Endosperm is edible in coconut.  Berry: These fruits develop from mono or multicarpellary syncarpous ovary. Ovary may be superior or inferior, Placentation is axile or parietal. In these epicarp is thin and seeds are embedded in fleshy part. Initially seeds are attached with placenta of fruit but after maturation these seeds are detached with placenta and are spread randomly in fleshy part. a. Plants with superior ovary = Tomato, Grapes, Brinjal. b. Plants with inferior ovary = Guava, Banana Date palm is one seeded berry. In it pericarp is divided into epicarp, mesocarp and endocarp. Epicarp is thin and soft while mesocarp is thick and fleshy and endocarp is thin like a membrane. This is attached with seed. Areca nut is one seeded fibrous fruit berry. When its thick fibrous layer is removed then seed comes out which is hard. Angiospermic Plant Morphology Page 45  Pepo: These fruit develops from tricarpellary, syncarpous and inferior ovary. This fruit is unilocular and have parietal placentation. These fruits are fleshy and spongy. Some time fruits are bitter in taste due to presence of tetra cyclic trite pine in flashy pulp. eg. Fruits of cucurbitaceae family.  Pome: This fruit develops from bi or multicarpellary syncarpous inferior ovary. The rind and fleshy pulp are made up of thalamus. The main part of ovary is hard and dry and remains inside the fruit. Seeds are present in it. e.g. Apple, Pear.  Hesperidium: This fruit develops from multicarpellary, syncarpous, superior ovary. This fruit is specialy found in plants of Rutaceae family. eg. Orange, Lemon, Citrus fruit. Epicarp of these is made up of thick rind which is leathery and many oil glands are found in it. Mesocarp is white fibrous structure which is attached with epicarp. Membranous endocarp projects inward and form many chambers. Many glandular hairs are present on the inner side of endocarp. These glandular hairs are only edible parts.  Balausta: It is a multilocular multisided fruit, which develops from inferior ovary. Its pericarp is hard. Persistent calyx is arranged in the form of crown. Seeds are irregularly arranged on placenta. Endocarp is hard. Testa is fleshy. This is the edible part of fruit. eg. Pomegranate (Punica granatum).  Amphisarca: This fruit is multicarpellary and multi chambered which develops from superior ovary. Pericarp is hard and fleshy placenta is found in them. The inner part of pericarp and placenta is edible part of fruit. Testa of seed is mucilaginous eg. Wood apple (Aegle marmelos), elephant apple. Angiospermic Plant Morphology Page 46  Simple Dry Fruit: Pericarp of simple dry fruit is hard and dry and not differentiated into epicarp, mesocarp and endocarp. Such fruits are called dry fruit. Simple dry fruits can be divided into following three groups✧ Indehiscent ✧ Dehiscent ✧ Schizocarpic  Indehiscent fruits: These simple dry fruits are generally of small size and single seeded pericarp does not rupture even after maturity.  Cypsela: It is a small, single seeded dry fruit which develops from bicarpellary, syncarpous, inferior ovary. Pericarp and seed coat are free from each other. In these fruits a bunch of hair is attached with the fruit which is known as Pappus. Pappus helps in fruit dispersal. eg. Compositae family Plants.  Caryopsis: These are small, single seeded dry fruits. It develops from monocarpellary, superior ovary. Pericarp of these fruits is fused with the seed coat and form a joint surface. These fruits are present in family gramineae. Wheat grain or rice grain is a fruit.  Achene: These are single seeded fruit which develops from monocarpellary superior ovary. In it pericarp is free from the seed coat eg. Clematis, Mirabilis, Boerhaavia  Nut: This is a single seeded fruit which develop from monocarpellary syncarpous superior ovary. In it pericarp is hard eg. Quercus (oak), Anacardium occidentale (Cashewnut) Trapa, (Waterchest-nut), Litchi. In Litchi epicarp and mesocarp is fused and give leathery appearance. Endocarp is membrane like thin. Outer seed coat grows forward and forms an additional coat around the seed which is called as aril. In mature fruit, this aril is fleshy and is only edible part.  Samara: These are dry indehiscent one seeded feathery fruit. It develops from bi or tricarpellary, syncarpous and superior ovary. The main character of these fruits is wing like structure develops from its pericarp which helps in dispersal. eg. Holoptelia. In Shorea robusta wing develops from calyx instead pericarp and these fruit are called samaroid.  Dehiscent Fruits: After ripening pericarp are ruptured and seeds are dispersed outside. Angiospermic Plant Morphology Page 47  Legume or pods: These fruits develop from monocarpellary, unilocular, superior ovary. It is generally long and multi seeded fruit. Dehiscence of fruit occurs at both sutures i.e. Dorsal and ventral side. Dehiscence start from apex and reaches to basal part. eg. Pea, Beans. When only one or two seeds are present in fruit, then it is also called as pod.  Follicle: It is also multi seeded fruit which develops from superior unilocular, monocarpellary ovary but the dehiscence of it occur only at ventral suture. eg. Asclepias, Rauwolfia, Vinca, Michelia (Champa), Delphinium.  Siliqua: This fruit develops from bicarpellary, syncarpous superior ovary with parietal placentation. Dehiscence occurs at both dorsal and ventral suture and starts from lower part and proceeds upward. Due to formation of false septum ovary become bilocular. On false septum, seeds are attached, this type of fruit is found in Cruciferae family. eg. Mustard.  Silicula: A short broad siliqua is known as Silicula. It is also found in Cruciferae family. eg. Candytuft (lberis amara), Capsella.  Capsule: This is dry multi chambered and multi seeded fruit and develop from multi carpellary syncarpus, superior ovary. In it, axile placentation is found and dehiscence occurs by various methods. Poricidal (Poppy), loculicidal (cotton), septifragal (Datura), septicidal (Lineseed).  Schizocarpic fruit: It is a multi seeded fruit. After ripening, it is divided into mericarp and seeds come out after destruction of pericarp. The fruits develop from mono or bi or multicarpellary superior or inferior ovary. The mericarp contains one or two seeds.  Lomentum: It develops like legume. Fruits are constricted or divided in one seeded mericarp, after maturity these are separated with each other. E.g. Tamarind, Cassia fistula, Mimosa pudica, Archishypogea, Desmodium.  Cremocarp: It is a double seeded fruit and develops from bicarpellary, syncarpous, inferior ovary. On maturation, it dehisces from apex to base in such a way that two mericarp forms Angiospermic Plant Morphology Page 48 and each contain one seed. These mericarp are attached with carpophore. Carpophore is the extended part of receptacle. eg. Coriander, Cuminum, Foeniculum.  Regma: This fruit develops from tri to pentacarpellary, syncarpous superior ovary. In it three locules are present and its fruit is breaks into three one seeded part. Each part is known as coccus. At the outer end of pericarp, spines are found. eg. Euphorbiaceae family, Castor has three cocci Geranium has 5 cocci.  Carcerulus: It is a dry fruit which develops from multi carpellary or bicarpellary, syncarpous, superior ovary. Number of mericarp is more than locules because of formation of false septum. It divides into four one seeded locules. eg. Ocimum (Basil), Salvia. In hollyhock and abutilon (family malvaceae), the no. of locules is more than four  Utricle: It is a single seeded fruit which has thin membrane. It dehiscence generally from cap. It develops from bicarpellary, unilocular, syncarpous, superior ovary. eg. Achyranthes, Amaranthus.  Double Samara: It develop from bicarpellary syncarpous superior ovary. Pericarp develops into two wings. On maturation it divides in two single seeded mericarp eg . Samara, acer.  AGGREGATE FRUIT :These fruits develop from multicarpellary apocarpous ovary. Because in apocarpous ovary, each carpel is separated from one another, therefore it forms a fruitlet. These fruits are made up of bunch of fruitlets which is known as etaerio. 1. Etaerio of follicles: Each fruitlet is a follicle. eg. Calotropis, Catharanthus, Magnolia. 2. Etaerio of achenes: In this aggregate fruit, each fruitlet is an achene. eg. Rananculus, Strawberry, Rose, Lotus 3. Etaerio of berries: It is an aggregate of small berries. eg. polyalthia, Annona squamosa (Custardapple). In etaerio of Anona all the berries are arranged densly on thalamus. Angiospermic Plant Morphology Page 49 4. Etaerio of drupes: In this type of fruit, many small drupes develop from different carpels. eg. Raspberry.  COMPOSITE FRUIT :All composite fruits are false fruits. This type of fruit differ from aggregate fruit that in place of single ovary many ovaries and other floral parts combine together to form fruit. In composite fruits, generally whole inflorescence is modified into fruit. These are of two types. Sorosis: This fruit develops from spike, spadix or cartkin inflorescence. Peduncle becomes thick spongy and woody. eg. Jack fruit, Pandanus (screwpine), Pineapple In jack fruit (Kathal) pistillate flowers are developed around the peduncle. In fruit formation pericarp become spongy and fused. In Pine apple peduncle bracts and perianth become fleshy. Due to the fusion of perianths of flower acomposite fruit is formed. In mulberry perianth become fleshy and calyx of every flower becomes thick, sweet and fleshy and edible. Geocarpic fruit: When fruit development occurs inside soil e.g. ground nut. Angiospermic Plant Morphology Page 50 SEED A seed is a small embryonic plant enclosed inside a seed coat. It is the ripened and fertilised ovule of gymnospermic and angiospermic plants. A seed has a three parts: 1. An embryo 2. An endosperms (supply of nutrients for the embryo) 3. A seed coat The embryo is an undeveloped plant inside a seed from which a new plant develops. All seeds do not have the same size, shape and colour. We will be looking at the embryo of a pea, gram and bean seed to identify their different parts. Plant embryos in seeds have structures called cotyledons. A cotyledon is the central portion of a seed embryo to which the epicotyls- the immature shoot, and the radicle- the immature roots, are attached. Plants are classified according to the number of cotyledons present in the embryo. If the embryo has one cotyledon (monocotyledon) it is a monocot plant, and if there are two cotyledons (dicotyledon), it is a dicot plant. The endosperm is the tissue produced inside the seeds of most of the flowering plants following fertilization. It surrounds the embryo and provides nutrition in the form of starch, though it can also contain oils and protein. Based on the type and location of storage materials, seeds can be subdivided into two typesa) Endospermic Seeds: These seeds are those that have an endosperm in the mature seed. It is fleshy, oily, surrounds the embryo, and functions as the sole food storage organ. Inside the seed coat, a thin and papery cotyledon is present. Monocot plants have endospermic seeds. b) Non-endospermic Seeds: Non-endospermic seeds do not have an endosperm in the mature seed. The cotyledons are thick and fleshy, and function as the sole food storage organs. Dicot plants have non-endospermic seeds. Angiospermic Plant Morphology Page 51 DISPERSAL 1) The seeds falling directly under the mother plant have to germinate and develop under limited food supply and space. To overcome this problem, the fruits and seeds have developed several special devices for wide dispersal. 2) The natural agents like wind, water, animals and even mechanism of dehiscence in some fruits, help the seeds and fruits to disperse from one place to another, and to long distances from the parent plant.  WIND (Anemochory) : 1) In the species where the seeds are light in weight or have some accessory part to help dissemination, are dispersed by the air current. 2) The seeds of Drum-stick and Cinchona, and fruits of yam, maple and Sal tree, are having appendages in the form of thin, flat and membranous wings, which help them to float in the air and be carried away to long distances. 3) In the members of Asteraceae, the calyx is modified into hair like structures called pappus. They persist in fruit and open out like umbrella, helping the seeds to float in the air. 4) In poppy and prickly poppy (Argemone), the fruit dehisces and seeds are thrown out to a distance away from the parent plant. (Censor mechanism) 5) The seeds of Calotropis, Alstonia and cotton are provided with hair and cover sufficient distances along with the wind. 6) The seeds of orchids and some grasses are very small and light in weight and may be easily carried away by wind too far off places. 7) In fruits of physalis swollen persistant calyx is present and fruit can easily be carried out by air. 8) Some plant like chenopodium, amaranthus etc. are uprooted after drying and carried away by wind and seeds are dispersed distantly. These plants are known as tumble weed.  WATER (Hydrochory) : The fruit and seeds with specialized devices which may be in the form of spongy and fibrous outer walls as in coconut and spongy thalamus as in lotus, and small seeds with airy aril as in water lily, float very easily in water and are carried away to long distances with the water current. Angiospermic Plant Morphology Page 52  ANIMAL (Zoochory) : 1. The fruit and seeds with hooks, spines, bristles, stiff hair, etc., get attached to the body of animals and are carried away by them to distant places. 2. Fruits of Xanthium and Urena bear curved hooks. 3. Spear grass has a bunch of stiff hair. 4. Tribulus has sharp and rigid spines. 5. Boerhaavia has sticky hair, which help their dispersal by animals. In Martynia two curved hooks are present. 6. The edible fruits like guava, grape, fig and plum are dispersed by birds and even human beings by feeding on them and passing out undigested seeds with faeces or by carrying them to other places for later feeding.  DEFENSE MECHANISM IN PLANTS : These specialized structures, organs, substances and adaptations which protect the plants from destroying by animals, insects and disease carriers are called as defense mechanism in plants. Some of these are as follows: ✧ Epidermis, periderm, cork and bark. ✧ Trichomes, hairs and spines. ✧ Laticiferous glands or ducts. ✧ Secretory glands. ✧ Taste of different plant parts. ✧ Underground plant parts. ✧ Myrmecophily ✧ Colour, shape and structure of plants. Epidermis, Periderm, Cork and Bark: 1. Epidermis acts as a protective layer which saves internal tissues from being damages by high temperature, microbes, acidic rain and high wind velocity etc. Angiospermic Plant Morphology Page 53 2. In Vanda (orchid), Nerium, Peperomia etc. it is multi layed. In Peperomia, it consists of 14 to 15 layers of cells 3. All parts of a plant except root, have a layer of wax-like substance or cutin on the outer surface of the epidermis. This layer is known as cuticle. 4. In Cycas and Pinus the cuticle is lignified 5. On aerial parts of Equisetum and members of grass family silica or silicon oxide is found which protect them from grazing animal. 6. On epidermis of some plants wax, oil, resin crystallized salts, silica, lignified substances etc. Are deposited. 7. In woody plants periderm is present which is a secondary epidermal tissue and is formed by activity of the phellogen. Here the cork is a protective layer. 8. Bark is the tertiary epidermal tissue found in woody plants. Its main function is to protect the internal tissues from mechanical injury.  Trichomes, Hairs and spines : 1) Leafy epidermal hairs regulate atmospheric humidity. 2) Covering hairs protect plants from disease causing insects. 3) Glandular epidermal hairs secrete some chemical substances to protect them from animals. 4) Stinging hairs pierce the skin of animals and secrete poisonous substances which cause irritation and protect the plants from animals. eg. Urtica diocea. 5) Spiny stipules and spines found in xerophytes protect these plants from grazing animals. eg. Zizypus,Acacia. 6) Spines of Euphrbia act as defensive devices against grazing animals. 7) Prickles of Capparis, Bombax and rose and needle like hairs of cacti save these plants from animals. Laticiferous glands or Ducts: 1. Woody plants of arid and semi arid areas secrete a white milky fluid which is called latex. 2. It is a viscous fluid which contains various substances like water, hydrocarbons, resins, oils, proteins, acids, salts, sugars and rubber in suspended form. It is found in members of family Angiospermic Plant Morphology Page 54 Moraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Apocyanaceae etc. Latex help in protection of these plants from animals. The latex secreted by plants of Calotropis is poisonous. Secretary glands or cells: 1) They are filled with different types of excretory or secretary substances such as oils, tannins, gums, mucilage and different type crystals 2) Smell of oily substances secreted by oil glands present in the leaves and bark of Eucalyptus and pericarp of lemon fruit protect these plants from animals. Taste of different plant parts: Aerial parts like fruits, seeds leaves, branches and bark of some plants contain different type of alkaloids or excretory substances which are repulsive or bitter in taste and are disliked by animals e.g. Azadirachta indica, Momordica charantia, Trigonella, Ocimum sanctum, Datura stramonium, Papaver somniferum, Mentha arvensis, Nicotiana tabacum, Carica papaya, Cinchona officinalie etc. Underground plants: In some plants, plant parts remain under the soil i.e. out of reach of grazing animals e.g. underground modified roots of radish (Raphanus sativus), carrot (Daucus carota), turnip (Brassica rapa), chukandar (Beta vulgaris), heeng (Ferula asafoetida) etc. underground modified stems of potato (Solanum tuberosum), arbi (Colocasia antiquorum), onion (Allium cepa), garlic (Allium sativum), ginger (Zingiber officinale), turmeric (Cucrcuma domestica) etc. and underground fruits of ground nut (Arachis hypogea). Myrmecophily: Gauva (Psidium guajava), mango (Mangifera indica), litchi (Litchi chinensis), mulberry (Morus alba) etc. secrete some substances which attracts some ants. These ants take their abode on these plants and act as bodyguards against any animal attack. This relationship is called myrmecophily. Colour, shape and structure of plants: Certain plants strikingly resemble some dreaded animals so that they are carefully avoided by other animals. This is known as mimicry e.g. plants of Caladium and Sensviria resemble spotted serpents. Angiospermic Plant Morphology Page 55 ✔ MORPHOLOGY OF ANGIOSPERM (Point to be remembered always) 1. Arrangement of flowers on peduncle and study of flowers is called Anthology. 2. National flower of India is Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) 3. Longest styles are found in maize. 4. Longest inflorescence is in Agave (12m), 5. In Mussanda, One (odd) sepal is enlarged to form a leafy structure called Advertisement Flag. 6. National fruit of India is Mango (Mangifera Indica) 7. Largest fruit and largest seed is of Lodoicea maldivica (double coconut, weight is 18 Kgs.) 8. False nuts are Coconut (drupe), Areca nut (Berry), Pea nut or Ground nut (Lomentum), Walnut(drupe) and Chilgoza (seed) 9. Dispersal of fruits and seeds by ants is called myrmechory eg. Ulex and Trillium (seeds). 10. Monophyllea is a plant with single leaf. 11. Welwitschia (a gymnosperm) is a plant with two leaves throughout the life. 12. Victoria regia has broadest leaves each with a diameter of 1.5–1.8m. 13. Leaves are longest in Raphia vinifera (10–15m) 14. Small protein rich glands called Belt's corpuscles are present at the tip of leaflets in Acaciasphaerocephola. 15. In Musca the suckers are called sword suckers. 16. In knol-khol (Ganth Gobhi) the entire stem becomes tuberous. 17. Largest bud is cabbage. 18. Pseudostem is a trunk formed by leaf bases in Banana. 19. A plant with reduced stem is called as Acaulescent. 20. Ulex possesses both stem thorns as well as leaf spines. Angiospermic Plant Morphology Page 56 21. Shruby climbers which climb with the help of hooks are called Stragglers eg. Bougainvillea, Artobotrys. 22. Marine angiosperm is Zostera. 23. Pseudobulb is swollen part of stem in orchids for storing water and food reserve. 24. Annuals and biennials are monocarpic. The perennials are polycarpic as they bear fruits every year. 25. Some perennial plants such as Agave, Bamboo are monocarpic as they flower and fruit only once intheir life after a long period of vegetative growth. 26. Smallest angiosperm is Wolffia (less than 0.1 mm) and largest or tallest angiosperm is Eucalyptusregnans (height more that 114 m or 375 ft) 27. Plants with roots only are podostemon, Arceuthobium, Rafflesia and Sapria. 28. Hypocotyl develops into a large tuber in Myrmecodia enchinata family Rubiaceae. In the cavities of tuber many ant live. So it is an example of myrmecophily. 29. Gynostagium : It is formed due to the fusion of crowned stamens with the carpels. It forms a protective covering around the carpels, thus protects the gynoecium. Presence of Gynostagium is the characteristic feature of family Asclepediaceae. 30. Maize (Zea mays) has largest stigma and style. 31. The sterile pistil is called pistalloide. Angiospermic Plant Morphology Page 57 References http://www.eplantscience.com https://www.quora.com http://www.agrifarming.in http://www.mcwdn.org http://www.plantscience4u.com https://courses.lumenlearning.com https://en.wikipedia.org http://www.mbgnet.net/ http://facweb.furman.edu http://sciencewithme.com https://www.britannica.com https://extension.illinois.edu https://www.gardeningknowhow.com https://www.thoughtco.com https://www.cropsreview.com http://www.enchantedlearning.com https://basicbiology.net https://www.amnh.org https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov http://www.saps.org.uk http://www.daviddarling.info https://www2.palomar.edu Angiospermic Plant Morphology Page 58 About Author Balwant Singh B.Sc. (Zoology & Botany) Acharya Narendra Dev Kisan PG College, Babhnan Gonda (UP) India Dr. Ram Manohar Lohiya Avadh University Faizabad (UP) India M.Sc. (Applied Animal Science) Department of Applied Animal Science School for Bioscience and Biotechnology Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University) Lucknow (UP) India M.Sc. (Botany) Acharya Narendra Dev Kisan PG College, Babhnan Gonda (UP) India Dr. Ram Manohar Lohiya Avadh University Faizabad (UP) India Contact:Mobile:- +91 7408600478 E-Mail:- balwantsingh1642@gmail.com Angiospermic Plant Morphology Page 59 REVIEW Angiospermic Plant Morphology (Root, Stem, Leaves, Flower, Fruit & Seed) Mr. Balwant Singh Angiospermic Plant Morphology Page 60

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