Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 THE EMPOWERED ANALISIS OF THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT ACHIEVE GOOD GOVERNANCE IN THE DISTRICT OF GORONTALO 1 2 Dikson Junus Nirmala Afrianti Sahi 3 Suaib Napir 4 Atika Marzaman 1 University Of Gorontalo; diksonjunus@gmail.com University Of Gorontalo; nirmalaathira@gmail.com 3 University Of Gorontalo; suaibnapir9@gmail.com 4 University Of Gorontalo; tikamarzaman@ymail.com 2 Abstract This study aims to analyze, identify and describe strengthening Local Government Organisation Gorontalo District; Methods: Using qualitative research, data collection techniques; observation, interviews and documents. data analysis interactive model of Miles, Huberman and Saldana (2014). The results showed that: Strengthening the organization, which includes; 1) the incentive has been running with a performance-based; 2) utilization of personnel not comply pd principle the right man on the right pleace; 3) leadership is more motivation in improving individual and organizational performance; 4) organizational culture refers to the Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) that have been standard; 5) communication has been running well, but need to increase understanding of the message to avoid mis communication between SKPD; 6) organizational structure has been carried out by the organization's needs but still dependent on central government policy to discretionary policies at local level walk less than the maximum. Key words: Organizational Strengthening, Institutional Reform, Good Governance A. BASIC CONSIDERATION The concept of the good goverment administration (good governance) is believed as the concept which can bring the positive change in the administration of the governance, refering to the the implementation of the government which is supported by the three (3) pillars of the good government in which the synergy and constructive relationship among the three (3) stakeholders (government, private services and the society). UNDP (1997) was revealed that the concept of the good government involve the prtinciples of the participation, Rule of Low, Transparancy, Responsiveness, Consensus Orientation, Equity, Affectiveness abd Efficiency, Accountability, and Strategic Vision. However, from the normative perspective the mandate of the The Republic of Indonesia Government Rule No. 6 the year of 2008 about the manual of the evaluation of the implementation of the local government is compulsory that the local government to keep following up the evaluation of the performance of the implementation of the local government by conducting various programs of 1 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 increasing the capacity (capacity building) in accomplishing the gppd governance. Thus, it can be said that the development of the capacity of the local government is referring to three (3) aspects in which policy plan, institutional and the human resources. Generally the capacity building concept can be purposed as the the process of building the capacity of the individual, group or organisation. It goes along with the theory concept in which purposed by Milen1 (2001 : 16) who is stating that the capacity building is for sure the improvement process which is sustainable from the individual, organization or institution, it is not only happen once, but the consition is the internal process which can only be functioned and aaccelerated with the outside assistance. Based on the result of the research conducted by the team of STIA LAN Makassar in the year of (2012), they conclded that the good governance can be created through the empowered of the organization of the local government wholy in Indonesia2. It is also supported by the result of the research conducted by Jenivia Dwi Ratna Sari et. Al in the year of 2013 who were stating that the development of the capacity of the member/individual can influence the sucessness of the organization, leadership of an organization which cannot barely separated from the characteristics and the leadership style in which the characteristics and the leadership style itself is also influencing the capacity of the organization member in achieving the good governance. Furthermore, the result of the research conducted by Venkatesh (2015) was showing that the dimension of the capacity building of the individual include the training program planning and education to decrease the discrepancy of the institutional system. the result of the research conducted by Grindle is then supported by the finding of Keban (2000 : 7) which is showing that the capacity building is a strip of strategy which is purposed to increase the efficiency, effectivity, and responsiveness of the government performance by centralize the attention toward the dimension development, human resources, empowered of the organization, and the reformation of the institution. Based on the previous explanation, it is showing that the organization reinforcement of the local government as a need in supporting and repairing the performance of the local government in the government environment of Gorontalo regency. Thus, the research was interested to conduct a research entitled the organization reinforcement of the local government in achieving the good governance in Gorontalo regency of Gorontalo Province. A. LITERATURE REVIEW The Concept of Organzation The definition of organization based on Lubis and Husaini (1987 : 35) is a social unity from a group of community which is interacting based on a certain pattern so that every member of it organization will have their own function and task, in which as a unity, it has certain purpose and a distinct barrier so that it can be separated from it environment4. Barnard as cited in Sutarto (1985 : 53) was stating that prganization is a cooperative activity system between two or more people. Organization is a grouping of people into cooperation activity to achieve the objective which have already been established, while the organizing is people ctivities in grouping, arranging and managing various job and occupation which is needed to be implemented to achieve its objectives5. Grindle as cited in Sedarmayanti (2012) reveals that organizational strengthening is one dimension of capacity building. It further said that organizational strengthening, the center of attention is directed to the management system to improve the performance of existing functions and tasks and the arrangement of microstructures. The activities to be done are arranging incentive systems, utilizing existing personnel, leadership, organizational culture, communication, and managerial structures. This is also the focus of research6. Good Governance 2 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Sedarmayanti (2012 : 272) stated that government was defined in English as “authoritative direction and administration of the affairs of men/women in nation, statem city, etc”. While “governance” is defines as : “the act, fact, manner or governing”, thus, it can be concluded that “governance” is an activity/process. United Nation Development Program (UNDP, 1997 : 19) is seen the governance as “the implementer of the political authority, economic and administration in administrating the nations matters”. A governance will be defined as a good one only if the public resources and public matters is well managed and it is also a term of respond toward the society needs7. Thus, a Good governance will have the following principles: 1. Participations : every citizen have their voice right in making the decision, both directly trhough the mediation of legimitation of institution who are representing their interest. 2. Rule of Law : the rule of the law, decision, government policy, organization and institution whivh are related to the society is conducted based on the law; 3. Transparency: transparency is defined as the deliberacyof the information flow; can be ucknowledged, monitired, by many parties about its policy, the process of the governance organization; 4. Responsiveness: all those governance intitutions will have to be perceptive, responsive the interest its stakeholders; 5. Concesus Orientation: it is oriented to to the deal which can become the mediator for the different interest as a way of looking for the best alternative and defending a broader interest. 6. Equity: the equivalence, all men or women, by not looking at thair wealthy status, have the similar opportunity to get the prosperity right. 7. Effectiveness aand efficiancy: all of the activity process, the activity of the governance intitutions can carried out their tasks. 8. Accountability: the decision maker in a governance, public servant and civil society is responsible toward the public abd the intitutional stakeholders. 9. Strategic Vision:the leader and the public will have to have the perspective of the good governance and a broad human resources development in line to the need of the development. B. THE RESEARCH METHOD The kind of research used in this research wasthe descriptive research by using the qualitative approach. The research was also using the analysis of Institutionalism. It is because this research was conducted at one part of organization of the local goverment. Pierson & Skocpol (2008) stated that the institutional analysis is used to investigate the whole process of the organization reinforcement of the local governement in achieveing the good governance in Gorontalo regency8. The technique of the data collection used in this resaerch was the observation, interview and documentation. The finding of the data resorces from the people being interviewed is conducted with the purposive sampling in which they were chosen with certain consideration and objective. The informant of this research were the regent, secretary of the province, Agency of regional civil service, education and training, Department of Education and Culture, Health Departmentand Department of Cooperative, Small Micro and Medium Enterprises Industry and Trade. The data analysis being conducted in this research was the qualitative analysis with the stages of data interpretation, data reduction, data compiling, validity check and making the conclusion9. C. RESULT AND DISCUSSION The organization of the local government as the public organization in implementing the capacity building or the organization reinforcement despite of giving the personel or employees 3 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 the salary, they are also giving them the incentives as one of the appreciation for their performance being given toward the interest of the organization. The local government of Gorontalo regency which is contain of some unit of the local institution either the one who are responsible for the obligatory affairs or the government matters , based on the result of the research it was showing that they have already implementing the system of giving the incentive toward either the individual or employee or the Local organization in Gorontalo regency local covernment environtment. The policy of giving the incentives is one of the stimulation which was given toward the personil/employee or organization with the purpose of encouraging them to act and do something for the sake of organization interest. It means that the incentive is a form of motivation so that they will have bigger encouragement to achieve the highest job productivity. The incentive system being given toward the local apparatus of the local government in Gorontalo regency is taken from the regional financing of the regency which was paid in each months such as the aid of the emendation fee, tearcher sertification fee, and the giving of the salary of the 13 th months or eother the incentive of an activity it is also delayed. Fhurthermore to legitimate the policy of giving the reward in form of the aid of the emendation fee and incentive from the local government of Gorontalo regency is acknoledged with the regent policy which is made in form of the regent law No. 39 the year of 2014 and no. 3 the year of 2016. The payment of the fee is based on the echelon. Echelon II Rp. 7.000.000, echelon IIIa Rp. 2.500.000, echelon IIIb Rp. 2.000.000, echelon IV Rp. 1.500.000, and staff Rp. 700.000 (source: DPPKAD 2015). The problem of the utilization of the personels/employee is focused on the matters of the personels/employee distribution related to the placement of the apparatus in each unit surrounding the Local Government of Gorontalo regency was showing the reality that the ratio pf the need of each unit was not well fullfiled. They were not maximaly considering the relevancy yet, the background and the education level or skill and the wuality of the personels with the kind of the job or the available position. The distribution of the personels/employee was still not reffering to the need ratio of the unit surrounding the local government of Gorontalo regency. As well as the problem of the placement or distribution of the personels/employees was still not reffering to the background of the education and skill as well as it was still focused on the interest in placing the personels/employees. The condition can influence the performance both individual and organization. The leadership in relation with the capacity building of the local governement of Gorontalo regency. The succesfullness of an organization was not only related to the leader role or leadership. It is also determined with the capacity of the personels. The capacity of the personels in an organization have to be upgraded, so that they will achieve their goals. The capacity building is a process of improving or changing the behavior of the individual, organization, society system, in achieving the goal being set effectively and afficiently. The capacity building as a strategy in improving the support of the institution in anticipating the problem and needs being faced. Generally, the improvement and changing the behaviour will include : (1) the improvementof the individual capacity (Knowledge, Skill and attitude); (2) the improvement of the institutional capacity (organization management, financial and culture), and (3) The improvement of society capacity (Independency, self-support, and changing anticipation). Here, the role of the leader in the capacity building is counted. The leadership is seen as an activity of influencing the attitude of people who are working together with the similar goals. In other words, leadership is a skill of influencing a group to achieve their own goals. There is a conceptual difference of leadership in which : the one who are using the influence, the goals of influencing effort, and the way of using the influence. 4 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 The leadership style is an attitude norm which is used by someone when he or she is trying to influence other people attitude such as what they want. Leadership style furthermore in an organization is extremely needed to develop the conducive work environtment and building the motivation atmosphere for the personel/employee particularly so that it is expected that it can create the high work productivity of good performance. Leader cannot only used the similar leadership style in leading the employee, however it should be appropriate with the charateristics of the capacity every individual. The ladership style include, isntruction, consultative, participative and delegative. The leader attitude in implementing the ladership style will be showing the understanding level toward the quality of his or her employees. Based on the description of expectation of the role model of the leadership with the real condition in the work environtment surrounding the local government of Gorontalo regency, it was showing the fact that the performace is a condition in which should be well understood and informed toward the certain parties in order to find out the achievement any certain institution in relation to its vision of an organization as well as finding out the postive and negative impact of an operational policy being made. The work indicator being meassured will be seebn from the characteristics of the work quality, the work quantity and the cooperation skill. The leadership role furthermore is to create the target realization with the achievemnt ofevery program and activity of every unit surrounding the local government of Gorontalo regency will be depend on the leadership style in an organization body aither in the level of local government or each organization of each unit. The leadership with the situational style, participative and delegative however indirectly giving the education of the independency in taking any action in carrying out the duty. It means that the self awareness of a leader which is shown through the skill to influence and making himself as the model as well as motivating others so that they will be encoraged to achieve higher achievement based on the morality values such as : integrity, commitment, consistency, profetional and communication skill; the example model as it has already been mentioned previously is an attitude which is both consiously and unconsiously carried out by a leader and interpreted by his or her employees as something to trigger them to do the exactly same thing. Based on the result of the research in relation to the leadership matters surrounding the local government of Gorontalo regency, there is one interesting aspect to be studied further such as “moloopu” which is one important tradition which have already been conducted for a along time. The implementation of the culture is implemented particularly to welcome the leader. For example, in the enthronization of the regent and the vice regent of Gorontalo for the periode of 2016 – 2021, Prof. Dr. Ir. H. Nelson Pomalingo, M.Pd and H. Fadli Hasan, ST. MT, the array of the tradition functionary of Gorontalo regency, the event of the welcoming is using the tradition of “moloopu” for both officials. The entire process starting from the process of the nationality, in which the enthronization and the receiving process which is administratively is carried out with the tradition “moloopu” which is believed by the society and the government as the local wisdom belongs to Gorontalo regency and it is also beliaved that can influence the leadershipt style for all level of leader. The Organization culture in the ministry/institution environtment and the local government can be known as the superiority of the organization in answering the challenge and change. The ministry/institution and the local government is expected to be able to create and develope the culture of organization which is orriented to the improvement of the performance through the training of the education, the work evaluation of each unit and employees, socialization, benchmarking, amd educational laboratory. The culture set in the grand design of the reformation of birocracy, the culture of work is understood as the culture set. Im simple, it is defined as the point of view of someone in giving the definition toward “work”. Thus, the work culture can be defined as the attitude and behavior of an individual and group based on the value believed and it has already become the nature and habits in carrying out the task and daily routin. In practice, the work culture is relegated from the culture of organization. A job culture is an organization 5 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 commitment as the effort of building the human resources, work processes and better achievement. The work culture will give the benefit, both for the employee of the organization environtment. Its benefit for the employee include giving them the chance to have the role, perform, self actialization, avowal, appreciation, work pride, posessive feeling and responsibility, broadening the knowledge as well as improving the leadership skill and problem solving. The communication role in the program of work culture is the effort of opening the birocracy barriers which make the human resources being separated, so that the communication often delayed, which mean that the information spreading was not achieving its goals and it is also resulting the difficulties in the effort of decision making participations. With the open communication, then the way of cooperation and coordination will be so much easier. It is because everyone will not only think about theirself . The communication being made in the unit environtment of the local government of Gorontalo regency have already been well implemented so that it is resulting the impact in which the building of the synergy between the individual (personel/employee) and between the local organization of Gorontalo regency, with the consideration that accelerating the feeling of possesive and internalization; accelerating the process of the decision making; strengthen the communication between the individual in the unit and between unit; facilitate the coordination and facilitate the monitoring process abd evaluation. Eventhough the aspect of cummunication generally have already been well carried out, however it can be denied that in the process of implementation of the local government of Gorontalo regency, there are still lack of coordination found and the comprehension in arranging the work report and each activity of each unit in relation to the main job and function is till giving the impact toward the compilation of the program and activity in which sometimes there will be intesect happend. It is because the lack of syncronization of the relation between the units. However, wholy, the aspect of communication in the implementation of the local government in Gorontalo regency have already been well implemented. The managerial structure in relation with the capacity building of local government of Gorontalo regency. The managerial stucture of the unit is not proportionally designed based on its needs and real characteristics of the terrytory. The organization structure originallt fat and less efficient so that there are still intersect between the main tasks, function and authority between the units. The managerial organization aspect in relation with the capacity buidling of the local government of Gorontalo regency, pratically have already been well carried out. It is because in its implementation of the governmental organization, as a bureaucrat instead of only understanding the rule of the local Law and the regent rule, there is also the relationship between the policy and rule to be comprehended. The bureaucrats have to understand their task and function. The main task and function of the unit is arranged at the local and regent rule. Its unit is devided into 5 element those are the staff who are responsible for the arrangement of the policy and coordination, supervision division in form of inspectorate, planning division in form of institution, and the support division in arranging and implementing the local policy which is naturally specific in the form of local technical institution, the last is the the implementer of the local affairs in form of local agency. D. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION The research was showing that the organization reiforcement include ; first, the giving of the incentivehave already been based on the perfromance; second, the utilization of the personel have not been reffering to the principle the right man on the righ place; third, the ledership will have to be naturally motivating in imrpoving the individual performance and organization; fourth, the organization culture refers to the standard of operational procedures; fifth, the communication have already been well carried out however the improvement is still needed in relation to the 6 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 message understanding to avoid the misscommunication between the units; sixth, the organization structure have already been carried out based on the need of the organization but it still influenced by the central government policy so that the decretion of the policy in the local level it still less maximal. The research is recommended that the organization reinforcement can be accomplished through the improvement of giving of the incentive and keep maintaining its sustainability. The utilization of the personels have to be appropriate with the skill and the need of each units, leadership become the best practice in organization management, the culture of organization become the reference in improving the individual performance and organization, communication become the tools of coordination among the units and the managerial structure accomplished based on the need of organization with the base of marit system. E. REFERENCE [1] Milen, Anneli. What Do We Know About Capacity Building, An Overview Of Existing Knowledge and Good Practice, world Health Organizetion (Departement of Health Service Provision), Geneva. 2001. [2] Lembaga Administrasi Negara. Capacity Building, Birokrasi Pemerintah Daerah. Makassar: STIA LAN. 2012. [3] Keban, Y.T. Artikel “Good Governance dan Capacity Building sebagai Indikator Utama dab Fokus Penilalain Kinerja Pemerintah. Jurnal Perencanaan Pembangunan, Jakarta. 2000. [4] Lubis, Hari & Huseini, Martani. Teori Organisasi; Suatu Pendekatan Makro. Jakarta: Pusat Antar Ilmu-ilmu Sosial UI. 1987. [5] Sutarto. Dasar-dasar Organisasi. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University. 1985. [6] Sedarmayanti. Sumber Daya Manusia dan Produktivitas Kerja. Cetakan Kedua. Bandung. Mandar Maju. 2012. [7] UNDP. Governance for Sustainable Development-A Policy Documen, New York: UNDP. 1997. [8] Pierson & Skocpol. Historical institusinalism in Contemporary Political Science. Dalam I. Katzenold & H.V. Miller (ed). New York: W. W. Norton. 2008. [8] Miles, Huberman, Saldana. Qualitative data analysis: a methods source book Arizona State University. Third edition. Copyright SAGE Publications, Inc. 2014. 7 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT, STUDY ON STRENGTHENING LOCAL FOOD COMODITIES Emy Kholifah R Muhammadiyah University of Jember emykholifah25@gmail.com Abstract This paper aims to describe the role of government policy in enhancing the existence of local communities through the strengthening and protection of local food commodities. The strengthening of local food by providing legality is one of the important approaches. Just as the legality of IG (Geographical Indication) for local food is one form of protection for the existence of producers (local community). Geographical Indication is a sign that indicates the origin of a good, which due to geographical environmental factors including natural factors, human factors, or a combination of these two factors provide certain characteristics and qualities in the goods produced. While Origin Indication is a sign that fulfills the provisions of geographical indication marks that are not registered or merely indicate the origin of a good or service. Currently, local food commodities require legal protection for product sustainability and competitiveness. It is basically a form of community empowerment, which is real in the economic field, as local commodities are vulnerable to unfair business competition and vulnerable in the field of technology. To achieve this, it takes the role of government through policy intervention in favor. This alignment is reflected in policy design. This article generates views and thoughts on policy design that can be an insight, and an input for the government in an effort to empower local communities, especial citrus. Keywords: role of local government, strengthening food commodity, community empowerment A. Background The strengthening of local food at this time is very important to do. The government has a strategic role by increasing patents or often referred to as Geographical Indications. Basically Geographical Indication hereinafter called IG, is one of Intellectual Property Rights included in the brand. IG is manifest as a sign usually consisting of product name, quality, or also symbols and naming or traits that are caused by geographical or human character from the place of origin. As an effort to protect local products in the form of Geographical Indication in Indonesia, the government has issued legal products in the form of Government Regulation (PP) No. 51 of 2007 on Protection of Geographical Indication which regulates its registration mechanism in the Director General of Intellectual Property Rights of the Department of Law and Human Rights. Potential Products to be Protected Geographical indications can be agricultural products, food, and even handicrafts, as long as they carry the name of the place of origin, and the quality is significantly influenced by the distinctive characteristics of the place of origin. It is this peculiarity and originality that distinguishes a product from another product, in which the distinction is an 8 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 advantage of a place of origin not found elsewhere or from the beginning has become the identity of the place of origin Registration of Geographical Indications is required in the face of free market so that local products can be protected and will provide added value and profit to the parties involved such as farmers and exporters. In addition, product registration is also part of the marketing strategy, so the product can be more expensive than similar products. In addition, local products must also maintain the quality so as not to lose with the outside products and able to face free market competition. Legal protection of local products, especially local products of orange semboro become very important and necessary, where orange semboro is one of the local products typical of Jember region that must be protected so as not to lose competitiveness with foreign products and domestic products from the surrounding area. Semboro orange with a distinctive flavor is expected to be able to compete in the free market and able to become the identity of the product of the region where the origin and able to become a trademark of Jember Regency. Geographical Indication (IG) is one of the Intellectual Property Rights (HKI) that allows the owner to obtain legal protection and empowerment benefits because as the exclusive owner of certain products, so that competitors can not imitate and claim. Semboro oranges as endemic products produced from Semboro and surrounding clusters (Umbulsari, Bangsalsari, Semboro, Sumberbaru, Jombang, Gumukmas, Kencong) sub-districts have certain characteristics that differentiate with similar products elsewhere. These conditions can provide significant benefits to farmers, consumers and governments. The Geographical Indication Certificate will provide protection so that no party can claim and or commit any fraud by disguising the orange product. For the consumer, the Geographical Indication certificate will provide certainty and guarantee of the product so that no one choose in buying. For Jember regency government, the Geographical Indication certificate will provide benefits as a protector of the interests of the farmers of Jember Regency. In addition, also a lighter protection of other superior varieties in Jember District. Registration of Geographical Indication requires the support of all stakeholders of Jeruk Semboro consisting of citrus farmer groups, Jember District government and other parties such as the Muhammadiyah University of Jember (PT), which provides assistance and initiation of registration. All three elements must synergize to produce protection of citrus farmer Semboro. Thus the registration of Geographical Indication of Jeruk Semboro becomes very important to do considering the huge and significant benefits side to farmers, consumers and government. Geographical Indication will also be a proof of the presence of the State in protecting the interests or human rights of its citizens in the context of the right to undertake the effort to obtain prosperity. B. Strengthening Local Commodities through Protection of Geographical Indications Geographical Indication or abbreviated as IG is an indication or identity of an item derived from a certain place, region, or region indicating the existence of quality, reputation, and characteristics including natural and human factors which are attributed to the goods. The mark used as a geographical indication can be either a label or label attached to the product. The purpose of the geographical indication is to protect an item as a sign of the origin of an item because of several factors of uniqueness that belong only to a particular region. This factor can be caused by natural, human, or combined conditions between the two with certain characteristics and qualities in the goods produced. Geographical Indication is one form of legal protection of Intellectual Property Rights (HAKI) provided by a State to the people who inhabit a particular geographic area because the products produced from the region have a characteristic quality because of the influence of factors. According to Sudaryat, Geographical Indications are used in conjunction with goods products in terms of: place and place of origin; quality and characteristic of product, relation between quality or product characteristic with geographical condition and karkteristik society of area / place of origin of goods. 9 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 The existence of Geographical Indication is a species of Brand as a genus. The brand itself must have sufficient distinguishing (capable of distinguishing), which has the power to distinguish a product or service, in which the brand must be able to provide a determination that has a characteristic in the goods or services concerned. Brands may be attributed to goods or parcels of goods or specified in certain cases in respect of services. Philosophically need to balance between individual interests with the interests of society, including in terms of intellectual property. The Intellectual Property Rights System recognizes some basic principles as guidance. Some of these principles include, first, the principles of justice, second, economic principles, third, cultural principles, and fourth, social principles. The basic registration of Geographical Indication Protection is TRIPs Agreement (WTO) and RI Law no. 20 of 2016 on Brands and Geographical Indications. Semboro orange has uniqueness of flavor quality, therefore Jember people need to register legal protection to Jeruk Semboro product from this region. The exclusive right of protection of geographical indication is owned by a society inhabiting an area, not by a particular company or individual. Applicant Geographical Indication must file an Application to the Minister of Law and Human Rights. According to law No. 20 of 2016 on Brands and Geographical Indications of the Applicant are: a. institution representing the community in a certain geographical region that seeks goods and / or products in the form of:1. natural resources;2. handicraft goods; or3. industrial output;b. provincial or district / city government. The Director General of Intellectual Property Rights may reject the registration of Geographical Indications if it is against the morals, laws, public order, and does not qualify to be registered as a geographical indication (Article 56-58 of Law No. 20 of 2016). Geographical Indications are covered after being registered on the basis of the application submitted by the following parties:1. The institution representing the community in the area producing the goods concerned, consisting of: the party who seeks goods which are natural products or natural resources; producers of agricultural goods; manufacture of handicraft or industrial products; the merchant selling the goods; institutions authorized for it; consumer goods group.2. Geographical indications are registered, subject to legal protection that lasts for the characteristics or qualities under which the protection of such geographical indications exists. Geographical Indications are important to the community, the benefits that can be gained from IGs are: to clarify product identification and set production and process standards; avoiding competitive practice among stakeholders Geographical Indications; cheating, providing consumer protection against abuse of reputation Geographical Indication; ensure the quality of Geographical Indication products as original products thereby providing trust to consumers; fostering local producers, supporting coordination, and strengthening fellow rights organizations in order to create, provide and strengthen the image of product names and reputations; increased production due to in the Geographical Indication explained in detail about the characteristic and unique characteristic products; the reputation of an area of Geographical Indication will be lifted, besides Geographical Indications can also preserve the natural beauty, traditional knowledge, and biological resources, it will certainly have an impact on the development of agro tourism. C. Local Food Potency (Semboro Oranges) Obtain Geographical Indication (IG) Orange is a fruit that has been widely known and can be found in various public places such as fruit shops or in the market - the market. When young the color of this fruit is green, then when the fruit has been cooked to turn yellowish. The aroma is distinctive and fresh. Generally oranges taste sweet acidity, although there is also a very sweet or sour. Orange in addition can be consumed directly, can also be processed into various foods and beverages. Just like juice and flavor enhancers to food and cake. 10 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 To date there are approximately 241 varieties of orange parent trees from various regions throughout Indonesia and some of them are introduced (Balijetstro, 2016). The high diversity of citrus is due to its easy to cross nature. All species belonging to the citrus subgenus have several characteristics that need to be considered in the establishment of varieties, including: leaf morphology, plant habitus, leaf wing shape and absence, flower morphology, fruit morphology and seeds. Table 2. Comparison of Important Characteristic of Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis), Citrus reticulate, Siam Citrus (Citrus nobolis), Citrus / Pamelo (Citrus maxima) Sumber: http://balitjestro.litbang.pertanian.go.id/tips-membedakan-jenis-jeruk/ Jember District, especially in the district of Semboro and surrounding areas has been famous for the production of citrus fruit. Siamese oranges in this region have its own peculiarities so called by most residents with the title 'Orange Semboro'. Here are the characteristics of Siamese oranges in Semboro area. N 0 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Table 3: Land Condition and Agroclimate Profile of Sentra Jeruk Siam 'Semboro' Kecamata Lahan Agroklimat n Jenis Tanah Topografi PH Jumlah Tinggi Curah Kelem hari Tempat hujan baban basah (m dpal dan ) kering Umbulsari Aluvial, Gley, Datar 6-7 94 25 125,9 88 – 92 Semboro Latosol. Datar 6-7 108 25 134,7 88 – 92 Aluvial, Gley, Jombang Latoso, Andosol. Datar 6-7 98 0-25 126,3 88 – 92 Kencong Aluvial, Gley, Datar 6-7 98 0-25 126,9 88 – 92 Gumukma Regosol. Datar 6-7 84 0-25 106,8 88 – 92 s Aluvial, Gley, Regosol. Aluvial, Gley, Regosol,Latosol Bangsalsa Aluvial, Gley, Datar, 6-7 128 25-500 195,7 88 – 92 ri Andosol,Latosol Landai, Suhu (ºC ) 22 -32 22 -32 22 -32 22 -32 22 -32 22 -32 11 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Lereng, Berbukit. 7. Sumberba Aluvial, Gley, Datar, ru Regosol, Latosol Landai,Lere ng, Berbukit Sumber: Dinas Pertanian Propinsi Jawa Timur, 2013 6-7 148 25-500 175,1 88 - 92 Tabel 4: Identitas Komoditas Jeruk Siam Kawasan Kecamatan Semboro dan Sekitarnya No Komod Varieta Ciri-ciri umum Varietas Kecamatan Waktu Bulan Panen itas s Warna,aroma,rasa dll tanam /Puncak panen 1 Jeruk Siam - Lebar tajuk 2,5 – 3 m - Umbulsari BulanNo Maret– - Tinggi tanaman 2 – 3,5 m - Semboro pem Oktober/ - Bentuk tanaman payung - Jombang Ber– Juni-Juli - Percabangan melengkung - Kencong Maret - Warna cabang kecoklatan - Gumukmas - Bentuk batang bulat - Bangsalsari - Lingkar batang 15-20 cm - Sumberbar - Warna daun bagian atas Hijau u muda - Warna daun bagian bawah hijau tua - Lebar daun 3 – 6 cm - Panjang daun 6-9 cm - Tepi daun rata - Bentuk bunga seperti lonceng - Jumlah bunga/tandan 6-9 bunga - Jumlah bunga jadi buah 6-8 buah - Warna buah muda hijau tua - Warna buah matang hijaukekuningan- kuning - Bentuk buah bukat - Lingakar buah 22-28 cm - Diameter buah 7-9 cm - Tebal kulit buah 1,3-1,7 mm - Warna daging buah Orange - Jumlah Septa tiap buah 9 – 12 - Rasa buah manis segar - Aroma buah Lembut segar - Sifat buah agak Tahan simpan/tahan angkutan Sumber : Dinas Pertanian Propinsi Jawa Timur, 2013 D. Local Food Production Reality Versus Citrus Import Policy Until now domestic production is only able to supply the national orange needs of five percent of total consumption of at least 1.5 million tons per year. This is a concern as the number of needs continues to increase an average of five to 10 percent per year according to population growth and awareness to consume oranges. The decline in production volume can not be separated from the excessive interference of the government during the New Order regime in the marketing of oranges. This was evidenced by the enactment of the Siamese siamese trading system or monopoly for a decade (15 April 1988-29 January 1998). The policy actually destroyed 20,000 hectares of oranges and the future of hundreds of thousands of farm families. The citrus trading policy that was imposed during that year slowly made farmers fall into poverty, because the prices that monopoly holders imposed were so low from market prices. 12 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 On the other hand, farmers are also prohibited from marketing to other traders. Strict monitoring is applied to farmers. If a farmer is caught selling his / her orange to another party outside the collecting merchant that the monopoly owner has specified, it is immediately beaten and accused of impeding national development. Fearful of violent acts of TNI, farmers finally just resigned to market their commodities at low prices. So low income earned them more difficult to set aside the cost of plant maintenance, so the plants are easily attacked by pests and production is also sharply decreased. As a result the number of farmers working on oranges is also reduced. If in 1992 as many as 34,613 people, three years later lived 26,493 people. After that continued to decrease, and in 1998 was recorded only 1,991 people. Productivity continues to decrease. In 1992 the plant area was 21,377 hectares, but it produced 14,756 hectares with total citrus fruit produced 234,509 tons. Three years later, the plant area is 16,980 hectares, and the production area is only 6,621 hectares with a production capacity of 128,000 tons. In 1998 the plant area decreased, ie, 3,906 hectares and the production of 1,132 hectares with a production volume of 6,792 tons. In 1996 direct production fell to 793,810 tons. After that, it declined further, and in 2000 it stood at 368,522 tons. At the same time, Indonesia imported oranges in volumes and values that far exceeded exports. Based on comparative studies, PT Multi Jeruk Lestari (MJL) in several Asian countries shows, the development of oranges in Indonesia is still far behind with other countries. China, for example, has a population of 1.3 billion people with an orange plantation area of 2.4 million hectares. Each hectare is capable of producing 10 tons of high quality oranges a year, or a total production of 24 million tons per year. As much as 80 percent is used for domestic consumption, and 20 percent is exported. As many as 10 percent of which are the best quality fresh oranges (class A) are only exported to Europe. Meanwhile, the remaining 10 percent are low quality oranges (class C) which are only exported to Indonesia. Tabel 5. Jumlah Jeruk Impor 2000 – 2011 Based on the data, the average growth of orange import every year since 2000-2011 amounted to 11% or 5,099,686 kg. The significant increase in imports has become a challenge for the national citrus industry. If the import of oranges in 2010 amounted to 160,254,789 kg or 160,255 tons, while the national citrus production capacity in 2009 was 2,131,768 tons, the import value was still small at 7.5% of the national production. However, the fact is that so many and easy imported citrus fruits can be found in supermarkets to street vendors, even to traders in traditional markets who sell more imported fruits than local fruits. E. Potential Local Commodity Protection Policy: Tariff and non-Tariff Protection Tariff is the most common trading policy, is a kind of tax imposed on imported goods. Specific tariffs are charged as a fixed load of units of imported goods. While ad valorem tariff's (ad 13 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 valorem tariff's) rate is the tax imposed on a certain percentage of the value of the imported goods. Tariff is the oldest form of trade policy and has traditionally been used as a source of government revenue for a long time. However, the main purpose of imposition of tariffs is usually not solely on the income of the government's cash lover, but also as a tool to protect certain sectors in the country from the pressure of imported product competition. The tariff barrier policy is a protectionist policy on domestic production goods from the threat of flooding of similar goods imported from abroad, by withdrawing import duties on every imported goods to be consumed / consumed in the country. Various kinds of tariffs or duties, namely: 1) Export duties are taxes or duties imposed on goods transported to other countries (excluding custom areas); 2) Transit duties (transit duties) shall be taxes or duties imposed on goods which are within the territory of a country with the final destination of the goods of the other country; 3) Import duties are taxes or duties imposed on goods entering a country (within a custom area). The tariff barrier policy certainly has a tariff effect. The usual effects are as described below. The imposition of tariffs on goods may have an effect on the economy of a region, especially on the market of the goods. Some of the tariff rates are: 1) Price effect; 2) Effect on consumption (consumption effect); 3) Protective / import substitution effect; 4) Effects on redistribution of income (redistribution effect). In addition to the tariff policy, other policies that can be expected to protect the community in trading with outsiders, namely non-tariff barrier policy (non-tariff barrier). What may also be done is, the enactment of a special trade policy. In fact, the tariff is the simplest form or type of trade policy. In the practice of world trade in this modern era, most governments interfere in international trade activities by using other more complex policy instruments such as Protective politics that are used by the government to protect the growing domestic industry (infant industry) and the competition imported goods. Penutup : Pemberdayaan Petani Pangan Lokal (Jeruk ‘Semboro’)melalui Perlindungan Indikasi Geografis (IG) Empowerment in this regard has to do with enabling farmers to increase knowledge in the areas of planting, marketing and protecting land and agricultural products. Through the process of managing and publishing Geographical Indications for the citrus products it produces and the process of improving the understanding of IG utilization and improving the implementation of the consequences of IG, it is possible farmers will be more empowered and have hopes his income will be more stable and protected. The other side of this farmer empowerment model will be supplemented with additional protection measures through protection from the Local Regulation on the tariff of the outside products as well as incentives for the growers of local superior products. More systematic models can be observed in the following figure. 14 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Bagan 3: Model Pemberdayaan Petani Jeruk ‘Semboro’ Melalui Implementasi Indikasi Geografis (IG) 15 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 DAFTAR PUSTAKA Agustian et al. (2005). Analisis Berbagai Bentuk Kelembagaan Pemasaran dan Dampaknya terhadap Kinerja Usaha Komoditas Sayuran dan Buah. Laporan Penelitian. PSEKP, Badan Litbang, Departemen Pertanian, Bogor. Aprilaila S, et al. 2009. Analisis Daya Saing Komoditas Jeruk Siam Jember. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Buah Nusantara. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hortikultura, Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian. Bogor, 28 – 29 Oktober 2009. Hal 183-197. Badan Litbang Pertanian. 2007. Prospek dan Arah Pengembangan Agribisnis Jeruk. Departemen Pertanian. Basis Data Pertanian. 2001. http://aplikasi.deptan.go.id/bdsp/index.asp . Diakses 23 Juli 2011 BPS. 2011. Data Ekspor-Impor. http://www.bps.go.id/. Diakses 30 Juli 2011 Federal Bureau of Statistics, Government of Pakistan, Karachi. Citrus Marketing Strategy. Pakistan Horticulture Developement & Export Board. May 2005. Hutabarat, B dan Adi Setyanto. 2007. Komoditas Jeruk Indonesia di Persimpangan Jalan Pasar Domestik dan Internasional. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Jeruk. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hortikultura, Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian. Yogyakarta, 1314 Juni 2007. Hal 1-30. KBRI Canberra, 2006. Ketentuan Impor Australia.pdf www.kbricanberra.org.au/econ/2006/Peraturan%2520Impor%2520Australia%2520Rev.1.pdf+buah+im por.pdf. Diakses 28 Juli 2011. Kompas, 2010. Konsumsi Buah Masyarakat Sangat Rendah. http://kesehatan.kompas.com/read/2010/06/27/13245684/Konsumsi.Buah.Masyarakat.Sangat. Rendah. Diakses 23 Juli 2011 Setyabudi, dkk. 2008. Perlunya Standar Mutu Buah Impor: Studi Kasus Kontaminan pada Buahbuahan Impor. Prosiding PPI Standardisasi 2008. Puslitbang BNS. 25 November 2008 http://balitjestro.litbang.pertanian.go.id/trend-jeruk-impor-dan-posisi-indonesia-sebagai-produsenjeruk-dunia/ https://www.academia.edu/21971951/Makalah_kebijakan_ekonomi_dan_perdagangan_Intern asional?auto=download Warr, Peter , 2005, Food policy and poverty in Indonesia: a general equilibrium , DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8489.2005.00312 http://www.kompasiana.com/abiyadun/inilah-kebijakan-mewujudkan-swasembadapangan_56df136b569373071a11f96e http://indaharitonang-fakultaspertanianunpad.blogspot.co.id/2013/06/kebijakan-perdaganganinternasional.html http://digilib.uinsby.ac.id/14890/6/Bab%203.pdf, Proteksi Dalam Perdagangan Di Indonesia http://www.kemendagri.go.id/media/documents/2013/09/20/u/u/uu_no.19-2013.pdf , Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 19 Tahun 2013 Tentang Perlindungan Dan Pemberdayaan Petani http://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/downloadfile/lt5851012b31250/parent/lt5850fd588be8e, Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 20 Tahun 2016 Tentang Merek Dan Indikasi Geografi 16 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 MENAKAR TATANAN PEMERINTAHAN DALAM DINAMIKA HUBUNGAN PUSAT-DAERAH DI INDONESIA Hanantyo Sri Nugroho AMIKOM University of Yogyakarta hanantyosrinugroho@amikom.ac.id Abstract This paper aims to illustrate how the dynamics of central-local relations in governance in Indonesia. Through descriptive qualitative writing method and data collection through desk research method, this paper discusses how the attraction of power that occurs in the administration after the reform era until now has not found the ideal format in governing the government. The role of local government in Indonesia after the reform era is to become the main actor in building the quality of life in accordance with local wisdom owned by each region. The consequence that arises is to provide democracy and autonomy to the region. Unfortunately, the democratization process in accordance with the local wisdom of each region is not going well in the regions. The phenomenon that arises from the creation of "small kings" in the area, to the gap between regions. Therefore, the central government undertakes a decentralization of the regional power. That is, there arises a concern or distrust of power that has been owned by the region. Of course, this changed the order of government that had, and put aside its purpose of bringing prosperity. Central-regional relations are more interested in the use of authority that is large, broad and powerful, rather than power sharing. The challenge must be answered if it wants to create asymmetric decentralization in governance. Particularly related to the effort to build autonomy of local government authority in determining development process and political independence according to local wisdom of each region, and at which level of government is entitled to get and implement asymmetric decentralization. Keywords: Democracy and autonomy, Central-Regional Relations, Asymmetric Decentralization. Pendahuluan : relevansi dan urgensi Tulisan ini hendak memberikan gambaran tatanan hubungan pusat-daerah yang diharapkan memiliki kendali dibalik proses demokrasi dalam menghadirkan kesejahteraan masyarakat daerah. Permasalahan ini menarik untuk dikaji karena keresahan pusat terhadap keberagaman daerah, tepatnya demokrasi dan otonomi daerah yang dirasakan memberikan kewenangan yang besar sehingga marginalisasi peran atau kepentingan pusat terhadap daerah. Begitu juga sebaliknya, pusat memunculkan undang-undang pemerintah daerah tahun 2015 yang cenderung resentralisasi. Sangatlah ironis jika kita ingat bahwa, pusat mengesankan dirinya sebagai penentu atau menjadi harapan dalam mencari solusi. Artinya, pendulum pengaturan tatanan hubungan pusat-daerah kembali bergerak. Kajian akan dibatasi pada tatanan hubungan pusat-daerah. Demokrasi menjadi ruang bagi pemerintah untuk mensejahterakan masyarakat. Tujuan untuk kesejahteraan ini juga menjadi dasar perubahan yang membentuk pemerintahan saat ini. Perubahan pemerintah saat ini, tidak lagi berdasarkan pada penyeragaman melalui komando atau hirearki, maupun hanya berdasar pada pelimpahan wewenang. Tentunya, perubahan ini mengubah paradigma pengelolaan pemerintahan, antara pemerintah pusat dengan pemerintah propinsi atau pemerintah daerah. Oleh karena itu, perubahan paradigma pengelolaan pemerintahan harus berdasarkan maupun berdampak pada hubungan pusat dan daerah. Bagaimana melakukan penataan ulang terhadap kewenangan di masing-masing tingkat pemerintahan. 17 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Pada perkembangannya, terdapat beberapa arus yang mendorong pola hubungan pusat dan daerah. Arus tersebut adalah demokrasi, desentralisasi, dan otonomi. Hal tersebut yang membawa kewenangan daerah mempunyai ruang untuk mengatur dan mengurus dirinya sendiri. Sebagaimana diketahui, demokrasi telah melahirkan pemilihan kepala daerah secara langsung, sedangkan otonomi telah melahirkan ruang kewenangan bagi daerah atas penguasaan sumber daya dan berhak mengatur dirinya sendiri. Namun demikian, menjadi menarik apabila melihat posisi desentralisasi. Desentralisasi lebih dimaknai kepada pelimpahan wewenang. Hal ini secara eksplisit menggambarkan bahwa desentralisasi dan dekonsentrasi merupakan hal yang bersifat relatif sama. Sifat kewenangan dari desentralisasi dan dekonsentrasi yang relatif sama bisa dipahami bahwa pola yang terbentuk adalah pusat menentukan terlebih dahulu kewenangannya, yang kemudian daerah memiliki sisa kewenangan tersebut atau yang tidak diatur. Sebagaimana diketahui terdapat dua pola dalam menetapkan kewenangan pusat dan daerah, yakni pusat yang ditentukan dahulu apa saja yang menjadi kewenangannya kemudian sisanya diberikan kepada daerah, atau daerah yang ditentukan terlebih dahulu apa saja yang menjadi kewenangannya kemudian sisanya diberikan kepada pusat. Artinya, desentralisasi merupakan kewenangan yang dimiliki daerah. Kewenangan ini bersifat kewenangan diluar apa yang menjadi kewenangan pemerintah pusat. Akan tetapi, hal tersebut kemudian tidak lantas memberikan kebebasan daerah untuk menentukan kewenangan apa saja yang seharusnya. Kewenangan ini kemudian juga terbatas pada kewenangan yang secara spesifik sesuai dalam undangundang. Dengan demikian, desentralisasi dan dekonsentrasi memiliki arti kewenangan yang terbatas. Terdapatnya kewenangan spesifik yang telah ditentukan menunjukkan adanya unsur kepentingan pemerintah pusat. Kepentingan pemerintah pusat kemudian mempengaruhi corak daerah. Hal tersebut tentu menjadi hambatan apabila pusat menjadi corak yang dominan bagi daerah, maupun menganggap dirinya sebagai penentu dan pembuat kebijakan yang mengetahui kebutuhan masyarakat. Hal ini berlawanan dengan keragaman masyarakat daerah dan kebutuhan oleh masing-masing daerah. Tentunya, kebijakan dapat saja tidak sesuai dengan keragaman masyarakat yang di daerah, oleh karena keragaman masyarakat tidak dapat digenarilisasikan, serta yang memahami kebutuhan yang dibutuhkan oleh daerah adalah daerah itu sendiri. Sebagaimana diketahui bahwa dengan memainkan peran yang dominan bagi corak daerah, maka pusat seringkali mendapatkan perlawanan dari masyarakat daerah. Artinya, perlu adaya penataan tatanan pemerintahan kembali sehingga kepentingan pusat dalam hal menjaga kesatuan dapat terlaksanakan, tanpa harus menjadi corak yang dominan bagi daerah. Lebih lanjut, proses demokrasi dan otonomi juga menimbulkan implikasi bagi daerah. Keterbukaan ruang untuk mengatur dan mengurus dirinya sendiri kemudian seringkali diidentikkan dengan pelaksanaan demokrasi secara prosedural. Konsekuensi yang muncul adalah adanya pemilihan kepala daerah di setiap level pemerintahan. Tentunya, hal ini juga menimbulkan implikasi negatif, disamping implikasi positif. Terlalu sering muncul “hiruk-pikuk” proses demokrasi karena terjadi di setiap level pemerintahan dan ketidakefektifan hubungan penyelenggaraan pemerintahan pusat daerah. Hal ini yang kemudian dapat menghambat hubungan pusat-daerah. Proses demokrasi yang terjadi di daerah telah dilakukan pada setiap level pemeritahan, kecuali Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Artinya, proses demokrasi tersebut meliputi pemilihan gubernur, walikota, bupati secara langsung.Berdasarkan pada data yang disampaikan oleh Direktur Penataan Daerah dan Otonomi Khusus Kementerian Dalam Negeri, bahwa terdapat 542 daerah otonom di Indonesia.Selain itu, berdasarkan pada kode dan data wilayah administrasi pemerintahan yang ada pada Ditjen PUM Kemendagri, bahwa terdapat 34 propinsi di Indonesia.Berdasarkan pada penjelasan data tersebut, maka terdapat sekitar 550 daerah yang kemudian berpotensi melaksanakan pemilihan kepala daerah secara langsung. Tentunya, hal tersebut memunculkan proses hiruk-pikuk dalam pelaksanaan demokrasi di daerah. Proses hiruk-pikuk tersebut tidak hanya berpotensi terhadap munculnya konflik, tetapi juga berpotensi terhadap efektivitas hubungan penyelenggaraan pemerintahan pusat-daerah. Oleh karena, hubungan penyelenggaraan pemerintah pusat-daerah dengan adanya proses demokrasi tentunya dipengaruhi oleh antara konstelasi politik nasional dengan politik daerah. Seringkali, koalisi politik nasional yang dibentuk berbeda dengan politik daerah. Artinya, demokrasi dan otonomi daerah menghasilkan banyak proses pemilihan kepala daerah, berpotensi munculnya konflik, 18 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 dan mengganggu efektivitas penyelenggaraan pemerintahan. Hal tersebut menunjukkan ketidaksesuaian dengan konsep kesatuan. Dinamika demokrasi dan otonomi daerah juga telah dijelaskan oleh Santoso (2012), bahwa diamanatkan konstitusi agar tata pemerintahan di Indonesia menjamin kesatuan Indonesia, sedangkan ada keharusan untuk memberlakukan otonomi seluas-luasnya.Selanjutnya, desentralisasi dipahami sebagai langkah pemerintah nasional, yang mana karena keterbatasan kapasitasnya, lebih mengandalkan kewenangan konstitusionalnya ketimbang legitimasinya sebagai pembingkai dan penganyam keragaman daerah (Santoso, 2010).Oleh karena itu, desentralisasi asimetris dirasakan menjadi peluang baru pengaturan hubungan pusat-daerah untuk Indonesia (Santoso, 2012).Tentunya, desentralisasi asimetris perlu dikaji lebih lanjut sehingga menemukan format tatanan hubungan pusat-daerah maupun tatanan praktek demokrasi di daerah.Oleh karena, hal ini bertujuan agar kesejahteraan yang menjadi dasar perubahan tata penyelenggaraan pemerintahan, juga dapat menghadirkan kesejahteraan dalam demokrasi tanpa mengganggu kesatuan yang diamanatkan oleh konstitusi dan juga efektivitas tatanan penyelenggaraan pemerintahan.Artinya, kesejahteraan tidak hanya menjadi dasar perubahan paradigma tatanan pemerintahan, tetapi juga menjadi tujuan bagi perubahan tersebut. Dari apa yang telah dijelaskan, terlihat bahwa masih terdapat dinamika hubungan pusat-daerah. Pemerintah pusat masih menggunakan pelimpahan wewenang untuk mendorong kepentingannya tanpa melihat keragaman daerah. Akan tetapi, juga terlihat bahwa proses demokrasi dan otonomi yang terjadi di daerah telah menunjukkan kebebasan yang berlebihan. Oleh karena itu, perlu untuk dikaji lebih jauh bagaimana tatanan hubungan pusat-daerah, dan juga terkait dengan pengaturan pada level tingkat pemerintahan mana saja yang dapat diberikan atau tidak diberikan demokrasi dan otonomi. Desentralisasi asimetris : sebuah pencarian awal format hubungan pusat-daerah Demokrasi dan otonomi memiliki arti kewenangan yang luas.Demokrasi dan otonomi erat kaitannya dengan politik.Hal tersebut tercermin pada kekuasaan yang terdapat di daerah.Oleh karena itu, proses demokrasi dan otonomi merupakan ruang untuk mengisi penyelenggaraan pemerintahan di daerah agar dapat sesuai dengan kebutuhan daerah. Proses tersebut kemudian melibatkan apa yang telah diidentikkan dari demokrasi, yakni dari, untuk, oleh rakyat. Konsekuensi yang muncul adalah penguatan lokal atau kearifan lokal di daerah.Penguatan lokal atau kearifan lokal di daerah yang kemudian dicoba untuk didorong melalui demokrasi di tingkat lokal.Lebih lanjut, penguatan juga terjadi terhadap penyelenggaraan pemerintahan di daerah.Penguatan tersebut dilakukan melalui otonomi daerah.Hal ini diharapkan dapat memenuhi pelayanan publik sesuai dengan kebutuhan dan kultural masyarakat di daerah. Dalam kajian tentang teori demokrasi dikenal dua pembagian yang saling berhubungan dalam proses demokrasi, yakni demokrasi prosedural dan demokrasi substansi. Demokrasi prosedural berdasar pada argumen bahwa kehendak rakyat sebenarnya hasil dari proses politik. Artinya, proses politik tersebut yang kemudian dilihat sebagai sebuah prosedur demokrasi.Berbagai kalangan yang mendukung konsep demokrasi prosedural kemudian merumuskan metode maupun prosedur agar tercapainya keputusan politik, sehingga individu atau kelompok yang memiliki agregasi kepentingan dapat memperoleh kekuasaan.Artinya, yang lebih tampak dari demokrasi procedural adalah kontestasi aktor maupun partisipasi pemilih, selain dari mekanisme aturan main. Dahl (1989) menjelaskan bahwa terdapat tujuh indikator dari sistem yang demokratis adalah : 1. Kontrol pada pembuat kebijakan dilakukan oleh pejabat publik yang terpilih 2. Pemilihan pejabat publik diselenggarakan melalui pemilu yang teratur, fair dan bebas. 3. Setiap warga negara memiliki persamaan hak memilih dalam pemilu 4. Setiap warga Negara memiliki persamaan hak untuk dipilih dalam pemilu 5. Jaminan hak sipil politik. 6. Adanya saluran informasi yang tidak dimonopoli pemerintah atau kelompok tertentu. 7. Adanya jaminan untuk membentuk dan bergabung pada organisasi, termasuk partai politik dan kelompok kepentingan. 19 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Pada perkembangannya, demokrasi prosedural kemudian memperluas pada jaminan kebebasan dan akses minoritas dalam mengikuti prosedur atau mekanisme demokrasi.Artinya, kemudian adanya penguatan hukum dan bersifat dikriminatif.Selain itu, terdapat pula mekanisme dalam demokrasi prosedural yang membatasi kekuasaan berbentuk pada perimbangan kekuasaan.Dengan demikian, demokrasi prosedural lebih menitik-beratkan pada rule of law dari kontestasi dan partisipasi dalam memperoleh kekuasaan dan keputusan politik. Apa yang terdapat pada demokrasi prosedural mengalami perdebatan yang lebih menginginkan demokrasi secara substansi. Oleh karena, demokrasi prosedural dipandang sebagai demokrasi semu oleh kalangan demokrasi secara substansi.Oleh karena itu, demokrasi diharuskan juga memandang bahwa terdapat kehendak rakyat dan kebaikan bersama. Artinya, demokrasi kemudian bukanlah sesuatu proses pengadopsian dari luar dan bukan hanya melihat pada prosedur demokrasi. Terlebih, titik tekan kontestasi dalam demokrasi prosedural lebih kental terasa, mengesampingkan titik tekan pada partispasi dalam pembuatan keputusan politik.Konsekuensi yang muncul adalah penguatan peran partisipasi dalam keputusan politik.Lebih lanjut, demokrasi substansi lebih menekankan bahwa kehendak rakyat dan kebaikan bersama ini haruslah sesuai dengan nilai atau kearifan yang ada.Hal tersebut bertujuan agar bekerjanya demokrasi lebih dapat menghadirkan keterlibatan dan kegunaan demokrasi bagi kehidupan mereka. Dengan demikian, demokrasi substansi tidak hanya sebatas pada variable input, melainkan juga pada variable output dalam menghadirkan kegunaan demokrasi. Terdapat titik tekan bahwa menghadirkan keterlibatan dan juga menghadirkan kegunaan sebagai variable dalam demokrasi substansi, juga memiliki kesamaan dari titik tekan kemunculan penguatan daerah melalui otonomi.Otonomi daerah lahir dari keinginan pelaksanaan pemerintahan daerah untuk mengatur dirinya sendiri sesuai dengan kebutuhan daerah.Artinya, kemunculan lokal atau kekhasan daerah menjadi konsekuensi yang seharusnya muncul.Namun, tidak dapat dipungkiri bahwa meletakkan kekhasan daerah dan juga menghadirkan kebaikan bersama sesuai dengan kehendak masyarakat, dalam hal ini daerah, sulit diwujudkan di dalam konstitusi negara kesatuan. Kesulitan tersebut tampak dalam keinginan pusat untuk penyeragaman atas keragaman daerah.Padalah jika dilihat dari sejarah pemebentukan Negara Indonesia bahwa pemerintah pusat telah mendapatkan legitimasi atas daerah-daerah yang ada. Artinya, kekhawatiran akan perpecahan dan pembangkangan oleh daerah tidak perlu terjadi. Apa yang terjadi pada awal era reformasi adalah lemahnya kapitas pemerintah pusat dan menguatkan pemerintahan daerah, serta ketidakhadiran peran pemerintah provinsi. Dalam menyikapi tatanan penyelenggaraan pemerintahan pusat dan daerah, maka perlu dikaji mengenai konsep desentralisasi dan dekonsentrasi.Desentralisasi adalah pembagian kewenangan serta tersedianya ruang gerak yang memadai untuk memaknai kewenangan yang diberikan kepada unit pemerintah yang lebih rendah (pemerintah lokal) (Imawan, 2002). Sedangkan, dekonsentrasi lebih merefleksikan adanya redistribusi tanggungjawab adminitratif dari lembaga pemerintah pusat (Rondinelli, 1983). Berikut ini tabel perbandingan desentralisasi dengan dekonsentrasi : Dimensi Alasan/dasar pertimbangan Tujuan Basis delegasi Esensi Sifat transfer Tabel 1. Perbandingan desentralisasi dan dekonsentrasi Desentralisasi Dekonsentrasi Politik, ekonomi, administrasi Ekonomi dan administrasi Demokratisasi Efisiensi Teritorial Fungsional Transfer otoritas dan tanggung Transfer pengambilan jawab, termasuk sumber daya keputusan, dan tanggung jawab dan (hak penggalian) sumber pengelolaan (program dan pendapatan keuangan) Otoritas penuh dan Negara/pemerintah pusat masih pertanggungjawaban penuh memegang tanggungjawab, namun suatu saat bisa ditransfer secara penuh 20 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Institusi penyelenggara Pemerintah daerah otonom Field offices atau field administration or local administrative. Sumber : (Utomo, 2012) Lebih lanjut, menurut Cohen dan Peterson (1999) terdapat enam pendekatan dalam desentralisasi yakni : 1. Bentuk desentralisasi berdasarkan asal-usul daerah. 2. Bentuk desentralisasi teritorial dan fungsional 3. Bentuk yang berpusat pada masalah dan nilai 4. Bentuk pemberian pelayanan 5. Bentuk pengalaman tunggal negara 6. Bentuk-bentuk desentralisasi berdasarkan tujuan Munculnya bentuk-bentuk pendekatan dalam melihat desentralisasi, maka bentuk tersebut menggambarkan bagaimana bentuk pelimpahan wewenang kepada daerah berdasarkan pada tujuan pelimpahan, sasaran atau objek dari pelimpahan, serta tanggung jawab dari pelimpahan tersebut. Konsekuensi yang muncul adalah adanya pelimpahan wewenangyang berdasarkan pada tujuan pelimpahan dalam perbaikan pelayanan dan efisensi, adanya delegasi yang merupakan pelimpahan berdasarkan pada sasaran atau objek dari pelimpahan, serta devolusi dimana pelimpahan berdasarkan tanggung jawab bagaimana menentukan prioritas dalam pelayanan maupun dalam pemberian pelayanan. Pada perkembangannya, pelimpahan tersebut melahirkan gagasan mengenai penerapan desentralisasi asimetris. Inti desentralisasi asimetris adalah terbukanya ruang gerak implementasi dan kreativitas provinsi dalam pelaksanaan pemerintahan di luar ketentuan umum dan khusus (Said, 2010).Artinya, desentralisasi asimetris kemudian sangat bergantung kepada kemampuan pemerintahan tersebut. Oleh karena itu, titik tekan disini adalah bagaimana isu terkait dengan peningkatan kapasitas daerah juga dimunculkan, disamping pencarian format tatanan pemerintahan. Selanjutnya, desentralisasi asimetris juga terkait dengan urusan yang fundamental terkait pola hubungan pusat dan daerah seperti desain kewenangan, kelembagaan, finansial dan kontrol yang berbeda (Kurniadi, 2012). Hal tersebut sebenarnya tidak perlu menjadi kekhawatiran bagi pusat atas keterbukaan ruang yang dihasilkan dari desentralisasi asimetris. Oleh karena, format desentralisasi telah lama ada di Indonesia, seperti di Aceh, Papua, Yogyakarta, Jakarta (Syafarudin, 2015). Dari apa yang telah dijelaskan maka penyertaan gagasan terkait dengan desentralisasi asimetris dapat menjadi sebuah pencarian awal format hubungan pusat-daerah. Format dengan menggunakan konsep desentralisasi asimetris kemudian dapat menjawab kebutuhan dari daerah atas penyelenggaraan pemerintahan yang berdasarkan pada kesesuaian kebutuhan dan kebebasan ruang bagi daerah. Meskipun demikian, format tersebut belum menjawab keresahan atas kepentingan pusat dalam hal menjaga kesatuan dapat terlaksanakan, tanpa harus menjadi corak yang dominan bagi daerah. Artinya, perlu adaya pencarian format dalam penataan tatanan pemerintahan atau hubungan pusat-daerah yang juga memperhatikan kepentingan pusat. Metode Penelitian Penelitian ini bersifat kualitatif dengan menggunakan metode desk-research. Nantinya, penelitian ini menggunakan data yang didapatkan dari laporan penelitian, jurnal, majalah, media massa. Pembahasan : Rainbow cake yang tak pernah jadi Pada tatanan pemerintahan terkait hubungan pusat-daerah terdapat tiga level pemerintahan, yakni pemerintah pusat, pemerintah provinsi, pemerintah daerah. Tentunya, kita berbicara tentang relasi kekuasaan diantara ketiga level tersebut. Apabila melihat dari segi sejarah, maka format tatanan pemerintahan telah mengalami banyak perubahan. Pernah kekuasaan pusat lebih besar daripada kekuasaan provinsi maupun daerah. Pernah juga kekuasaan daerah kemudian mengembang lebih besar sehingga memarjinalkan kekuasaan yang lain. Artinya, “kue” kekuasaan tersebut tidak pernah jadi. Apa yang telah dirancang maupun dirumuskan untuk “kue” tersebut kemudian bergantung pada faktor lingkungan dan pembuat keputusan politik, seperti demokrasi, emansipasi, hingga rezim. 21 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Lebih lanjut, apabila akan membuat tatanan maka seharusnya mengetahui konfigurasi politik dari relasi kekuasaan antara pusat dan daerah. Hal ini bermanfaat agar dapat membingkai relasi kekuasaan tersebut. Diharapkan dengan hal tersebut dapat menyampaikan rekomendasi bagaimana format relasi kekuasaan pusat-daerah. Tentunya, pusat telah menjadi pemerintahan yang memiliki kekuasaan yang besar dibandingkan dengan provinsi dan daerah. Sebagaimana Artinya, seharunya kewenangan yang telah dimiliki oleh daerah tidak perlu dikurangi agar kemudian daerah dapat patuh terhadap provinsi, sebagaimana maksud dari pemerintah pusat. Hal tersebut kurang sesuai dengan pemerintahan modern. Sebagaimana Rasyid (dalam Hidayat, 2015) mengungkapkan bahwa penarikan kewenangan dari pemerintah yang lebih rendah ke pemerintah yang lebih tinggi dalam pemerintahan modern adalah hal yang tidak lazim. Selain itu, apabila memang pusat ingin membesarkan peran provinsi, seharusnya provinsi mendapatkan pelimpahan kewenangan dari negara, bukan mengambil kewenangan dari kabupaten/kota (Hidayat, 2015). Seringkali melemahnya kekuasaan pusat identik dengan pergantian kekuasaan di pusat atau kontestasi politik nasional yang meninggi. Tantangan akan melemahnya kekuasaan pusat terlihat pada masa kepemimpinan Suharto. Menurut Hendityo (1990) terdapat tantangan utama Orde Baru yakni : 1. Bagaimana membangun legitimasi sebagai penguasa 2. Bagaimana membangun stabilitas demi pembangunan 3. Bagaimana membangun kekuasaan sebagai pemerintah pusat yang mempunyai kewenangan di daerah-daerah. Oleh karena itu, Pemerintahan Suharto mengantisipasinya dengan (Utomo, 1998) : 1. Use of authority yang besar, luas dan kuat 2. Berkurangnya freedom for subordinate Hal itu kemudian menimbulkan implikasi bagi daerah. Pertama, munculnya dominasi prinsip dekonsentrasi dalam penyelenggaraan pemerintahan di daerah. Konsekuensi yang muncul kemudian adanya struktur paralel pusat di daerah-daerah. Kedua, terdapat penyeragaman struktur pemerintahan daerah secara nasional. Hal tersebut berakibat pada ketimpangan pembangunan. Oleh karena, pemerintah daerah diluar jawa masih menyesuaikan dengan struktur pemerintahan yang identik dengan “jawa” dan birokrasi modern, selain dikarenakan adanya sentralisasi pemerintahan dan pembangunan. Hal tersebut yang menimbulkan ketimpangan distribusi keuangan pusat-daerah. Pada saat reformasi, muncul adanya tuntutan atas distribution of power, sharing of income, dan kemandirian sistem pemerintahan di daerah. Saat itu, kekuasaan pusat melemah sedangkan kekuasaan daerah menguat. Daerah “memberontak” pusat dengan menggunakan isu federalisme dan disintegrasi. Konsekuensi dari hal tersebut adalah diberikannya otonomi bagi daerah. Otonomi yang diberikan bersifat luas dan nyata sehingga hal tersebut yang menjadi momentum bagi daerah untuk melakukan pembangkangan terhadap Gubernur. Artinya, peran dekonsentrasi juga menghilang. Sebagaimana dijelaskan pada undang-undang tentang pemerintahan daerah tahun 1999 bahwa Negara Indonesia terdiri atas daerah dan daerah kabupaten/kota. Hal tersebut sering diidentikan dengan “raja kecil” di daerah. Secara perlahan, kekuasaan pusat mulai pulih sehingga kewenangan pusat mulai diperkuat dan juga mengembalikan peran dekonsentrasi pada tingkat provinsi pada undang-undang pemerintahan daerah tahun 2004. Di sisi lain, kekuasaan daerah berupa otonomi tetap ada dan bertambah dengan diadakannya demokrasi di tingkat lokal. Artinya, terjadi penguatan di masing-masing level pemerintahan. Meskipun demikian, otonomi daerah bisa saja merupakan salah satu solusi, dalam konteks tertentu dan dalam manajemen tertentu, namun bisa juga justru sebaliknya (Anggoro, 2010). Pada perkembangannya, pendulum tarik menarik hubungan pusat-daerah memunculkan resentralisasi pada tahun 2014. Tentunya, hal ini banyak dikhawatirkan akan menimbulkan sentralisasi yang pernah muncul pada saat orde baru. Di sisi lain, pusat beranggapan bahwa dengan penguatan di propinsi penting dilakukan agar proses pembangunan dapat terarah.Silang selisih tentang pengaturan tatanan kehidupan politik dan pembiayaan pemerintahan bisa mengarah pada persoalan yang lebih serius, baik persoalan itu berupa derivasi dari sistem nasional secara umum maupun konsekuensi lain, misalnya kesenjangan antar daerah, yang pada akhirnya merupakan tantangan tersendiri terhadap ikatan-ikatan pada tataran nasional (Anggoro, 2010). Berikut ini tugas dan fungsi gubernur sebagai 22 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 wakil pemerintah pusat dalam pembinaan dan pengawasan terhadap penyelenggaraan urusan pemerintah daerah yang menjadi kewenangan daerah kabupaten/kota adalah: 1. Mengkoordinasikan pembinaan dan pengawasan penyelenggaraan tugas pembantuan di daerah kabupaten/kota. 2. Melakukan monitoring, evaluasi, dan supervisi terhadap penyelenggaraan pemerintahan daerah kabupaten/kota yang ada di wilayahnya. 3. Memberdayakan dan memfasilitasi daerah kabupaten/kota di wilayahnya. 4. Melakukan evaluasi terhadap rancangan perda kabupaten/kota tentang RPJPD, RPJMD, APBD, perubahan APBD, pertanggungjawaban pelaksanaan APBD, tata ruangdaerah, pajak daerah, dan retribusi daerah. 5. Melakukan pengawasan terhadap perda kabupaten/kota 6. Melaksanakan tugas lain sesuai dengan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan. Selanjutnya, kewenangan dari Gubernur dalam menjalankan funngsi kewenangannya adalah : 1. Membatalkan perda kabupaten/kota dan peraturan bupati/walikota 2. Memberikan penghargaan atau sanksi kepada bupati/walikota terkait dengan penyelenggaraan pemerintahan daerah. 3. Menyelesaikan perselisihan dalam penyelenggaraan fungsi pemerintahan antar daerah kabupaten/kota dalam satu daerah provinsi. 4. Memberikan persetujuan terhadap rancangan perda kabupaten/kota tentang pembentukan dan susunan perangkat daerah kabupaten/kota 5. Melaksanakan wewenang lain sesuai dengan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan. Dalam konfigurasi politik undang-undang pemerintahan daerah, terlihat peran penting posisi provinsi dalam tarik-menarik kekuasaan pusat-daerah. Sebagaimana diketahui pada saat pusat mencoba untuk menggunakan use of authory yang dimiliki maka provinsi memainkan peran penting sebagai keterwakilan pusat dalam mengontrol daerah. Artinya, peran provinsi dapat menjadi solusi bagi kehawatiran pusat atas kekuasaan yang dimiliki oleh daerah, Oleh karena itu, penguatan provinsi dalam undang-undang pemerintahan daerah tahun 2014 dirasakan sudah sesuai dengan konsep penguatan provinsi sebagai perwakilan pusat di daerah. Hanya saja, yang menjadi permasalahan adalah penguatan kekuasaan provinsi tersebut berasal dari kekuasaan daerah. Tentunya, penguatan kekuasaan provinsi seharusnya berasal dari kekuasaan pusat. Hal ini kemudian menjadi titik kerancuan dalam tatanan pusat-daerah yang baru. Pada saat ini terdapat kerancuan dalam tatanan hubungan pusat daerah maupun susunan pemerintahan. Apabila melihat secara keseluruhan, maka terdapat susunan pemerintah pusat, pemerintah provinsi, pemerintahan kabupaten/kota, kecamatan, dan desa. Saat ini, yang telah memiliki otonomi penyelenggaraan pemerintahan adalah pusat, kabupaten/kota, dan desa. Pemerintahan provinsi dan kecamatan lebih bersifat keterwakilan pemerintahan. Namun demikian, provinsi memiliki pelaksanaan demokrasi berupa pemilihan gubernur secara langsung, sedangkan kecamatan tidak.Tentunya, hal tersebut tidak dapat terjadi dikarenakan alasan/dasar pertimbangan yang ada pada prinsip dekonsentrasi tidak mengikusertakan unsur politik. Hal tersebut berbeda dengan konsep desentralisasi dimana ada unsur politik dalam dasar pertimbangan pelaksanaannya. Lebih lanjut, apabila memakai perspektif demokrasi yang berarti liberatif, maka posisi tiap struktur dalam susunan pemerintahan haruslah melaksanakan pemilihan kepala secara langsung. Artinya, tidak hanya provinsi saja yang melakukan proses pemilihan kepala daerah secara langsung, melainkan juga pelaksanaan tersebut juga dilakukan pada level kecamatan. Konsekuensi yang muncul adalah semakin banyaknya “hiruk-pikuk” demokrasi di Indonesia.Hal tersebut tentu kecil kemungkinan dikarenakan faktor luasnya wilayah dan banyaknya jumlah. Terlebih, hal tersebut tidak sesuai dengan prinsip yang ada yakni sebagai “wakil pemerintah”. Oleh karena itu, konsekuensi yang muncul adalah pengembalian posisi pemerintah provinsi sebagai wakil pemerintah. Artinya, penghapusan pemilihan Gubernur secara langsung. Kedua, penguatan kewenangan provinsi sebagai wakil pemerintah seharusnya diberikan dari kekuasaan yang dimiliki pusat, bukan berasal dari pengambilan kekuasaan daerah. Ketiga, melekatnyakewenangan sebagai pembinaan, pengawasan, dan pengevaluasi kinerja 23 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 pemerintah daerah, termasuk pengentasan kesenjangan antar daerah khususnya. Dengan demikian, posisi provinsi sebagai “wakil pemerintah” terlihat jelas. Untuk pelaksanaan pemerintahan daerah tetap mengedepankan prinsip otonomi, demokrasi dan desentralisasi asimetris.Hal ini bertujuan agar terciptanya penguatan partisipasi masyarakat, kekhasan tiap daerah, serta kesejahteraan berdasarkan pada prespektif masing-masing daerah.Sebagaimana yang dijelaskan oleh Anggoro (2010) ambang yang tidak boleh dilanggar, dalam hal ini, adalah bekerjanya sistem nasional dimana tentu dengan catatan bahwa sistem nasional itu mampu memberikan perlindungan bagi kepentingan warga sebagai individu maupun kelompok serta manifestasinya dalam sosok pemerintahan, khususnya daerah (Anggoro, 2010). Kesimpulan Demokrasi menjadi ruang bagi pemerintah untuk mensejahterakan masyarakat. Tujuan untuk kesejahteraan ini juga menjadi dasar perubahan yang membentuk pemerintahan saat ini. Terdapat titik tekan bahwa menghadirkan keterlibatan dan juga menghadirkan kegunaan yakni kesejahteraan sebagai variable dalam demokrasi substansi, juga memiliki kesamaan dengan titik tekan kemunculan penguatan daerah melalui otonomi. Otonomi daerah lahir dari keinginan pelaksanaan pemerintahan daerah untuk mengatur dirinya sendiri sesuai dengan kebutuhan daerah. Artinya, kemunculan lokal atau kekhasan daerah menjadi konsekuensi yang seharusnya muncul. Namun, tidak dapat dipungkiri bahwa meletakkan kekhasan daerah dan juga menghadirkan kebaikan bersama sesuai dengan kehendak masyarakat, dalam hal ini daerah, sulit diwujudkan di dalam konstitusi negara kesatuan. Dalam konfigurasi politik atas tarik-menarik kekuasaan pusat-daerah terlihat bahwa corak dinamika yang terjadi dipengaruhi oleh politik nasional. Artinya, kekhawatiran atas keragaman maupun kekuasaan yang didapat oleh daerah tidak dapat dijadikan alasan bagi pusat untuk mengurangi kekuasaan daerah dengan cara resentralisasi. Kedua, kekuasaan yang dimiliki oleh daerah, yang mana dianggap terlalu bebas, dan tidak munculnya kesejahteraan di daerah sebenarnya lebih kepada permasalahan peningkatan kapasitas pemerintah daerah dalam mengakses maupun mengelola sumber daya yang dimiliki. Ketiga, kekuasaan pemerintahan provinsi dalam tatanan pemerintahan harus dikembalikan kepada fungsi yang seharusnya, yakni sebagai “wakil pemerintah”. Fenomena terkait dengan adanya pemilihan Gubernur seharusnya dihapus dikarenakan tidak sesuai dengan prinsip dekonsentrasi. Selain itu, penguatan kekuasaan pemerintah provinsi haruslah berasal dari turunan maupun pemberian kekuasaan yang dimiliki oleh pemerintah pusat, bukan mengambil kekuasaan pemerintah daerah. Keempat, pelaksanaan dan penguatan desentralisasi asimetris di daerah, berserta pelaksanaan demokrasi dan otonomi, harus dilakukan agar terciptanya penguatan partisipasi masyarakat, kekhasan tiap daerah, serta kesejahteraan berdasarkan pada prespektif masingmasing daerah. Dengan demikian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa tatanan pemerintahan di Indonesia seharusnya melihat pada sifat dan tujuan dari tiap level yang ada pada susunan pemerintahan. Implikasi Implikasi dari tulisan ini adalah : 1. Kembalikan fungsi dekonsentrasi pada pemerintah provinsi tanpa harus mengurangi kekuasaan pemerintah daerah, dan hapus pemilihan Gubernur secara langsung. 2. DPRD Provinsi atas representasi daerah bukan lagi sebagai representasi partai politik, berfungsi sebagai mekanisme penyeimbang terhadap fungsi pembinaan, pengawasan, dan pengevaluasi kinerja pemerintah daerah. 3. Terapkan demokrasi asimetris, otonomi, dan demokrasi bagi pemerintah daerah. 4. Perkuat kapasitas masing-masing level pemerintahan agar kesejahteraan masyarakat dapat terwujud. Daftar referansi Anggoro, Kusnanto. (2010). Konflik kekerasan, otonomi daerah dan integrasi nasional.Jurnal desentralisasi. Vol.8 No.5. LAN : Pusat Kajian Kinerja Otonomi Daerah Cohen, J. M and Peterson, S. B. (1999). Administrative Decentralization: Strategies for Developing Countries. Kumarian Press. 24 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Dahl, Robert A. (1982). Dilemmas of Pluralist Democracy: Autonomy vs Control. Yale University Press. Hendytio, Madelina K (1990). Masalah Desentralisasi pada Masa Orde Baru. Analisis CSIS Hidayat, Pahada. (2015). Menyoal lahirnya UU No.23 Tahun 2014: Kebijakan desentralisasi : Dominasi Negara Dan Implikasinya bagi Pemerintahan di Daerah. Proceeding Seminar Nasional “UU Pemda: Solusi atau Masalah Yang Baru?”.p 34-43 Imawan, Riswanda. (2002). Desentralisasi, demokrasi dan pembentukan good governance dalam Jurnal Ilmu Politik No. 18 Konflik dan kinerja Pemda.Asosiasi Ilmu Politik Indonesia (AIPI). p 4-19 Kurniadi, Bayu Dardias. (2012). Evaluasi Desentralisasi Asimetris yang Mensejahterakan: Pengalaman Aceh dan Papua. Yayasan TIFA dan JPP Fisipol UGM. Rondinelli, D. A.(1983).Implementing decentralization programmes in Asia : A comparative Analysis. Public Administration and Development, Vol.3, p 181-207 Said, M. Mas’ud. (2010). Perlu Desentralisasi Asimetris dalam Negara Kesatuan. Jurnal Borneo Administrator. Vol. 6 No.2 Santoso, Purwo. (2010). Satu dekade, separuh-jalan proses desentralisasi.Jurnal desentralisasi. Vol.8 No.5. LAN : Pusat Kajian Kinerja Otonomi Daerah Santoso, Purwo. (2012). Asimetri desentralisasi. Disampaikan dalam seminar yang diselenggarakan Institut Pemerintahan Dalam Negeri (IPDN) di Jatinangor. Syafarudin. (2015). Nawacita dan Desentralisasi Asimetris : Sekedar Janji atau Solusi Serius Mengatasi Problematika Otonomi Daerah di Indonesia. Proceeding Seminar Nasional “UU Pemda: Solusi atau Masalah Yang Baru?” Bandar Lampung Utomo, Tri Widodo W. (2012). Memahami kembali konsep dasar dekonsentrasi dan desentralisasi. Jurnal Borneo Administrator. Vol.8 No.1 p 75-99 Utomo, Warsito (1998). Sistem Federal dalam Negara Kesatuan, Kasus Pengaturan Desentralisasi-Otonomi. Jurnal Sosial Politik. Vol. I No. 3 Sumber online : http://nasional.harianterbit.com/nasional/2016/11/23/73237/0/25/542-Daerah-Otonom-di-Indonesia-34Provinsi-415-Kabupaten-dan-93-Kota http://www.kemendagri.go.id/pages/data-wilayah 25 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 THE AFFIRMATION OF CITISENSHIP STATUS OF SOUTH PHILIPPINES MIGRANTS IN TALAUD ISLANDS REGENCY IN 2010-2014 By BURHAN NIODE Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Sam Ratulangi burhan.niode@yahoo.com Abstract This study aims to find out the considerations to carry out the affirmation and form of affirmation of the citizenship status of migrant of South Philippines in Talaud Islands Regency in 2010-2014. This research uses qualitative method with case study approach. Data were obtained from in-depth interviews with a number of informants representing former officials and government officials in the Talaud Islands Regency.. The collected data is analyzed through three stages, namely reading the transcript, categorizing and contextualizing. The results of the study indicate that: (1) the affirmation of citizenship status to the South Philippine migrants in the Talaud Islands Regency due to humanitarian factors, the unavailability of State Court Office that can decide the status of citizenship, geographical constraints, and management through a long process; (2) affirmation of citizenship status toward South Philippine migrants in Talaud Islands Regency is done through the provision of identity cards. In general, the implementation of the affirmation of citizenship status to the South Philippine migrants is part of the responsibility of the government of the Talaud Islands Regency in carrying out the duty of service in the field of population. Keywords: citizenship status, migrant, identity cards. 26 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 A. Introduction One of the areas in Indonesia that has a sea borders with the Philippines is the border area of Sangihe-Talaud. This border region is administratively located in the Sangihe Islands Regency and Talaud Islands Regency, North Sulawesi Province. This border region has several problems. First, there is no agreement on the maritime boundary between Indonesia and the Philippines (Tabloid Diplomasi No. 61 VI, 2013: 09). Second, the existence of various illegal activities, such as illegal fishing, illegal trade and illegal entry (Salindeho & Sombowadile, 2008, 232-236; Ulaen, 2012, 133134). The mobility of the populations who crossed the administrative boundary between Indonesia and the Philippines has occurred long before the two countries gained their independence, and this mobility did not bother the Dutch government ruling at that time since the issues of territorial boundary and the identity of the nation were not important and the Dutch government’s interests were not disturbed (Ramos in Tan-Cullumar, 1993, 41; Ulaen, 2003, 17). Following the independence of Indonesia and the independence of the Philippines, geographical boundaries in both countries began to be regulated including arrangements on the traffic of the mobility of the population and goods between the two countries. Consequently, the mobility of population and goods must pass through the Border Crossing Entry and Exit Station so as not to be referred to as illegal entry. Since the 80s the migration of Sangir-Talaud descendants from the southern Philippines to Indonesia has emerged both legally and illegally (Raharto et al., 1993, p.36). Until now the migration of the population continues, and the migrants are scattered in the regencies and cities in the North Sulawesi Province. Their presence in Bitung (the Capital of Bitung City) 1 and in Tahuna (the Capital of the Sangihe Islands Regency) are treated as foreign citizens because they have no identity as Indonesians. Even their presence in Tahuna is disturbing and gets resistance from the local population.2 In contrast, in the Talaud Islands Regency there are 321 South Philippine migrants who have gained affirmation as Indonesian citizens (WNI) during 2010-2014.3 Based on the above phenomenon, the study on the process of gained affirmation as Indonesian citizens of the migrants of South Philippines in Talaud Islands Regency in 2010-2014 is relevant to be done because it is closely related to the capacity of local governments in implementing the function of public services in the field of population. Research studies specializing in migrants from South Philippines have been conducted by several researchers. First, Tan-Cullamar (1993), examines the Indonesian diaspora in Southern 1 Through <http:// nasional . news . viva . co.id / news / read / 293056-intelijen-awasi-wna-filipina-ilegal-disulut>[20/4/15]; Melalui <http:// regional. kompas. Com / read / 2012/02/29/20481640/ 1.000. Orang. Sangir.Filipina.Terlunta.lunta.di.Bitung> [20/4/15]; 2 Harian Manado Pos, 5 June 2014; 3 Results of interview with former Head of Population and Civil Registry (Disdukcapil) of Talaud Islands Regency, 2010-2014 period. 27 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Philippines. Secondly, Raharto et al., (1993), examines the potential possessed and the potential of nature and business that can be developed in a region that wants to be targeted in Indonesia to support the lives of migrants from southern Philippines who want to migrate to Indonesia. Third, Velasco (2010), examines the issues that exist in Indonesia-Philippine border region, especially in Indonesia border region. Fourth, Kimbal et al. (2014), conducted a study on the identification and distribution of illegal border crossers from the South Philippines in the area of North Sulawesi Province. Fifth, Pristiwanto (2014), examines the activities of border crossers in the IndonesiaPhilippine border region. Sixth, Niode (2015), conducted a study on the implementation of the rules governing the mobility of people and goods in the Indonesian-Philippines border region. And seventh, Niode (2017), examines the identity of citizenship of migrants and driving and pulling factors the migration of the descendants of Sangir-Talaud and the Filipinos from the southern Philippines to the territory of Indonesia. This study focuses on the consideration of the affirmation and the form of affirmation of the citizenship status of Migran of South Philippines in Talaud Islands 2010-2014. The choice of Talaud Islands Regency as a research location is based on the consideration that in this region there are 321 migrants from South Philippines who have been granted status as citizen. In addition, the region is geographically bounded by the sea with the Philippines so that this region becomes the origin of the Indonesian population who will migrate to the Southern Philippines, as well as being the destination of migrants from South Philippines who will migrate to Indonesia. The time limit of the study, which is 2010-2014, is due to the consideration that in that period there were 321 migrants from the southern Philippines who obtained their identity card as an affirmation of their Indonesian citizenship during 2010 - 2014. B. Research Methods This research is a qualitative research. This research was conducted in Talaud Islands Regency. The focus of this study is the consideration of the affirmation of citizenship status through the provision of identity card to migrants of the Southern Philippines in Talaud Islands Regency in 2010-2014. Considering the need for data and information, the informants who were interviewed are village officials, sub-district officials and district officials (the Agency of Population and Civil 28 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Registry; and Kesbangpol); as well as the migrants from the southern part of the Philippines who have gained status as the citizens of Indonesia. The sampling technique used for this study was purposive sampling and the informants’ initials are used in order to preserve their confidentiality. To maintain the confidentiality of the informant, the identity of the informant uses the informant code. For example, an informant who provided an answer was coded as 'AD1' (the AD symbol was a Village Official, 1 representing the informant's number), 'AK1' (AK symbol is an informant of Sub-district Official, 1 representing informant number), 'ADK1' (ADK symbol the Agency of Population and Civil Registry; and Kesbangpol officials, 1 representing informant number). Data validation technique is done through triangulation. While the data are analyzed through 3 (three) stages, namely reading the transcript, categorizing and contextualizing (Maxwell, 1996, p. 78-79). D. Results From an interview with AD1 on the reason of a helpful offer to process the citizenship of the South Philippines migrants, it was found that they asked about and requested citizenship. The part of the interview is as follows: “…they have had homes and lived here for a long time…They requested to be citizens here”. Similar experiential information was conveyed by AD2: “they requested to me…I informed them that I could not help all processes. There are other things to consider…” Such an experience of AD2 was experienced by AD3. AD3, on the other hand, consulted the officials of the sub-district and civil service and registration prior to an action, as written in the following interview transcript. “Once I asked the officers of the sub-district and civil service and registration. They said the migrants could potentially become citizens…but with further consideration”. The various information to some extent depicts that the request of the South Philippines migrants to obtain citizenship cannot be readily granted by the head of the sub-district due to some consultative consideration with the officials of the district and civil service and registration of the regency. In an interview on matters regarding citizenship or access to Indonesian citizenship for the South Philippines migrants in the Regency of Talaud Islands, AK1 said: “If I’m not mistakencitizenship is a court decision or legalized by a certain official…that’s what the constitution says. There is no court office in Talaud; we should go to Tahuna. It’s one of the obstacles here. Therefore, I always tell the staff under my authority to make decisions based on regulations.” The statement indicates the lack of legal institutions, namely State Court Office, is a reason that citizenship or the change of citizenship political status of the South Philippines migrants in Talaud Islands cannot be implemented in the Regency of Talaud Islands. 29 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 More comprehensive reasons on obstacles in citizenship change of the South Philippine migrants in the Regency of Talaud Islands were put forward by ADK1 and AD2, respectively: “…citizenship is a long process and there is no immigration office… only in Tahuna and Manado. Secondly, there is no court office. Thirdly, Immigration Post is not in Melonguane, but in Miangas and Marore. This makes it hard for someone born in the Philippines but an Indonesian descent; this person is not a Filipino so he is a stateless and undocumented person. We need to consider this… and it is the basis of my follow-up action. Yet, material consideration on their part should be made; the regulation serves as a reference”. “Actually it happens because of certain reasons from either the sub-district head or the head of civil service and registration. If there should be such a regulation, it requires inter-institution coordination. The problem is who will decide them as Indonesian citizens. Up to now no State Court Office is found in Talaud; there is one in Tahuna and none in Melonguane here...”. The obstacles in a political status change of citizenship of the South Philippines migrants has brought about an initiative to affirm their political status through the involvement of institutions and the local society as put forward by A2: “It is difficult to process because there is no court, so based on humanity the acknowledgement starts from the bottom, from the society to the government. The government should involve the society as two determinant components. If one component acknowledges it, the government of the sub-district can legitimately issue a certificate of residence...whichwill be forwarded to the district and regency. He will be a legal citizen…” The next question arising is on the document that can be used as a proof that South Philippines migrants are Indonesian citizens. From an exhaustive interview with the decision makers, it was found that the citizenship of the South Philippines migrants was identified with identity cards, namely Indonesian Identity Card (KTP). Therefore, the Indonesian Identity Card is the reference of the South Philippines migrant citizenship. The results of the interviews are as follows: “…they only process the Indonesian identity card, and they are readily Indonesians” (AD1). “…about the Indonesian identity card…They are legal Indonesian citizens by having Indonesian identity card. This is also a part of precursory consideration” (AD2). “… the government of the sub-district can legitimately issue a certificate of residence so the person is a legal citizen due to the legal the basis. After six months the district government should attempt to legitimate in the form of Indonesian identity card (KTP),a birth certificate…acknowledgement originates from the office of civil registration so the Indonesian identity card is issued” (AK3). From the explanation it is clear that the change of citizenship political status of the South Philippines migrants in the Regency of Talaud Islands is based on the lack of a court office, geographical obstacles because the court office is outside of Regency of Talaud Islands, and the long process of the citizenship status change. The document as a proof of Indonesian citizenship for the South Philippines migrants is the Indonesian Identity. 30 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 E. Discussion The change of citizenship status of the South Philippiness migrants in the Regency of Talaud Islands from the human right perspective is based on humanity as stated in Universal Declaration of Human Rights of the United Nations, article 15 stating that: (1) Everyone has the right to nationality; (2) No one shall arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor denied the right to change his nationality. Another consideration of the citizenship change of the migrants is a part of public service in fulfilling the needs and interests of the society. Citizenship and issuing the document as a proof of citizenship is a responsibility in accountability, obligation, and cause (Spiro in Ndraha, 2010, p. 8788). The decision is a discretion4 carried out by the government (the government of Sub-district, District, and Civil Service and Registration) of the Regency of Talaud Islands. The affirmation of citizenship status as a proof of Indonesian citizenship according to Suganda (2007, p. 214) is through the Indonesian Identity Card and the birth certificate as Act Number 12 of 2006 on Indonesian Citizenship does not mention Certificate of Indonesian Citizenship. Therefore, the Indonesian Identity Cards possessed by the South Philippines migrants is the proof that they are Indonesian citizens. F. Conclusion The results of the research indicate that the affirmation of citizenship status of the South Philippines migrants in the Regency of Talaud Islands from the perspective of human rights is based on humanity. The lack of a court office that can decide on citizenship, geographical obstacles, and the long process are contributing factors to the affirmation of citizenship status of the South Philippines migrants in the Regency of Talaud Islands. A legal proof of Indonesian citizenship of the South Philippines migrants in the Regency of Talaud Islands is the Indonesian Identity Card. Affirming the citizenship status of the South Philippines migrants is a part of the responsibility of the Regency of Talaud Islands government in civil service. REFERENCES Act Number 12 of 2006 on Indonesian Citizenship Act Number 30 of 2014 on Governmental Administration Harian Manado Pos, 5 Juni 2014. <http:// nasional . news . viva . co.id / news / read / 293056-intelijen-awasi-wna-filipina-ilegal-disulut>[20/4/15]; 4 Discretion is a stated decision and/or an action and/or done by governmental officials to overcome concrete problems in governmental matters in terms of legislation that gives choices, does not regulate, is incomplete or unclear, and/or governmental stagnation (Act Number 23 of 2014 on Governmental Administration, Article 1, Number 9). 31 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 <http:// regional. kompas. Com / read Sangir.Filipina.Terlunta.lunta.di.Bitung>>[20/4/15]; / 2012/02/29/20481640/ 1.000. Orang. Kimbal, Marthen L., J. Kaawoan, Frangky Renkung. 2014. Pemetaan Warga Non Citizens Asal SangiheTalaud di Propinsi Sulawesi Utara. Laporan Penelitian Unggulan Perguruan Tinggi. Manado: Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian Masyarakat Universitas Sam Ratulangi. Maxwell, J. A., 1996. Qualitative Research Design : An Interactive Approach. London: SAGE Publication. Ndraha, Taliziduhu. 2011. Kybernology (Ilmu Pemerintahan Baru). Jakarta: Rineke Cipta. Niode, Burhan, 2015. “Analisis Terhadap Perjanjian Lintas Batas antar Indonesia dan Philippina Tahun 1974”. Prosiding Seminar Humaniora BPNB Manado, 17 Januari 2015 dengan Tema Kearifan Lokal dan pelestarian Nilai Budaya dalam Upaya Pembentukan Karakter Bangsa. Manado: Kementrian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan – Balai Pelatihan Nilai Budaya Manado. Niode, Burhan, 2017. “Population Dynamics in the Areas of State Border: Study on Population Migration in the District of Talaud Islands”. Proceeding The 1st International Conference on Social Sciences University of Muhammadiyah Jakarta, Indonesia, 1–2 November 2017 Toward Community, Environmental, and Sustainable Development. Pendataan Orang Asing. 2015. Laporan Badan Kesatuan Bangsa dan Politik Kota Bitung. Pristiwanto. 2014. Pelintas Batas Indonesia-Philipina : Di Kabupaten Kepulauan Sangihe. YogyakartaL Kepel Press. Raharto, Aswatini, Suko Bandiyono, Mujiyani, Widyatun, Augustina, Andi Ahmad Zaelany. 1993. Migrasi Kembali Orang-orang Sangir Talaud dari Pulau-Pulau di Wilayah Filipina. Jakarta: Puslitbang Kependudukan dan Ketenagakerjaan LIPI. Salindeho, Winsulangi dan Pitres Sombowadile, 2008. Kawasan Sangihe – Talaud – Sitaro: Daerah Perbatasan Keterbatasan Pembatasan. Jogya : Puspad. Suganda, Atma. 2007. Kewarganegaraan Indonesia dan Hak Kewarganegaraan Bidang Politik Menurut Undang-Undang Dasar 1945. Disertasi. Bandung: Program Pasca Sarjana Universitas Padjadjaran. Tabloid Diplomasi No. 61 VI, 2013: 09. Tan-Cullamar, Evelyn. (1993). The Indonesian Diaspora and Philippine-Indonesian Relations. Philippine Studies, 41 (1). Ulaen, Alex J. 2012. Studi Tentang Sosial-Budaya Masyarakat Daerah Perbatasan: Studi Kasus Masyarakat di Pulau Marore. Yogyakarta: Kepel Press. Ulaen, Alex J. 2003. Nusa Utara, Dari Lintasan Niaga Ke Daerah Perbatasan. Jakarta: Pustaka Sinar Harapan. Universal Declaration of Human Rights of the United Nations. Velasco, Djorina. (2010). Navigating the Indonesian-Philipine border, the challenges of life in the border zone. Philippine Journal of Third World Studies, 25. . 32 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 CORRUPTION POTENTIAL TRENDS IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN INDONESIA 1 1 Muhadam Labolo 2 Alma’arif Government Institute of Home Affairs; muhadamlabolo@gmail.com Government Institute of Home Affairs; almaarhief07@gmail.com 2 Abstract This study aims to describe the potential trend of corruption in Indonesia. At the local government level, the potential for corruption is exposed through the use of less focused regional budgets (APBD), the procurement process of goods and services procurement, business licensing services and the excesses of local elections that encourage negative relations between incumbents and bureaucrats, and society. Those four gaps appear to be potential through various indications that are difficult to overcome. The control of local gaps in corruption needs to be done through a consistent redesign of the system and law enforcement as demonstrated by anti-corruption institutions such as Komisi Pmeberantasan Korupsi (KPK). Keywords: Potential Corruption Trends, Local Government, Corruption Eradication. INTRODUCTION Phenomenon of corruption are now a common sight in various media on almost every week. On a horizontal line The tendency of corruption spreads in almost all branches of power, both legislative, executive and judiciary. While the vertical level of corruption symptoms is prevalent in almost every hirakhi government, both in the center of power to the lowest levels of local government and village. It must be acknowledged that the tendency for the symptom of corruption has undergone a kind of resurgence since the 1998 reform. The symptoms of corruption are like getting a decent place for growth and development. The corruption that has only grown in the executive, now rapidly flows into the legislative, judicative and back to the branch of the executive power. In the new order period until its downfall, executive dominance made corrupt behavior as stored neatly in documents only known by the regime in power. Whatever the results of the examination by the Agency. The Financial Auditor (BPK) ultimately relies heavily on the president's final decision as head of government. At the regional level these conditions are sustained by systemic changes that allow executives to be legally deprived by the legislature through accountability mechanisms by the end of the fiscal year, widespread public pressure, and end-of-term accountability. As a result, the executive seems to succumb and the wheels of government are relatively politically controlled by the legislative group from planning to implementation. The climax of most legislative members is plundered in the case of collective corruption5. The condition entered fertile age until the 2004-20096 legislative period. In the third period of reform age 5 This phenomenon can be seen in the case of DPRD Southeast Sulawesi, Banten and West Sumatra period 1999-2004. In general there are 323 DPRD members from 1999 to 2004 stumbling on corruption. In 2006 over 1000 DPRD members stumbled over corruption, and in 2008 the number of law-enforced board members increased to 1400 (Republika, 2008). 33 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 (2009-2004) The potential tendency of corruption enters a new phase at the level of the central bureaucracy and Senayan in particular7. For the central bureaucracy we can take the example of corruption cases in three strategic ministries namely the ministry of health, education and religion8. Although corruption cases by DPRD members in the regions have decreased due to the aggressiveness of law enforcement and system changes that limit the DPRD's control function9, executive discretion, however, restores the authority of regional heads to do many things, thus encouraging abuse of authority that automatically adds to the potential Trend of corruption. In Kemendagri's records, until the end of April 2012 there were 173 regional heads from 524 autonomous regions involved in corruption 10. Of these 70% by the court have been found guilty. That is, 1/3 of the total head of the region allegedly harm the state, enrich themselves or others either intentionally or not11. The number of reports of corruption cases up to the beginning of July 2012 reached 3,423 cases. If averaged, each head of region contributes to approximately 20 corruption cases. Of those problems, 85 percent revolve around the procurement of goods and services. If the gap of corruption focuses on four main issues besides the procurement tender of goods and services, it can be assumed that the remaining 15 percent is related to the obscure use of APBD / APBN, central and local licensing manipulation, and excesses of election which result in money laundering in the form of money politics12. If compared to the previous year, until June 2011, the symptoms of corruption growth have actually been detected by PPATK. Of the 2,258 reports of financial transactions, there were 1,153 suspicious transactions conducted by regional treasurers. Modusnya buy a letter of Bank Indonesia and deposit the local money. In addition to the local treasurer, 376 regional heads and 339 other officials made suspicious transactions. The above data shows the potential tendency of corruption to experience some kind of shift and enlargement at certain entities. At the center level corruption undergoes a cycle shift in every branch of power, while vertically in the area of corruption experiences enlargement at the level of a particular government entity where authority is abundant due to system changes that provide a number of opportunities. If so how is the tendency of potential corruption in some local governments today? The results describe four main variables The tendency of potential corruption in local government that drags a third head of the region in the case of corruption in Indonesia. The four variables are the use of regional budget (APBD), the procurement of goods and services, business licensing, the impact of conflict of interest of officials in the bureaucratic environment, and the excesses of election which raises the cost of payback increased13. The final note summarizes the need for efforts to influence the system through redesigning local government legislation, local elections, and consistent oversight to control and narrow the potential for corruption in local government. 6 During this period a number of previous council members (1999-2004 period) were forced to reimburse the Incentive Communication Benefit Fund as a result of the unclear application of PP 24/2004 on the Financial Deposit and the Protocol of Leaders and Members of the Council, especially the Provincial and Regency / City DPRD. The next two government regulations (PP 36 and 21) that clarify the interpretation continue to pose polemics and tensions between the old DPRD and Kemendagri. 7 Hambalang corruption cases by some members of the House of Representatives (2012) and a number of important officials in the Ministry of Youth and Sports became a new round of corruption transition from lower to higher levels, having previously started from the arrest of a number of senior politicians in almost all political party representatives for corruption cases the period 20042009 and 2009-2014. 8 Since 2010-2012 the three ministries have been tainted by corruption. The case of the Ministry of Health in the provision of health facilities involved the former Minister of Health for the period 2004-2009. Symptoms of corruption in the ministry of education are more in the procurement of books until the School Operational Fund (BOS) funds are never empty from the public spotlight. While the ministry of religion is also under public pressure over the transparency of the endowment of the people, the pilgrimage to tender procurement of the Qur'an in 2011 and 2012 and Madrasah computer laboratory (Indopos, July 10, 2012). 9 System changes occurred since Law 22/1999 on Regional Government was revised into Law 32/2004 which limited the control function of DPRD. The vulnerable impeachment efforts appear to be limited by PP No.3 / 2007 of PP 108/2000 on the Regional Head Accountability Report. 10 Jawa Pos, April 16, 2012. Further development until June 19, 2012, the Minister of Home Affairs has signed 200 permits for the examination of the head of the region to the president related to alleged corruption (Rakyat Merdeka, 10 July 2012). 11 Until early July 2012, the Regent of Buol Central Sulawesi Province became the head of the umpteenth district who was forcibly picked up by Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi. 12 Republika, June 13, 2011. 13 Comparing with The 5th President of Indonesia’s speech in Anti-Corruption Days in Semarang, December 9 th 2011. Those 4 (four) variables is relevant for the increasing corruption cases in Indonesia. 34 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 1. Literature Review Definition of orruption by Klitgaard (1988: 31) is an act that harms the state. According to him, behavior deviates from the official duties of a state office because of the benefit of status or money concerning personal interests (individuals, immediate families, groups themselves) or violates the rules of conduct through some personal conduct. Klitgaard formulates corruption is the result of a monopoly of leader power (monopoly of power) coupled with a high degree of discretion of official without adequate supervision of the supervisors (minus accountability). The extent of power tends to encourage the mastery of resources by an effective force. In this context the government has widespread powers and tends to monopolize through a system designed in such a way. In authoritarian-centralized governmental systems monopolistic symptoms are easy to grow and multiply. Great power in the central government gave birth to discretion to carry out various policies without effective control of society. This is where the symptoms of corruption seem to have a chance to grow further. Nevertheless, the symptoms of corruption are not merely the possession of authoritarian governments, the countries that are now turning to democratic systems have more severe problems and corruption challenges. Concerns Susan Rose-Ackerman affirmed in viewing the problem of corruption in Italy, the shift from authoritarian rule to democratic government does not necessarily bring the effects of reduced bribery. The Weyland study (1998: 108) shows that corruption tends to increase sharply just as the country moves into a democratic system.14 Three reasons as argued by Latif (2012: 5-6) reinforce our belief that corruption really earned the first place, the distribution of power as it did in post-reform Indonesia. The change of centralized government pattern to decentralized through regional autonomy has shifted corruption practices that previously dominated the central government has now become rampant in the region. This is in line with Klitgaard's opinion that corruption follows power. The transition of authority ultimately merely displaces the locus of corruption from the center of power to the local government. The policy of decentralization is the basis for the exploitation of corruption. This condition is growing rapidly when low public supervision and lack of law enforcement. Second, democratization at the central and regional levels stimulates neoliberal policies that open up capital interventions in the preparation of bribery regulations and practices to smooth the interests of investors in the competition. The bribery practices at the central and regional levels in the smoothing of tender transactions of goods and services and the smoothness of licensing can easily be identified in almost all levels of government. Third, the involvement of public participation in the democratic party event appears not to be driven by awareness in determining the future of the region, but rather on the pragmatic interests that suck the cost of election is so expensive. In the formulation of Ramirez Torres (Maslikah, 2012: 79) corruption is a crime of calculation or calculation (crime of calculation), not just passion. A person will be corrupt if the results obtained from corruption are higher and greater than the punishment and the possibility of small caught. Torres's views are not much thought but the reality shows the quantity of corruption continues to grow even though many perpetrators have been serving sentences in democratic transition countries. The loss of deterrent and low corruption may be caused by the calculation of the gap between the degree of action and the burden of punishment. In the case of Indonesia, for example, the perpetrators of corruption with the value of billions to trilunan rupiah is not strange if only get a sentence of less than five years, or even equal to the punishment for an amateur thief. The low penalties ultimately undermine the deterrent effect for society, this is much different when compared with the application of punishment for corruptors in authoritarian countries such as China. Regarding the root causes of corruption, Jack Bologne (in Maslikah, 2012: 80) points out four important things that influence corruption behavior. First, greed, related to greed and greed of corrupt perpetrators. Corruptor according to him is a person who is not satisfied with his situation. This stage leads to a high boost to always satisfy him. Opportuniy, a system that provides opportunities for corruption. Weak systems that limit the contact between the bureaucracy and the community in the procurement of goods / services and licensing often make corruption a tradition. Need, a mental attitude that never felt enough, always loaded with needs that never end. This is an internal impulse that allows a person to feel important to meet all his needs consumptively. Exposes, the punishment imposed on the perpetrators of corruption did not give a deterrent effect for the perpetrators and others. The last cause is in line with Torres's view where corruption actors are able to calculate the great benefits with the consequences of punishment that will be accepted so as not to cause deterrent effect for the perpetrator and the environment. The above 14 Weyland, Kurt, 1998. The Politics of Corruption in Latin America, Journal of Democracy, Volume 9, Number 2, April. 35 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 view at least gave birth to the simple conclusion that the factors causing corruption are internally affected by the weakness of the government system and the bureaucracy, while externally triggered by the low public control system. In Tranparency International's conclusions as TII's guidebook (2002), corruption triggers are caused by many factors including inconsistent law enforcement, abuse of power / authority, scarcity of anti-corruption environment, low incomes of local government organizers, poverty and greed, cultural tribute, permissive (all-inclusive), the failure of religious education and ethics as the moral defender of the nation in preventing corruption. Corruption is widely a serious challenge to the development of a country, both in the political and economic sectors. In the political aspect, corruption is slowly destroying the democratic order and good governance through violation or even destabilization of formal processes or procedures. In the economic aspect, corruption can undermine economic development through deviations and inefficiencies of public resources. At some level corruption can be the cause of economic distortions in the public sector by diverting public investment into capital projects when bribes and kickbacks occur. In connection with the endurance of the government as a public servant, the impact of corruption according to Evi Hartanti (in Surachmin and Suhandi Cahya, 2011: 85) caused distrust in the form of less trust in the government, reduced government authority in society, reduced state revenues, fragile security and , personal mental destruction, and low public respect for the law. In particular, corruption reduces the ability of the government apparatus, reduces administrative capacity and the loss of administrative authority. In general, corruption can dispel public confidence in state institutions that are considered to have played illegally. This can be considered rent seeking. In political dynamics, the condition is reinforced by executive dominance that causes loss of respect for good governance values such as accountability, transparency, and participation. Corruption also reduces the performance and values of governance in terms of quality of service and infrastructure by the government. At the pragmatic level corruption directly leads to waste of resources, running capital, disruption to investment, wasted skills, and lost aid. At the extreme point of corruption leads to instability, social revolution, and socio-cultural inequality. Based on some opinions above, if observed activities at the level of government organizations there are four important aspects that cause corruption. First, it deals with the behavior of the internally driven individual in the form of desire, intention, or even awareness to do. Second, the organizational aspects of governance related to the system of organizing the community environment. Organizations that are victims of corruption or where corruption occurs usually contribute because it provides opportunities for corruption. Without the opportunities referred to corruption is relatively not the case. For example, if government salaries are low, then corruption is the mainstay for survival. Differences in benefits can encourage employees to tend to seek additional employment. Other causes of corruption from an organizational point of view include lack of exemplary leadership, lack of good and correct organizational culture, low accountability systems, and management behaviors that tend to cover up corruption within the organization. Third, the regulatory aspect, where corruption acts easily arises because there are weaknesses in the regulation. Regulatory tendencies that are monolithic, low quality, poorly socialized, too light sanctions, inconsistent and indiscriminate sanctions, weak areas of evaluation and revision for particular interests make the regulatory aspect one of the advocates of corruption clearance. Fourth, the supervisory aspects undertaken by relevant agencies are less effective due to several factors, such as overlapping oversight of various agencies, lack of supervisory professionalism, lack of coordination among supervisors, lack of compliance with legal ethics and governance by the supervisors themselves. In some cases the supervisors were involved in corrupt practices. On the other hand, external controls by the public and the media seem weak, thus adding to the row of bad image of monitoring corruption. If government behavior, systems, organization and supervision are not fixed then in the end the government office will only be filled by most of the two types of workers: firstly, low productivity workers that can not be used in similar work in the private sector, and second, workers willing to accept bribes . 2. Methodology This research is using constructivist paradigm with descriptive type. Data collecting technique is using qualitative method with interview and documentation. Research informant is derived from 4 (four) region head which is indicated corruption scandals. 36 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 4. Result and Discussion 4.1 Trend of Corruption Potential in Local Government After the government reform, the corruption shift due to the distribution of power from the central government to the post-decentralized region opened the gap of corruption in four main variables, namely the mode of budget use and regional expenditure, the procurement of goods and services, business licensing, and excesses of election which led to pragmatic behavior at the level voters. a. Use of APBD Regional Revenue and Expenditure Budget (APBD) is a detailed, systematic list of local revenues and expenditures within a certain period of time (one year). APBD has strategic functions such as allocation, distribution, stabilization, authorization, planning, supervision, distribution, intrumentation, resources, stimulus and politics functions. The meaningful allocation function of APBD is directed to create jobs, reduce unemployment and waste of resources, and improve economic efficiency and effectiveness. Distribution function in the sense of paying attention to the sense of justice and propriety. The function of economic stabilization means that APBD is a tool to maintain and strive for a fundamental balance of the regional economy. The authorization function means APBD is the basis for implementing revenues and expenditures for the year. The planning function is the APBD as a guide for management in planning activities in the year concerned. The supervisory function of the APBD is a guide to assess the activities of local government administration in accordance with the stipulated provisions. Resource allocation function. The function of income distribution is very important, especially in an effort to improve people's welfare. Function Main instrument of economic and social justice creation. The function of government administration (service, development and empowerment). Function of economic growth stimulus, function of public interest. The function of political power to prosper society. Modes of misuse of APBD in general include efforts to increase / enlarge the budget to increase the allowances and facilities for board leaders and members, channeling APBD funds for board members through fictitious foundations, manipulation of official travel evidence, use of unearned and unprofessional funds, procedures for submission and disbursement of local cash funds, manipulation of residual APBD and manipulation in the procurement process. Efforts to enlarge the budget are done by using technical instruments that provide limitless ceilings or take the upper limit even if the regional capability in terms of finance and regional tipelogi less adequate. The actual budgetary eye swell is not directly related to the corruption of the head of the region, but the approval of the regional head allows the head of the region to be responsible for the problem. For example, the budget ceiling for board member incentive communication benefits as stipulated in Government Regulation No.24 / 2004 on the Protocol and Financial Positions of Leaders and Members of the DPRD is limited only by general principles such as equality, tiered, proportional, reasonable, logical and rational. Such a principle raises excessive interpretation and improvisation among local governments, so it is decided through a mutually beneficial compromise. Budget flexibility is also carried out by utilizing price disparities prevailing in a location, including enlarging budgets in the "unexpected needs" or "etc." list. The enlargement of the budget to the above needs group allows the regional heads to be free to use for emergency reasons. Such budget allocations are usually deposited in the household section in the form and term of tactical and similar funds. In the mode of use of APBD funds channeled through fictitious foundations, it is often used by regional heads and DPRDs to channel donations in the form of social assistance and grants. Selected district heads who usually come from majority parties collaborate with DPRD members to channel assistance to a number of community organizations that were formed from the outset. The recipients are deliberately mobilized to receive actual assistance belonging to the regional head and a number of DPRD members. The flow of funds eventually flowed into the pockets of regional heads, party officials, successful teams and board members. This condition has prompted the Ministry of Home Affairs to issue Permendagri 32 Year 2011 on Grants and Social Assistance. This provision strictly regulates and limits the distribution of grants and social assistance to community organizations through a number of conditions. In the case of manipulation of official travel is done through the mode of multiplying consultation activities, workshops, education and training, comparative study and technical guidance. The swelling of local budget (APBD) on the costs of official travel in the regions has generally reached the area of the tube. Local governments and DPRDs are convinced that the use of APBDs through official travel is the safest way of 37 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 threatening corruption. Such ways are increasingly easy to find due to the absence of an instrument that limits the frequency of heads of regions and DPRDs to travel within a week, a month or a year. The allocation of the official travel budget is made by estimating the average frequency of journeys of local chiefs and members of parliament in the previous year by taking the highest estimate . Use of unrecounted and unregulated fund remnants, deviation of procedures for submission and disbursement of local cash funds, manipulation of residual APBD and manipulation in the procurement process can be seen in cases in a number of districts and provinces. The vacuum of instruments in the distribution of residual APBD and the situation that confronts the regional heads on the momentum of the election and the political pressure of the DPRD encourages regional heads with the existing authority tends to take pragmatic action. The distribution of the remainder of the APBD is done even through the imposition of legal impression in the form of local regulations and decisions of the regional head. Such a scene impressed the public that the local government did not make mistakes in the use of APBD because it has been through a mechanism regulated in legislation. The general procedure in the case of the residual budget is basically returned to the central government, in reality the procedure is rarely done by the local government unless it accelerates the budget absorption before closing the book. These activities are usually done during budget changes. In this context APBD planning applies the principle of saving as little as possible at the beginning of the year and absorb as much as possible at the end of the year. The impact of the APBD's corruption gap ultimately technically eliminates the focus of the initial planning design, as well as the farther from the ideal function of the APBD itself. Significant allocation functions create jobs, reduce unemployment and waste of resources, and improve the efficiency and effectiveness of shifting economy into a budget allocation for individuals and groups close to power. The function of distribution in the sense of paying attention to the sense of justice and propriety turns into injustice and impropriety. The indication can be seen in the accumulation of wealth in a group of people, impoverish the people and display consumptive behavior among local government elites. The function of economic stabilization, which means APBD is a tool to maintain and strive for a fundamental balance of regional economy, has caused deficits in a number of local governments. Local government wheels seem to run slow due to spending apparatus that exceeds its fundamental economic resilience. The authorization function that makes APBD the basis for implementing income and expenditure is now the basis of deliberately legitimized to be a reference for efforts to legalize corruption in the eyes of the public. The APBD planning function that should serve as a guide for management in the planning of exchanging activities becomes the basis for planning the interests of local government, DPRD and political parties. The APBD's oversight function that guides to assess the activities of local government administration is blurred above the wishes of the regional head and the local parliament. The function of distribution of income, especially in the effort to improve the welfare of the community turned into an effort to improve the welfare of local government apparatus. The function of Instrumentation in creating economic and social justice transfers-a function of justice for local governments. The function of government administration in the form of services, development and empowerment stagnated in the interests of the elite. The stimulus function within the framework of economic growth is far from expectations. Function to accommodate the interests of the community against the interests of the bureaucracy. Finally the function of political power for the welfare of society weakened into a political force to raise the party. b. Procurement of goods and services There is virtually no gap in corruption that costs as much as the procurement of goods and services, since most government budgets are used for public spending in various sectors. This is the reason why 85% of local head corruption vices play in the procurement tender of goods and services. If it is worth noting that even if the value of the annual contract for procurement of goods and services is very large, the fact that the tender always involves many players (contractors) that allows for bribery, extortion, or other forms of illegal payments. Bribes became the dominant mode because illegal payments to win contracts and major concessions in general have become a business scene for high-ranking officials and contractors. Technically, bribery in the process of procurement of goods and services is done to get some goals. First, the company or entrepreneur willingly pays to be included in the prequalification list and limits the bidders. Second, the company is willing to pay to get information about the project from an insider. Third, illegal payments allow officials to regulate tender specifications so that paying companies will be the only suppliers who pass prequalification. Fourth, illegal payments are meant to win the contract. In this connection when the process occurs in a single round, then the consequences that must be accepted is the markup of 38 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 prices and decreased quality of goods and services produced. This is why the community as consumers assess the quality of local government services far from what is expected, including those already paid through taxes. People feel betrayed by their own choice. From the results of the ICW study in 2005, it was revealed that the project implementation mechanisms that grant privileges to one party through direct appointments deemed by top officials are not a serious offense. Whereas it is strictly prohibited in Presidential Decree Number 80 Year 2003 regarding procurement of goods / services of government considering the project value above Rp 50 million must be through tender mechanism. From ICW's findings, there are 43 cases in the region indicated by corruption in the procurement sector of goods and services using direct appointment mode. In addition to indications of corruption through direct appointment, another common mode of corruption that often occurs in the procurement process of goods and services is the practice of markup, extortion, contract irregularities, and fictitious projects. The number of corruption modes occurring in the procurement sector indicates poor accountability and government transparency and ineffective prevention systems to minimize corrupt practices. The phenomenon is in the opinion of Loppa (2001: 85), that although officials want to corrupt, if not greeted by unscrupulous entrepreneurs in the form of bribes or promises to give rewards, corruption will not be as bad today. Bribes are very dangerous because the bribe recipient will not be obliged to abuse his authority, so that the wealth and assets of the state are stripped of billions or trillions of rupiah. Gap of corruption in the procurement process of goods and services can be observed through a number of stages / procedures in almost all government institutions. Stage starts from needs assessment / needs determination, preparation of design and preparation of tender documents, selection of participants and determination of tender winners, and implementation of work. The different stages contain the consequences of different patterns of corruption between the government and the bidders. First, the needs assessment / needs assessment stage often leads to a lack of investment and purchase. The tendency that there is an offer from some companies to make a deal even if the value is small or not beneficial to society. In addition, there is an investment that is economically unfair and destroys the existing mechanism. On the other hand the risks that occur only benefit some providers. For competition that is unfair done by the needs of goods and services increased to exceed the limit requirement. For local governments and DPRD members who pass on the tender logically earn some kind of kickback which is included in the financial budget (usually through certain contracts with contractors). At a certain level, conflicting parties (conflict of interests) attract policy makers to influence the bidding process by pressing the tender committee. Secondly, the preparation phase of the design and preparation of tender documents is done through a strategy whereby a tender document or guideline is made to benefit one of the contractors, so there can be no competition during the tender. Another way is to increase or decrease the amount of goods or services needed to benefit some contractors. To break down the concentration of supervisors, the complexity of the projects in the tender documents and guidance was deliberately eliminated with the aim of concealing corruption plans. This stage also often involves consultants to make project planning to benefit some bidders. Finally, local governments seem to be misusing the principle of direct appointment.Third, the stage of the election of the participants and the determination of the winning bidders involves the efforts by which policy makers behave unjustly (because of being bribed, expecting a thank you money) or a conflict of interest. Selection in the region takes place through very subjective criteria to enable policy makers to take over the role in it. Local government apparatus who want profit often provide confidential information before the bidding begins to benefit one or more bidders. Of course, similar information is not given to all bidders. Misuse of confidentiality, including confidential documents, is in reality disseminated to the point that monitoring and supervision processes are difficult. The only stage that can be said to be fair is the election stage of the tender winner announced to the public through a certain newspaper. Corruption is also abundant when there is a very expensive price payment even though not necessarily win. This cost in most cases can not be accounted for. Fourth, the stage of implementation of the work includes the concrete reality of the process through which the bidders so that the contractor seemed to replace it with the price of goods lower, quality is less good or different from the approved contract specifications. As a result the quality of goods and services is far from what is set. Poor job results lead to improvements that cost more than it should be. Worse, a contractual re-negotiation or substitution of a substantial contract clause is done by a field supervisor and an executive who has been given sufficient remuneration. In this connection the price increases due to contract changes as a result of changes in specifications accompanied by increased costs for bribes to facilitate collusion. In certain cases the procurement of goods and services breeds a deliberately contrived demand. Worse, supervisors or monitors have either been bought or not independently so they 39 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 make incorrect reports or falsify reports that do not fit the actual conditions. Consequently, renegotiation or substantial alteration of the contracts allowed to make the bidding process futile. On the other hand the impact of budget swelling at the end of the year opened the gap of corruption in the procurement of goods and services such as first, urgent shopping at the end of the budget year. Urgent spending at the end of the budget year is often the subject of corruption. In those days the transaction was not closely watched. In many local government units there are often a number of budgets that are not deliberately spent until the end of the fiscal year to ultimately serve as the reason for the apparatus to spend on programs and activities that are not so clear. Second, emergency response periods such as natural disasters, floods, tsunamis, fires, conflicts and so on. Procurement of goods and services during a disaster is at risk of corruption. This happens because of the large amount of funds and must be spent quickly to cope with humanitarian problems. This situation encourages local governments to spend uncontrolled expenses so that transactions take place without evidence. Lack of access to information makes corruption grow and develop rapidly. Although local governments are proactive in enforcing public information disclosure laws, weak application allows them to manipulate information so that perpetrators are not judged by the public (terror by press). Fifth, in general the tendency to determine certain bidders will risk reducing the fairness level in the procurement process of goods and services and usually followed by an increase in purchase costs. If the bidder has been established, it is important to ensure that the process is clean and clear and follows the administrative rules according to the applicable rules. At this stage the payback starts to be done slowly. c. Business Licensing Services One of the objectives of bureaucratic reform policy to the level of local government is to accelerate services on the principle of efficiency and effectiveness. The service demands principles of governance such as transparency and accountability. Bureaucracy reform is aimed not only to reorganize the governance structure as the following means and the following system, moreover it is necessary to change the culture of government organization in order to realize fair and fair service. Fair service and fairness ensure the government guarantees the needs of society equally and proportionately. The peak of the opposite behavior is corrupt behavior that harms the public at large. Barriers to public services in the form of services that are difficult to access, complicated procedures, unclear costs and the proliferation of illegal levies are opportunities where corruption exists in answering these obstacles. The gap of corruption in the licensing service begins when the above inhibiting factors block in the middle of the road. The entrepreneurs who have the capital understand that the most effective way is to initiate the process of permission from the top (top down), if not from the bottom (bottom up). The licensing pattern from above is usually done by utilizing direct policy makers such as the Minister, Governor, Regent / Mayor. Subordinates tend to close their eyes if given a small quota, or even shut up if you do not want to shift from strategic positions. While the pattern of licensing from below done if the local government officials have direct access with the head of the region, or in other words become the accomplice of the regional head. In this pattern the head of the region seemed not directly related to the businessmen but did not close his eyes to agree through the back door. Business licensing services open gaps of corruption in the form of bribes since authorities swiftly switched from central to local government. The trend can be seen in areas that have potential mining and agricultural land. The price of permits to open a mine site can increase sharply depending on the volume of mining materials in each region. For the cost of negotiation before making a number of requirements such as the Mining Business License can reach over five billion. The fee does not include the cost of obtaining permits at the central level. The consequences of a high cost economy eventually become the burden and complaints of the entrepreneur. Worse in some areas businessmen complain that the expected permit does not arrive while the cost of maintenance has been absorbed a lot. This condition worsened the image of local government as well as central government when dealing with outside investors. In other cases, the entrepreneur may obtain the permit, but in the umpteenth hand, causing problems in the field. Local governments deliberately often toy with entrepreneurs to maximize profits by issuing multiple business licenses. At a later stage, a national business license requires the approval of the central government. Here entrepreneurs are faced with a bureaucracy that is more vulnerable to corruption. A number of departments that have implemented e-procure administratively are able to minimize the opening of corruption in which perpetrators are confronted directly with bureaucrats except through information systems that have been designed in such a way. 40 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 However, the implementation of e-procure without strict supervision is in fact still open to the possibility of corruption, because entrepreneurs and bureaucrats seek a face-to-face gap in an agreed location. Such a mode ultimately does not support the system tools that have been designed to prevent the opening of the gap of corruption, due to the culture of society and apparatus that serves not sebangun with the spirit and efforts to prevent corruption. d. Excesses of Regional Head Elections The need for voter support in the election resulted in unavoidable excesses. This situation opened the gap of corruption for the head of the region to raise the funding power from within the bureaucracy, especially the incumbent candidate. Incumbent candidates tend to utilize a number of tactical funds tucked or deliberately stored in almost all local government work units a year before the democratic party is held. Indeed, local democracy party that became the arena of local people's sovereignty channel is not polluted by the tradition of money politics. Concessions are usually built with local government officials within the framework of promotion, demotion or mutation. Here the politicization of bureaucracy where local government officials tend to be pragmatic and realistic. The impact of planning is designed in such a way that incumbents get support in terms of logistics through a number of budget that made-up or dilebihkan. Gap corruption in the election can be seen from several things such as the determination of candidates through the boat of political parties, the manipulation of campaign funds and money politics. The high tariff of political parties became one of the factors driving the absorption of APBD for illegal interests. For example, each candidate is basically required to fund the election, restore the issued capital, and pay post-election debt. The mode often used is to involve partners and political networks that contribute to the procurement of goods and services. The gap of corruption begins with providing social assistance through mobilized community organizations. Social assistance funds are obtained through a number of previously allocated allocations to a number of local government units (usually offices / agencies / offices dealing with social issues). Voters are mobilized into groups of community organizations and given enough money in parcel or envelope with the initials of certain candidates so that the practice of money politics seems blurred. The target focus is usually the social organization that has a broad base of mass. In many cases the democratic pattern tends to increase one year before the election or even afterwards as a form of kickback. In general, the budget politicization cycle (budget budget cycle) is used to influence voters through social assistance with the aim of increasing sentiments for the victory of certain couples. The excesses of regional head election eventually become the burden of APBD. A number of regions must cut spending on programs and activities including vital sectors such as education and health in the year in which the elections are held. It must be acknowledged that the budget of the regional head election is mostly allocated to pay the organizer fee which contains the disparity of value among regions. The high budget of Pemilukada ultimately influences the APBD posture in every five years of the democratic party year. At the technical stage, efforts to increase activity activities by the election organizers become a kind of bargaining. This opens opportunities for the Regional Election Commission and Local Government to take advantage, including the auction process of goods and services. In some cases, budget clearance leaked from APBN and APBD for the components of honorarium and administrative expenses affected the high cost of holding the election. In the stage of distribution of funds during the campaign so far obscured the elite with the term political cost (political cost), not money politics as public suspected. Such disorientation is quite doubtful when the facts show that the standard of political cost goes beyond the prevailing provisions making it easy to conclude as a practice of money politics. Such cases are a dilemma for election supervisory bodies or committees. Here's an example of a compilation of money politics by mode in Keerom District of Papua Province in the 2010 election. No. 1 2 3 Table 1 The Political Trend of Money Based on Mode on Pemilukada of Keerom Regency of Papua Province 2015 Modus Number Direct Money Distribution 25 Distribution of staples 17 Mobile Card Division 32 41 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 4 Cheap Bazaar Procurement 5 Giving of Electronics Goods 6 Repairing the Road Source: KPUD Keerom Regency, 2015 3 11 27 The table can not be generalized, however, enough to show that the election activity in the above mode is relatively affecting the regional budget. The mode of distribution of cash, groceries, cheap bazaars and road improvements is very vulnerable duplicated in the form of programs in a number of local government units. Such programs are often directly named by incumbent candidates despite the fact that they are financed from APBD. In this connection the elected regional head is at risk of suffering the consequences after the election is held. 2 5. Conclusion And Recommendations 5.1 Conclusion The trend of corruption at the level of local government post-reforms has not only increased with some indications, but also found a potential loophole in four important channels through the use of less focused regional budgets (APBD), procurement tendering processes, business licensing services and the excesses of local elections that encourage negative relations between incumbents with bureaucrats, employers and communities. These four gaps appear to be potential through various indications that are difficult to overcome. Control of gaps in corruption in the region needs to be done through a consistent redesign of the system and law enforcement as indicated by anticorruption institutions such as Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi (KPK). 5.2 Recommendations Preventive and Repressive Control against Potential Trends of Corruption at Local Government Level can be done through; 1. Strong system changes in APBD management to limit gaps in corruption in budget usage. Concrete system changes in the form of application of information technology and e-procurement so that the use of APBD can be accessed directly by the community, in addition to licensing process and procurement tender of goods and services can be transparent. System changes also concern the indirect election mechanism by Parliament to reduce the burden and excesses of direct election against APBD posture. At the implementation level the legal framework should be comprehensive, apply the principles of transparency, accommodate clear rules and limit excessive discretion. With the authority of existing local governments through local regulations should be able to build a system of procurement of goods and services that are transparent and accountable. In addition, it is necessary to prepare a standard operation procedure (SOP) that aims to simplify, not complicate in all SKPD to prevent obstacles that open the gap of corruption in the context of business licensing services. 2. Supervision that is qualitative by internal, external, functional, political and community supervisors to minimize the opening of corruption loopholes in local government. 3. Strengthening human resource management and improving the welfare of the apparatus in order to minimize the impetus to the control of the sources of government environment. 4. The need for sanctions for local governments in making strategic planning and performance accountability reports of government agencies. 5. Improving the quality of implementation of management system and the application of measurable and non-multistake budgetary standards in order to avoid the gap for the apparatus in interpretation and improvisation by reason of price disparity in each local government. On the procurement activities of goods and services required an auction committee that is independent of the community so that its membership is not solely dominated by local government. Commissioner committees can make complaints procedures for bidders to uphold the rules of the game, supervision and evaluation while applying the principles of good governance. 42 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 6. 7. In the long run it takes political education to the voters so that they will not become a pragmatic object in the election but have a bargaining position against the candidates. Repressive action is required through the imposition of strict sanctions, both administrative and legal for companies / entrepreneurs government officials and communities who commit fraudulent use of APBD, procurement of goods and services, business licensing services and election. Those who are legally and legally proven must be reduced, eliminated, substituted, disqualified and executed to produce deterrent effects for the community. Such action can be done directly for matters concerning the use of facilities and the budget of the agencies for the interests of the election, the implementation of standard budget election budget, closed the room for the incumbent who want to re-nominate head of region if proven to conduct corruption. Law enforcement on corruption cases within the local government can be done by raising tensions as practiced by Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi. Without it, corruption at the center may be reduced, but in the regions it is mushrooming. 6. References Badoh, Ibrahim Zuhdhy Fahmi. 2010. Kajian Potensi-Potensi Korupsi Pilkada. Jakarta, Indonesia Corruption Watch (ICW) Hartanti, Evi. 2005. Tindak Pidana Korupsi. Jakarta, Sinar Grafika Klitgaard, Robert.1988. Membasmi Korupsi. Jakarta, Yayasan Obor Indonesia Loppa, Baharuddin. 2001. Kejahatan Korupsi Dan Penegakan Hukum. Jakarta, Kompas Latif, Yudi, 2012. Korupsi Politik dan Kematian Politik, Makalah, MIPI, Jakarta Muhardiansyah, Doni Dkk. 2010. Buku Saku Memahami Gratifikasi. Jakarta, Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi (KPK) Maslikah, Siti, 2012. Upaya Pencegahan Tindak Korupsi di Kabupaten Keerom Provinsi Papua, Bandung Paris, H Lindsey, Robert Kiltgaard, Ronald Maclean-Abaroa. 2002. Penuntun Pemberantasan Korupsi. Jakarta, Yayasan Obor Indonesia Pope, Jeremy, 2002. Strategi Memberantas Korupsi, Elemen Sistem Integritas Nasional, TII & Yayasan Obor Indonesia, Jakarta Susan Rose-Ackerman, 1998. Lessons from Italy for Latin America, Journal of Public and International Affairs Weyland, Kurt, 1998. The Politics of Corruption in Latin America, Journal of Democracy 43 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 NETWORK GOVERNANCE AS THE FOUNDATION OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT: LESSON LEARN FROM THE “SLEMAN BANGKIT” MOVEMENT AS A TOURISM RECOVERY EFFORT IN POST-DISASTER IN SLEMAN REGENCY Muchamad Zaenuri1, Ridho Al-Hamdi2 1 Muhammadiyah University of Yogyakarta, Indonesia E-mail: muchamadzaenuri@umy.ac.id 2 Muhammadiyah University of Yogyakarta, Indonesia Email: ridhoalhamdi@umy.ac.id Abstrack Indonesian society still assumes that a disaster will affect whole destructions and therefore recovery and development are needed in order to gain a normal situation. Merely a few who think that tourism services should be flourished in post-disaster, even tourism in post-disaster can be an alternative visit for tourists. It can be denied that most Indonesian tourism destinations particularly nature-based tourisms have high disaster risks and, thus, it is needed to be governed professionally based on network governance. By using a descriptive account, this paper demonstrates that a tourism recovery effort by applying network governance is more effective than other techniques to encourage sustainable tourisms. Focusing on the “Sleman Bangkit” Movement at Volcano Tour Merapi in Sleman Regency, the paper’s result postulates that the movement based on networks among stakeholders could supports the tourism recovery with the cooperative transformation. The transformation is indeed suitable with the emergency response phase in the disaster management. To sum up, the paper recommends re-designing a recovery effort in post-disaster by involving most core stakeholders. It is related to coordinative managements toward cooperation in each stakeholder. This will bring to the acceleration of tourism management in post-disaster. In addition, it is a must to provide a role for a core stakeholder to collaborate with various other stakeholders in order to maintain a synergy in the tourism management in post-disaster. Key words: network governance, sustainable tourism development Introduction Tourism sectors are potential in dealing with disaster affairs because the disaster affects to environment and social destructions so that tourism activities are disrupted. To restore the image of a safe tourism in post-disaster it is needed to do a comprehensive effort among stakeholders having a concern on tourism affairs. Stakeholders consisting government, private sectors and society should have a recovery program on a sustainable tourism because after disaster, a place has new tourism objects and attractions (ODTW) which is interesting to be visited. 44 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 A lot of natural disasters in Indonesia affect new ODTWs for tourists to visit them. The volcanic eruption disaster usually affects new ODTWs which should be maintained its sustainability. The Volcano Park in Sinabung Mountain and Volcano Tour in the downhill of Merapi Mountain are an instance of ODTW in post-Merapi eruption so that those two ODTWs should be flourished their sustainability. The sustainable tourism development juridically is written in Law No. 10 Year 2009 on Tourism and in Government Regulation No. 50 Year 2011 on Master Plan for National Tourism Development. In these two regulations, the national tourism development should be done 1) with the principle a sustainable tourism development, 2) with a goal on the growth of an economic development and job opportunities, poverty reduction as well as environmental conservation, 3) with good governance, 4) with integrated cross-sector, cross-regional and cross-agencies, and 5) with supporting partnership among public and private sectors. From these provisions it implies that tourism development should pay attention to the principle of sustainable tourism and implemented by applying good governance rules that involve not only government but also private and community groups. In the context of local governance, tourism affairs is not a matter of business mandatory but optional affairs, but the contribution given to the economic progress in a region is crucial. As stated by Damanik (2005), tourism activities always provide a multiplier effect for the growth of other productive economic activities, besides tourism can also create new jobs and can cope with poverty. As a result furthermore tourism can prosper the life of people in the region (Damanik 2010). Public participation and the public in supporting tourism activities can not be avoided, because in general the government has limitations in providing public good and services that must be assisted by the private sector, including in the provision of tourism services. Likewise, people around ODTW who receive direct impact from tourism activities, can not be ignored its role as a tourist in the provision of tourist attractions. The involvement of the three stakeholders in fact often leads to various problems which in essence there is no balanced role among the three. Research from Nuryanti (2002: 12) shows that the need for cooperation related to the existence of problems in sustainable tourism development there is a role conflict between the public and private sectors. In order to find harmony between them, there is a need for a meeting point between the public and private sector roles through the assessment of the role of each sector and the possibility of synergicity.Problematika proposed by Nuryanti (2002) is of course raises new thinking to develop the concept or model applicative in order to complete the problem. In general, the problem of imbalances in the role occurs because among stakeholders lack of strong networking established so that differences in perception in authority become part of the problematika. In the study of Government Science, one solution to solve the problem is the need to develop ODTW governance with networkgovernance. The implementation of modelnetwork governance in the management of ODTW in Indonesia is familiar. Sleman District as one of the autonomous regions has been practicing the model in various ODTW. The interaction between the government, the private sector and the community is still coordinated and there is no interdependent network among stakeholders. Most of the activities of the Department of Tourism as the organizer of tourism affairs are still not collaborative. Sleman District Government as principal will seek partners to work on its programs and 45 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 partners as agents who will carry out the work or program. Sleman District Government as owner of employment and partner or non-government institution as vendor or contractor. From the results of field observations indicate that among stakeholders has not yet permanently established a strong network for collaborative collaborative cooperation. The outstanding issues of the existing collaboration include the lack of full resource dependency among stakeholders, many of whom are still operating independently. Besides, the interaction is limited to coordination, there has not been any negotiation on the collective objectives that are regulated institutionally. Similarly, interests among stakeholders are still diverse, yet there is a mutually reinforcing shared interest of the collaborative effort. From these backgrounds, there are some things that need to be discussed and questioned, among others: How stakeholder involvement in sustainable tourism development? How is the relationship pattern among stakeholders in network governance, and How is the transformation taking place in network governance within the framework of collaborative governance? Methods To answer the problems presented in the introduction, it is necessary to conduct research using qualitative approach with field research method. This is because it is in direct contact with the social phenomena studied and does not use statistical techniques. This study also uses a case study study that collects data using in-depth interviews and documentation. While the selection of informants is done purposively in accordance with the relevance of this research, and data analysis is done by data reduction, data presentation, and drawing the conclusion / ferification which is then poured in the form of description. Theoritical Framework 1. Sustainable Tourism Development The concept of "sustainable development" has emerged as an approach related to current issues. Most scholars of public administration believe that sustainable development is capable of dealing with diverse and complex contemporary issues (Kim, 2010). The term "sustainable development" emerged in 1972 and at that time focused only on environmental improvement, because by then the world has faced environmental degradation for several decades, and environmental issues have become a major concern for the world community. This concept remains relevant today, environmental damage and disasters occur in various countries including Indonesia. Tourism can not be separated from this sustainable development approach. A study conducted in North Cyprus by Alipour et al (2011) after being published in the Journal of Sustainable Development entitled "Governance as Catalyst to Sustainable Tourism Development: Evidence from North Cyprus" led to the conclusion that sustainable tourism development can not be effectively implemented if the agency does not restructuring organizational behavior in the form of formal policy process to enhance close cooperation with stakeholders (tourism industry and society). The findings show that the majority of people recognize the importance of sustainability, but they can not 46 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 understand how it works. They do not express enthusiasm about their own reorientation and planning approach towards the goal to be achieved. Community involvement is one of the important dimensions in achieving sustainable tourism development. In the case of Northern Cyprus, the majority of respondents stressed that there should be a commitment to community participation but they have not been able to involve the community in governance processes that are perceived as dynamic aspects. Many literatures show that the application of sustainable development principles requires a political system that encourages effective public engagement, building consensus and good governance (Kim, 2010). The consensus that occurs between the pillars of governance as the main basis for synergic cooperation. 2. Collaborative governance With regard to the concept of governance that has been so trusted as a solution to the problems of society and government, as a new process of governing the public sphere, there are two different points of view that one assumes that "Government without government" (Rhodes 1996: 652) and "Government with more than government" (Kjaer, 2004: 44). From both poles of the view, the middle concept is called collaborative governance (governative governance) as a system of governance. Ansell and Gash (2008) pioneered the belief that this new form of government could help stakeholders to integrate interests in sustainable development and reach agreement in pursuit of common goals. More specifically, the demand for collaborative governance has increased with the increasing knowledge of the community and the intense interdependence of stakeholders. About the benefits of collaboration, Lasker et al. (2001) states that cooperation can create a comprehensive, practical and transformative thinking. In particular, transformative thinking is very important, in collaboration that can make people change the way they think when they interact with other stakeholders who have different goals and cultures. Through the creation of new ways of thinking, collaboration can influence how problems are recognized and addressed. In the organization of thought it must be realized in the same vision. According to Wanna (2008: 3-5) to realize the collaboration of the necessary stages that show the scale and intensity of the collaboration tersebut.Skala collaboration can be described as a ladder that shows the increased commitment from the lowest level of simple collaboration to the highest and most complicated level integrated. The highest level of collaboration poses political and managerial risks that have come into common consensus, whereas partnerships will not pose political or managerial risk. In table 1 we can see the increase of intensity, the following list of levels of cooperation relevant to the policy process and indicate what activities are involved in each of the various levels. Learn more see the following table: Tabel 1 The scale of collaboration 47 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Degree of collaboration What is involved-activities Highest level: high normative Transformative interaction between network commitment to collaboration; often actors; substantive engagement and highest political/managerial risks empowerment; search for high degree of stakeholder and inter-actor consensus and cooperation; coalition building by government and non-government actors Medium-high level: strong normative Strong engagement of stakeholders in decisions or orientation; high level of policy process and implementation; devolving political/managerial risk decision-making capacities to clients; more complex innovations in policy-delivery processes Medium-level: commitment to Formal commitment to inter-agency consultation multiparty input and buy-in; and collaboration; joined government strategies; moderate levels of formal joint involvement exercises and joint political/managerial risk funding initiatives Medium-low level: operational forms Forms of co-production: technical improvements of collaboration to ‘get job done’; in delivery chains; assistance to comply with some political/managerial risk obligations; direct consultation with clients over delivery and compliance systems; systematic use of evaluation data; public reporting on targets informed by client preferences Lowest level: marginal operational Incremental adjustments using consultative adjustments, low levels of processes; client discussions and feedback political/managerial risk mechanisms; gaining information on needs/expectations of others Source: Wanna, 2008:4 From the table it can be seen that the intensity of collaboration is shown by the scale from the lowest (lowest level) to the highest (highest level). The lowest scale has low political and managerial risk with marginal operationalization, so the activity that occurs is incremental in the form of consultation process, discussion to get input and get information, and among the collaboration is still formulate the idea and hope to reach the picture of the future together. While the highest scale has a high political and managerial risks as well until it leads to a normative commitment, so that the activities carried out already lead to the interaction that has been transformative and leads to 48 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 substantive empowerment. The form of activities undertaken has already formed a coalition between government and non-government actors based on the principles of cooperation and consensus. The concept proposed by Wanna is further clarified by Shergold (2008: 13-22) that collaborative governance is a transformative process. The process of transformation ranging from a command relationship to a relationship that is characterized by collaborative. More can be seen in the following table: Tabel 2. The transformation of process Command The process of centralized control - with clear lines of hierarchical authority. Coordination The process of collective decision making – imposed on participating institutions. Cooperation The process of sharing ideas and resources – for mutual benefit Collaboration The process of shared creation – brokered between autonomous institutions Source: Shergold, 2008:20 From the table it can be seen that initially the collaboration between the government and other stakeholders is command, which at this stage is still a hierarchy and a strong control of the government, stakeholders are not involved in decision making. In the next stage is coordination, where between the government and other stakeholders have occurred collective decision-making process. Then from a collective relationship it increases into a cooperative relationship, where in this cooperative relationship there has been sharing (sharing) ideas and resources to obtain mutual benefits. And finally in the final stage of the relationship is collaborative, in this final stage there has been a relationship until the stage of sharing creation (realized creation) is embodied in the form of institutions that are permanent and autonomous. 3. Netwok Governance The network has been widely recognized both by academia and practitioners as an important form of multiorganizational governance. The advantages of networking involve considerable public, private and community sector coordination, including increased learning, more efficient use of resources, increased capacity to plan and deal with 49 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 complex issues, greater competitiveness, and better service for clients and customers ( Provan, 2007: 229). With networking functions, we can refer to a process by which networks can lead to increased results. Understanding networking functions is very important because it can only be better understood why networks get certain results, regardless of whether the network comes from a bottom-up or product process of strategic decisions made by network participants or government officials. The network focuses on groups of three or more autonomous organizations legally working together to achieve not only their own goals but also collective goals. These networks can be done by members of their own network, or may be mandated or contracted, as is often the case in the public sector. When defined in this way, as multilateral collectivity, networks can be very complex entities that require explanations that go beyond the dialectical approaches that have traditionally been discussed in organizational theory and strategic management literature. The emphasis on this notion is that networks are activities that are "directed toward the goal," as opposed to "accidental". Although directed at networking objectives are less frequent, they have become very important as formal mechanisms to lead to multi-organizational outcomes, especially in the public and nonprofit sectors where collective action is often necessary to solve problems (Agranoff & McGuire 2003; Imperial 2005). The main characteristics of the network in the context of governance according to Martinez (2011: 5-6) include: 1) The dependence of actors, instantiate the broader governance of governement, governance involves nonstate actors that change the boundaries of the state which also means the change of boundaries between the public, private and public sectors. The actors in the Governance Network are interdependent on their resources and capacities, but can operate independently. The interdependence of actors does not mean that power is equally among actors, 2) The necessity of exchanging organizational resources is the principal motor of interaction between actors. Networks created by organizations that want and need to exchange resources (eg money, information and expertise) to achieve their goals and to avoid being dependent on other actors 3) Interactions between actors participating in the network often take the form of negotiating common goals and explained the rules of the game such as interaction based on trust and governed by the rules of negotiation agreed by the perpetrators of the network. Bargaining process in the form of deliberations to learn to facilitate together, mutual understanding and trust, 4) Networking on Governance has a wide degree of autonomy and is not accountable directly to the state because they organize themselves and manage themselves. This means that networks can make their own decisions based on their own rules. Political institutions within the scope of the network structure define the purpose of networking, providing the legal and financial framework, but they can not rule over each other. Although the role of the state is not strong in the network but can direct the network indirectly, 5) The network of Governance contributes to the production of the public interest, among others, set the vision, values, plans, policies, rules and actions, 6) Relative framework institutionalized by the network Governance is an institutional interaction of actors and built with interaction patterns that guide future network interactions, and 7) The diversity of actors is one of the core networks of Governance. Actors, whether government or private, are very dependent on existing interests, there are times when not all network actors have the same interests. 50 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Networking in the context of governance is, of course, a further process of participation that has grown among the three pillars of governance. Participation that has reached the power of citizen will lead to the establishment of a strong network. Networking in tourism management emphasizes more on the relationship between government, private and community based on interdependence. At this stage of networking among actors still consider tourism management as a common affair, not yet to the distribution of power. To build a network there must be an initiative effort from one of the stakeholders that has a very strong interest. Initiatives arise can be in the form of tasks that have been charged or also because it is rationally the stakeholders are not able to do the work independently. Once there is an initiative and mutually agreed upon, there needs to be a continuous process to maintain the continuity of the network in order to be upgraded into a partnership that has a long period of time and in the form of established cooperation. Result and Analysis The results of this study concerning the involvement of stakeholders in collaboration, especially in establishing networks among them consisting of local governments in this case is the Department of Culture and Tourism, the private sector and community groups. The form of the network can be either local or national or international program or event which all emphasize on the recovery of tourism image in Sleman regency. 1. Initiation In Networking Although the existing tourism affairs in Sleman District implemented by the Department of Culture and Tourism but in initiating networking is not only done by Disbudpar itself, involvement of private and community colleges in conveying ideas or ideas for networking is quite prominent. For activities that are local, initiation for networking begins by Dinas Budapar with reference to RPJMD and Renstra SKPD. Given that the activities in order to restore tourism in the slopes of Merapi has not been included in the RPJMD and SKPD Renstra then through the Decree of the Regent established a Rehabilitation and Reconstruction team to restore post-eruption of Merapi which in its implementation involves the Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD) Sleman. In the local government itself the network is done between SKPD, Disbudpar as SKPD which serves to organize tourism affairs to network with other SKPD to manage disaster-tourism. SKPD is the most intensive networking is BPBD because in accordance with the main tasks and functions of BPBD is doing post disaster recovery. In addition to the local government's own organs, networking is also done with the private sector through the Association of Indonesian Travel Company (Asita) Chapter Yogyakarta. In accordance with the statement of Edwin Ismedi Himna as chairman of Asita following: We from Asita and the provincial government of DIY are still studying the proposal about "volcano tour" or lava tour. Currently we are still coordinating with the district government of Sleman and surrounding areas to be able to sell tour packages that are the demand of many of these parties. Tour package that will later be part 51 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 of the tour package "Go Jogja" which aims as a process of recovery of Yogyakarta's tourism image after the eruption of Mount Merapi some time ago that had made tourism in Yogyakarta and its surrounding slumped. We are reviewing the place for a safe volcano tour to be one of the new destinations, what will be in Pakem, Kaliadem, or Cangkringan, that we are still looking for. The most important thing, the implementation of the tour package must wait for the status of Mount Merapi maintained at a safe level for the safety of tourism. Perhaps the description of the form of the tour, a kind of soft tracking about 4-5 kilometers in the areas around Mount Merapi which passed by the flow of the former eruption. Asita initial statement from this it was already followed up with various travel packages on the volcano tour Merapi. One of the travel agents who have offered this package is the party of Java Mandiri Tour. Meanwhile, Secretary General of Tourism Destination Development Ministry of Culture and Tourism Winarno Sudjas stated: Welcomes the proposal and is ready to train local tour guides from Karang Taruna in Yogyakarta area to be trained and educated as a vulcano tour guide. According to him, the discourse is very potential to become a new attraction to bring in special interest tourists as well as a pioneering effort to restore Yogyakarta tourism post-eruption of Merapi. With the development of this tour, the souvenir kiosks, lodging and tourist support facilities will start to stretch so that the real sector in Yogyakarta will soon recover. To start the plan there must be commitment from all sectors including tourism actors around Merapi. After all the new ready we will go in and prepare the training. Initiation to network is based on the need for immediate recovery of tourism after the eruption of Merapi. To respond to this Disbudpar and BPBD Sleman took the initiative to conduct a meeting to discuss about how to create an image for tourism in Sleman District still continues despite the disaster erupsi. From the initial meeting and followed up with the next meeting then it can be formulated a big event titled "Sleman Bangkit". In the event Sleman Bangkit is displayed various attractions and exhibitions associated with tourism potential in Sleman district in particular and DIY in general. By relying on the support of various parties in the form of concerns spontaneously then Disbudpar trying to package various events or tourism programs involving various components of society in the form of networking. From the statement of activities (terms of reference) that have been successfully formulated and become a common reference, it can be seen that the main spirit is to network as much as possible for the success of the event. This is because the budget of the official itself is still limited. 1. Network Implementation Activities that show the real occurrence of network involving various stakeholders in the local level in the form of a movement called "Sleman Bangkit". This program is organized in order to boost return tourist visit in Sleman which had decreased as the impact of eruption of Mount Merapi. Program initiated by the Department of Culture and Tourism is packed with displays of some tourist attractions and typical culture in Sleman District. Thus expressed Head of Cultural Heritage and Value of Disbudpar Tradition Sleman Aji Wulantoro, SH as follows: 52 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 The Implementation of Sleman Bangkit 2011 program which contains cultural and tourism offerings will be centralized in Kaliurang Tlogoputri. Technically Disbudpar party in cooperation with community leaders in the Kaliurang region who are members of Team Sembilan Kaliurang supported by the actors of tourism in DIY. Sleman Bangkit 2011 program was held in Tlogo Putri Kaliurang and opened by Sleman Regent Drs. Sri Purnomo, M.Si followed by a procession of cultural carnival and Merapi People's Merry. It will also be performed by wayang kulit puppet show from Flores, East Nusa Tenggara. In the evening starting at 20.00 pm will be staged Pagerbumi Pakeliran by puppeteer Ki Bayu Sugati with Pendowo Pagerbumi play. Merapi photo eruption exhibition will also be held at Merapi Volcano Museum. Also scheduled Tosan Aji Exhibition. Right on the night will be held campursari parade in the middle of the Doa Bersama and Gebyar Kembangapi. The day was staged Jathilan Dayakan in Tlogo Putri and at the same time staged elektone in the parking lot of Mount Merapi Museum. In Tlogo Putri staged Dangdut Parade. Meanwhile, Head of Marketing Tourism Disbudpar Sleman Dra. Shavitri Nurmala Dewi, MA revealed that the implementation of Sleman Bangkit 2011 is intended as an attempt to normalize the attractions especially the slopes of Merapi. It is expected that with the implementation of cultural events, tourism, sports and so on in the slopes of Merapi will excite again the tourism and wheels of the economy, especially in the area of tourism. Shavitri invites the vast community and local, foreign and regional tourists to travel to Sleman. Similarly it invites various cultural communities, tourism and sports, and so forth to participate actively with the implementation of various events in an attempt to normalize the attractions of Sleman which in reality is a tourism icon that needs to be maintained DIY. (http://www.griyawisata.com/ national / java-island / article / pemkab-kick-program-sleman-rise2011). Sleman Bangkit program is started with mass gymnastic sports in Kaliurang involving thousands of people. The event was held on January 30, 2011. They represent 82 tourism institutions in DIY, such as PHRI, ASITA, HPI, colleges and tourism academies, tourism training institutions, and various elements involved in the world of tourism. "This gymnastics event will awaken a sense of handarbeni (have) and a high sense of love for Sleman as a place of sightseeing.Gereman Sleman Bangkit is driven DPC Sleman Tour guide Indonesia (HPI) Sleman.Seram Sleman Bangkit is an activity that is expected to realize the unity of human tourism to support the revival of Sleman after Merapi eruption We hope this moment to be the beginning of the revival of tourism in DIY "as stated by Wasita, Head of Tourism Documentation and Information Section Disbudpar Sleman (Tribun Jogja, Friday, January 28, 2011). The Sleman Bangkit event is shown in the following picture: 53 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Source: Disbudpar Sleman, 2011 Picture 1. Collaboration In Networking, Gymnastics Sleman Rise Other activities such as photo contest held in cooperation with PD Bank Sleman. Competition which is a series of activities in the framework of this Anniversary of Sleman is open to the public. In this photo contest the object is focused on ODTW affected by the eruption of Merapi and as much as possible has a good artistic meaning. Source : Kedaulatan Rakyat, 3 Maret 2011 Picture 2. Leaflet of Photo Contest Activity Prizes contested in this photo contest include Netbook, Camera and savings from PD BPR Bank Sleman with total prize of Rp 27,500,000, - for first winner - V and 1 favorite winner (http://www.slemankab.go.Id/953/lombafoto-sleman-risen.slm). Other activities carried out in the framework of Sleman Bangkit is the exhibition of Tosan 54 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Aji (Keris/Pusaka) which took place since December 25, 2010 - January 2, 2011. The exhibition held at Vogel Kaliurang hotel is expected to attract tourists visit again. A total of 20 tosan aji from various times, such as from the kingdom of Jenggala, Singasari, Majapahit until Mataram on display and exhibited. The prestige of each kris is very diverse, ranging from kerejekian, leadership and luck. In addition to the exhibition event is also provided jamasan services and warangka service. Source: Merdeka.com Figure 3. Photos of Tosan Aji Exhibition Activity Head of Cultural Heritage and Value Tradition Disbudpar Sleman Aji Wulantoro said that "exhibition tosan aji is intended to provide education and introduction to the community to understand how to treat tosan aji. The hope that our society can be more familiar and loving our cultural heritage is great. The history and function of tosan aji must also be understood thoroughly, considering that today there are still many societies judged as something to be saved. If we can understand correctly tosan aji then we will certainly maintain the object to be durable with jamasan technique (http://jogjatrip.com/en/news/detail/ 1410/Support-Sleman-Rise-Exhibition-Tosan-Aji-Held). In addition to some of these events to restore the image of tourism in Sleman Regency also held traditional arts performances regularly on every Sunday, the art presented is the potential art that has been in Sleman khsusnya and Yogyakarta in general. Each art group is given a certain amount of time to convey its appearance. Some of the performances include: 55 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Source : Merdeka.com Picture 4. Photos of Traditional Arts Performing Arts An effort to rebuild the image of tourism in Sleman safe, besides Disbudpar itself as an initiator also there are colleges who participated and participated. This is done by UIN Sunan Kalijaga in the form of a national seminar. UIN Sunan Kalijaga is trying to build a network for the return of tourism image after the eruption of Merapi eruption on a national scale. The national seminar organized by UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta entitled "The Role of Media And Recovery of Post-Disaster Tourism Image". This activity was held on December 15, 2010 approximately 2 (two) months ago from the eruption of Merapi. In this activity involving various circles, especially media practitioners and public relations from government agencies both central and local (http://uin-suka.ac.id/page/berita/detail/304/ peranmedia-dan-pemulihan-citra-pariwisata-pascadisaster). Many seminar materials related to the role of media to be more able to give or form an opinion in the community that Yogyakarta in a conducive atmosphere to be a tourist destination. The image that will be built is Yogyakarta safe to visit and there is also thought to lift the theme of disaster in terms of exoticism of Mount Merapi that has been spouting lava and become a unique thing to be a tourist destination. The ideas that were initiated at the seminar in the present have become a reality. This is as stated by the Chairman of the Committee of the following seminars: Initially we initiated to hold a national seminar on the role of the media in the recovery of the image of tourism is based on a simple thought that is how the role of media to be more significant in providing a positive image of Merapi eruption disaster. We are years that after the eruption disaster tourist visit to Yogyakarta is decreasing, it's a matter of image just here is also actually safe. In fact we also have more desire than this seminar in order to generate a thought to "sell" or give a positive image about the exoticism of Merapi eruption. Likewise, philanthropic tours can also be initiated to provide assistance to victims of natural disasters. But at least the image of Yogyakarta is not safe we can tepis. Right after that in 2011 until now we can see for yourself many tourists who are curious about the impact of the eruption so pengin prove themselves like what the greatness of Merapi, even now have a lot of sales package "volcano tour" Merapi (Interview, November 18, 2014). 56 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 In this activity triggered the determination to be more echoed at the international level and of course this can not be held independently. In connection with the agenda of the international conference of the city of volcano then by coordinating with UGM and Central Government it can be agreed to propose that the conference can be held in Yogyakarta. This international activity, although the initiative does not come from Disbudpar Sleman, but the impact of study and visit involves many of Sleman Regency. The volcano conference activity which is the main organizer is the UGM campus located in Sleman Regency. Sleman as host in the "City of Volcano" activity on September 9-13, 2014. As stated by the Head of Geological Agency of the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Dr. Surono after facing the Governor of Yogyakarta Sri Sultan Hamengkubowono X who was accompanied by UGM Rector Pratikno as follows: A total of 48 countries said it was ready to send delegates to the international conference on City on Volcano in Yogyakarta, September 9-13, 2014. The conference of volcano experts will discuss how people can live in harmony in areas that have volcanoes. In Indonesia there are 4 million people living in volcano-prone areas. This year's City of Volcano conference is the eighth. Indonesia deliberately bid itself as host this year after previously making a proposal entitled "Living Harmony with Volcano". Mount Merapi has been originally proffered as the main object. Scientifically, volcanoes became a field of study and research. But the application of science into people's lives around the volcano becomes much more important. This conference bridges science with society. Indonesia is listed as the country with the most volcanoes in the world, which is 127 mountains. Even with its population density. When the eruption of Merapi in 2010, for example, the number of evacuees about 1 million people. Compare with the volcanic eruption in Japan three years ago that there were only 90 refugees. (http://tekno.tempo.co/read/news/ 2014/09/05/ 061604791/do-state-follow-cityon-volcano-in-yogya). The international event on the disaster of this kegunungapian on Tuesday 9 September 2014 was officially opened in Graha Sabha Pramana UGM campus. The activity entitled Cities on Volcanoes 8 (CoV 8) was held until 13 September 2014. This activity is a strategic step to communicate, exchange ideas and formulate various things including the mitigation of volcanic disaster.As on the basis of data collected, there are at least 487 participants comes from 38 countries around the world who participated in activities organized by the Geological Agency - Ministry of ESDM, Local Government of Yogyakarta, Sleman and UGM regency. They are participants from backgrounds of disaster practitioners, volunteers, government, community leaders, and geologists who are members of the International Association of Vulcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior (IAVCEI). Yogyakarta Governor Sri Sultan HB X in his speech reveals that the geographical location of DIY adjacent to Mount Merapi need the thought of the need to live in harmony with nature, especially Mount Merapi. Besides, it is also explained about the glimpse of Merapi eruption that occurred in 2010 ago. Especially explanation of how the people of Yogyakarta can rise up and together to create a pattern of disaster mitigation to minimize the victim in the eruption next period. Merapi eruption in 2010, provides a valuable lesson for the people of Yogyakarta about how to live in harmony with nature. Meanwhile, the Regent of Sleman, Sri Purnomo gave an explanation of how the 57 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 government's efforts in establishing communication with the whole community including elements of volunteer. That's what he thinks is the key to success in disaster mitigation. "This communication is created through cooperation with domestic institutions, especially with the government at the local level and with non-governmental organizations," said Sri Purnomo in his speech. All the networking activities it shows that there has been a collaborative relationship among actors of governance. Because the activity is always a relationship that is sharing ideas or resources available. The sharing of ideas is indicated by the determination of the theme of the seminar and how to implement it, while the sharing of resources concerns the funds and facilities devoted to the success and implementation of all activities that are characterized by networks. This is explicitly stated by the Head of Budpar Sleman Service as follows: Disbudpar is open to receive input from various parties in order to develop the tourism sector in Sleman regency. Disbudpar parties are also ready to provide facilitation in order to build synergies between tourism service business actors. With the hope of management and development of the future tourism can be better. The expansion of network among tourism actors is our asset to further drive tourism in Sleman. Obviously we from the service will not be working alone, especially in this current era should be established a synergistic relationship between the actors of tourism. (Source: http: //www.slemankab.go.id/959/private-shopjasapariwisata-siap-layani-wisatawan.slm) From various events organized both by Disbudpar and universities, the involvement of private parties provides more support in the form of sponsorship activities. Some travel agencies and tourism associations either directly or indirectly provide some funds for tourism promotion activities, it is proposed by Dadang from Java Mandiri Travel who often make tour packages in Yogyakarta, so penuturannya: At every event related to the return of tourism image in Sleman Regency after eruption, we always participate. Some activities that are titled Sleman rise and activities in the form of our seminars also helped him, etungetung also for the promotion of our company. Indeed our contribution is not large but as a form of commitment and we also often organize tour packages in Sleman yes we natively support. Usually we support for the completeness of the seminar. And at the volcano conference held last September, alhamdulillah we can get a lot of tourists especially from abroad and some of them need to get scouting. (Interview, December 15, 2014. 2. Networking Sustainability Some activities based on networking principles are not entirely local government activities, either in initiation or in implementation. However, activities that rely on this network can help make disaster-recovery tourism. After the evaluation of some events then the Disbudpar as SKPD in charge of tourism provides a conclusion that the need for institutionalization or continuous efforts so that the recovery efforts become planned and involving stakeholders permanently. Attempts to network are more spontaneous and have no longer forward range. Stakeholder involved is a manifestation of concern only is not a duty of the stakeholder. Activities in the form of exhibitions, arts, competitions 58 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 and seminars can not be categorized activities that have a wide range of future, but efforts to provide service facilities on volcano tour Merapi could be an alternative sustainability. As stated by the Head of Budpar Office which suggested as a result of the evaluation of the recovery of disaster-tourism image in Sleman District as follows: Some events or events we have held both on our initiative and the community's own components that have the initiative as a form of concern for the slump of tourism after the eruption of Mount Merapi Eruption. From the results of a comprehensive evaluation involving all levels in this office can be drawn the conclusion of the need for continuity of activities that initially only a recovery. Need institutional or cooperation that is longterm, because according to the Geological Agency and apbila we look at, Mount Merapi is always going to erupt. Periodization time is not certain, but lately it's 5 years. If we have prepared early on it will not be confused if there is a disaster, let his tourism is still running so. Well if we now encourage the private sector and the public to engage in volcano tour which is the new ODTW emerged after the eruption of Merapi (Interview, November 15th, 2014). The sustainability of disaster-tourism is focused on the volcano tour of Merapi, where ODTW has established an organization or rather a community group to manage a growing tourist business as a community initiative. From the evaluation submitted by the head of the agency, the community tries to initiate NGO-assisted efforts to create a business that not only strengthens the network but also partnerships that can protect the risk in the event of an accident or disaster. From the exposure can be identified the involvement of each stakeholder in networking as follows: Table 3. Collaboration In The Network No Stakeholders Organization Involvement 1 Government Department of culture and tourism Creating Sleman Bangkit program as a form of recovery after the disaster 2 Privat sector Travel Agency Be a sponsor and help in promotions 3 Society Community groups and universities Organizing seminars and supporting the Sleman Bangkit movement Source: Field Findings 3. Collaboration Patterns In The Network Collaboration that exists among the three stakeholders in the network is concerned with initiation, implementation and sustainability of the network. The role of government in networking more is to provide input or 59 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 sharing ideas and resources to gain mutual benefits. Disbudpar as the main actor in the network shows the limitations in carrying out all its activities must be related to the community, community groups and universities become the main support in this network. Relationship with the private sector in the form of sponsorship of such activities. The pattern of relationships that occur between the three pillars of governance can be described as follows: Source : The Fields findings Figure 5. Collaboration Patterns in the Network From the identification of the involvement of the three stakeholders, it can be explained that the most dominant in network implementation is the private sector. Private parties do promotion and simultaneously implement various image recovery programs that include various types of exhibition activities. Communities are more passive and supportive only as implementation assistance. 4. Transformation of Network Governance The benefits of networking for the public, private and community sectors are enormous, including improvements in learning, more efficient use of resources, capacity building to plan and deal with complex issues (Provan, 2007) through collective action (Agranoff & McGuire, 2003). Collaboration that is established among stakeholders in the network is related to initiation in networking, implementation of networking activities, and sustainability of the network. In accordance with the results of research findings that the activities in networking is based on the need for immediate recovery after the eruption of Merapi. At the initiative of local government by involving various parties, then held event "Sleman Bangkit" as a form of image building that Sleman already in safe condition and worth to be visited by tourists back. Initiation to hold the event 60 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 starts from a common concern over the deterioration of Merapi residents in the face of the impact of eruption. Through various meetings, it was agreed to the need for various activities to be conducted including joint exercises, photo exhibitions, tosan aji, and various performances of traditional Javanese arts attractions, as well as international volcanic conferences (city volcano). In planning the "Sleman Bangkit" activity involves various parties requiring collaboration between government, private and community. Collaboration that exists in the planning activities in the form of exchanging ideas or ideas about the format of the event to be held. In this activity the government as the party responsible for the activities convey the idea which then responded by the private sector and society. The idea presented by the government is to immediately build a good image for tourism in Sleman so that tourism life can be restored as before. In the planning activities it has been agreed that the private sector will become a sponsor and the community will mobilize all activities and performances that are mass. Especially for international conference activities supported by many universities as the drafter. At the international conference activities are set to bring participants from various countries and this is a good opportunity to explain that the volcano is not harmful to tourism. This college-led co-ordination gained full support from the government. The government acts as a facilitator at field visits and simultaneously hosts the ODTWs visited by participants. Implementation of network activities requires resources that are not small, the government is unable to finance all the activities that have been set. Government funds are set as stimulants and assisted larger by sponsors. From the results of research findings indicate that most of the activities "Sleman Bangkit" much financed by the sponsor. Activities that do not require large costs are borne by the government but activities that are permanent and long as the traditional arts stage involves many sponsors. Likewise in the implementation of international conferences many of the participants contributed at the same time including the cost of visits to volcano Merapi tour. The relationship between the government and the private sector resulted in the provision of resources in the form of funds and equipment for the success of the program. While the relationship between the government and the community is more on the mobilization of human resources to support the Sleman Bangkit program. The transformative relationship that has been established between the government and the private sector and the community is cooperative, it can be shown that among the stakeholders has happened to exchange ideas and ideas along with the resources they have respectively. The sustainability of the "Sleman Bangkit" program for tourism stakeholders is a hope that must be realized. By seeing the success of the event stakeholders have a desire to institutionalize the program. There is a thought to create a special agency that is tasked to do the planning and as well as a permanent institution that takes care of various tourist events in the area of volcano tour Merapi. The present condition has been formed by the Management Team but still has limited authority. The Managing Team is only in charge of handling fees related to admission tickets and their use for ODTW maintenance and operations. The "Sleman Bangkit" program, which is network-based, can be done well and requires more structured and 61 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 permanent sustainability. This is because the eruption of Merapi eruption is predicted to always come periodically so it is necessary to consider the existence of permanent institutions that also manage the risks it creates. From the exposure in consultation with the concept that has been put forward in front of the network is done as a recovery effort so that tourism is not too big affected by the disaster is the right choice. As stated by Martinez (2011) that networking in the context of governance involves autonomous non-governmental actors but has a common interest in a program or activity that should be the government's duty. The network built on the "Sleman Bangkit" program embodies dependency among governance actors and the need for organizational resources exchange in the form of funds, human resources and regulations supporting the program. The interaction between the government and the sponsor and the supporters of the event takes the form of negotiation according to common goals and is explained by the rules of the game for the smooth running of the program. The diversity of stakeholders is at the core of the network, they are bound by the same interest that is to contribute to the management of the public interest. The results of the analysis in consultation with the concept of Martinez (2011) resulted in a transformation process that is cooperative. Where the trasformation is the most prominent visible is the occurrence of sharing ideas and resources for the public interest. More can be seen in the following figure: Source: The result of analysis Picture. 6. Network Governance Transformation Conclusion and Recommendation From the exposure can be concluded that the efforts of tourism recovery by using network governance more effective to support tourism in a sustainable manner. The study, which focuses on the "Sleman Bangkit" movement, has resulted in the finding that movement based on networking among stakeholders can support tourism recovery with a cooperative transformation pattern. This cooperative transformation is in accordance with the emergency response phase of disaster management. The recommendations that need to be done from the results of this study include the need for a fundamental change in post-disaster recovery efforts by involving most of the primary stakeholders. Changes concerning 62 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 coordinated management towards cooperation for each stakeholder. This change of role will lead to acceleration in post-disaster tourism management in a sustainable manner. It is also necessary to give the primary stakeholders a role to collaborate with various stakeholders in order to create synergy in the management of tourism after the disaster. References Agranoff, Robert and Michael McGuire, 2003, Collaborative Public Management: New Strategis for Local Government, Washington DC: George Town University Press. Alipour, Habib, Ruchan Kayaman Vaziri and Elena Ligay, 2011, “Governance as Catalyst to Sustainable Tourism Development: Evidence from North Cyprus”, Journal of Sustainable Development, Vol. 4, No. 5. Ansell, Chris and Alison Gash, 2007. “Collaborative Governance in Theory and Practice”, Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 18: 543-571. Imperial, M. T. 2005. “Using collaboration as a governance strategy”. Administration & Society, 37(3): p.281-320. Kim, Tae Byung, 2010, “Collaborative Governance for Sustainable Development in Urban Planning in South Korea”, Ph.D. Thesis, Centre for Urban and Regional Studies, Birmingham Business School, The University of Birmingham. Kjaer, A.M., 2004, Governance, Cambridge: Polity Press. Lasker et al., 2001, “Partnership Synergy: A Practical Framework for Studying and Strengthening the Collaborative Advantage”, The Milbank Quarterly, 79(2): 179-205. Martinez, Laia, 2011, “Governance Network as collaborative platforms for inovation in public sectors”, Paper for Ph.D course about Network Governance Theories, Methods and Practices, RUC October. Nuryanti, Wiendu and Hwang W.G, 2002, Private and Public Sector Partnership in Tourism Development, Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press. Provan, Keith G, and Patrick Kenis, 2007. “Modes of Network Governance, Structure, Management and Effectiveness”, Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 18:229-252. Rhodes, R.A.W, 1996, “The New Governance: Governing without Government”, Political Studies, XLIV: 652-667. Shergold, Peter, 2008, “Governing through collaboration”, in Jenine O’Flynn and John Wanna, Collaborative Governance, A new era of public policy in Australia ?, Canberra: Australia National University E-Press. Wanna, John, 2008, “Collaborative government: meanings, dimensions, drivers and outcomes”, Janine O’Flynn and John Wanna, Collaboratif Governance, A new era of public policy in Australia, Canberra: ANU E-Press. 63 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 A STRATEGY FOR DEEPINING DEMOCRACY ? CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE EXISTENCE INDONESIAN SOLIDARITY PARTY AS THE FORM OF THE POPULIST MILLENISL GENERATION POLITICAL PARTY 1 Nuruddin Al Akbar 2 Listiana Asworo 1 2 Gadjah Mada University ; nuruddin.alakbar@gmail.com Muhammadiyah University of Malang ; listianaasworo06@gmail.com Abstract This study is about to conduct a critical reading on the development of democratization in Indonesia in the digital age. The Indonesian Solidarity Party is one of the parties who are aware and strives to respond to the 'digitalization of society' by building their party in a "friendly" way to the latest developments at the society level. The party is trying to position itself as a corrective effort against the old political party form which is considered elitist and not populist. Thus, it offers populist ideas to capture this 'digital' mass. Like the classical idea of populism which emphasizes the importance of making new connections that are not mediated with the people, the Indonesian Solidarity Party takes this spirit by using social media as a way of getting closer to the people. The virtual space becomes the arena between party and society in building more intense and dialogical communication, whereby parties can convey their various vision missions including introducing their members to the public, on the other hand the society can quickly respond to the "call for dialogue" from the party through the medium of virtual space social media allows two-way communication. If it is linked with the idea of deepening democracy, then the Solidarity Party populism project is expected to be a breakthrough to minimize the bad image of political parties in the eyes of the society. Keywords: Populism, Indonesian Solidarity Party, Digital Society, Deepening Democracy Exordium: Memahami PSI sebagi Terobosan dalam Upaya Meningkatkan Mutu Demokrasi di Indonesia Artikel ini memiliki misi untuk menunjukkan bahwasanya eksistensi PSI sebagai sebuah partai politik baru dapat dipandang sebagai sebuah strategi baru untuk mendorong deepening demokrasi di Indonesia. Pertanyaannya bagaimana bisa keberadaan sebuah partai baru ini bisa mendorong perbaikan kondisi demokrasi di Indoensia? Bukankah banyak partai-partai baru yang juga muncul selain PSI? Apa keistimewaan partai ini sehingga ilmuwan politik harus menaruh perhatian yang lebih padanya? Untuk memahami duduk perkaranya, kita harus beranjak untuk mencermati kondisi demokratisasi Indonesia saat ini. Dapat dikatakan pasca tumbangnya Orde Baru, instalasi institusi demokrasi berlangsung beitu masif di bumi Indonesia. Partai politik yang sebelumnya dibatasi kini muncul bak cendawan di musim penghujan. Begitu pula dengan penyelenggaraan pemilu, kini dapat dilaksankan secara reguler tanpa bayang-bayang intervensi negara sebagaimana dahulu. Bahkan dalam hal penyelenggaraan pemilu ini, kini telah meluas hingga menjangkau tingkat lokal. Kebebasan sipil dan politik yang sebelumnya dipasung di masa Orde Baru juga relatif lebih bebas di era Reformasi. 64 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Pers tidak lagi ketakutan akan dibredel, penyuaraan pendapat di berbagai forum publik juga lebih bebas. Kira-kira runtuhnya Orde Baru ditandai dengan optimisme akan tumbuh dan berkembangnya demokrasi secara mulus. Di kalangan akademisi sendiri muncul kelompok yang memegang asumsi “super” optimis (disebut juga kalangan liberal), dimana bagi mereka demokratisasi yang terjadi di Indoensia sudah on the right track. Dalam tempo yang singkat proses ini akan semakin mengakar di masyarakat sehingga demokrasi akan menjadi negara demokrasi yang kuat dalam waktu tidak terlelu lama. Memang kalangan ini menyadari adanya problem yang muncul pada proses transformasi tersebut, tetapi bagi mereka problem ini tidaklah terlalu penting untuk dikhawatirkan sebab negara lain yang mengalami proses demokratisasi awal seperti Amerika Utara dan Eropa juga mengalami hal tersebut bahkan lebih parah15. Transformasi menuju negara demokrasi yang kokoh tersebut dalam benak pada akademisi liberal tersebut setidaknya menempuh tiga fase yang saling berkaitan yakni: 1.) fase transasi, 2.) fase depeening, dan 3.) fase konsolidasi demokrasi. Fase transisi sendiri ditandai dari upaya membangun demokrasi dari nol pasca runtuhnya sietem otoriter. Fase ini ditandai dengan instalasi institusi demokrasi dalam negara tersebut. Fase transisi ini nantinya akan dilanjutkan dengan fase deepening democracy (pendalaman/pengakaran) demokrasi. Fase pendalaman ini menjadi sangat penting sebab jika demokrasi tidak memiliki “akar” yang kuat di masyarakat maka demokrasi yang hadir adalah demokrasi yang “rapuh”16. Ketika fase pendalaman berhasil maka akan masuk ke fase konsolidasi demokrasi. Konsolidasi disini dimaknai bahwa demokrasi telah menjadi the only game in the town17. Fase pendalaman sendiri ditandai dengan transfromasi di sejumlah bidang. Sebut saja peningkatan integritas dalam penyelenggaraan pemilu18 dan perubahan dari sistem pemilihan umum tidak langsung ke sistem langsung19. Ambil contoh perubahan sistem pemilihan ini dimana di Indonesia juga menjangkau hingga tingkat lokal –yang lebih dikenal dengan itulah Pilkadal (pemilihan kepala daerah langsung)-. Dibayangkan dengan penyelengagraan Pilkadal semacam itu akan mendorong pendidikan politik bagi masyarakat bahwa kontestasi, menang kalah adalah hal bisa 20. Selain juga akan semakin mengasah kapabilitas masyarakat lokal dalam menyelenggarakan pemerintahan mereka sendiri tidak tergantung elit pusat21. Bagi kalangan liberal kira-kira proses ini akan berjalan mulus dimana transisi ini akan segera berlanjut ke arah pendalaman dan akhirnya demokrasi akan menjadi the only game in the town. Ketika itu terjadi maka Indonesia sudah memasuki fase baru sebagai negara demokrasi yang kokoh. Menariknya sebagian kalangan liberal berani menyatakan bahwa Indonesia sudah memasuki fase konsolidasi22, dengan kata lain proyek demokratisasi di Indonesia sudah sukes. Pertanyaannya apakah realitas mengafimasi pandangan yang “super” optimis tersebut? Apakah demokrasi sukses beroperasi di negara Indonesia? Faktanya meskipun instalasi berbagai institusi demokrasi memang berhasil diaplikasikan di Indonesia tidak serta merta menjadikan Indoensia negara demokratis. Bahkan jika merujuk pada hipotesis kaum liberal bahwa ketika demokrasi telah menjadi the only game in the town itu artinya perjuangan mendemokratisasikan Indoenesia sudah sukses ternyata didustakan oleh realitas. 15 Olle Tornquist et.al. 2017. Penyebab Kemandekan dan Jalan Menuju Demokratisasi 2.0 Dalam Prisma Volume 36,hlm. 6 Azyumardi Azra. 2005. Dari Harvard hingga Makkah. Jakarta: Republika,hlm. 79 17 Ibid 18 Komisi Global untuk Pemilihan Umum, Demokrasi dan Keamanan. 2012. Pendalaman Demokrasi: Strategi untuk Meningkatkan Integritas Pemilihan Umum di Seluruh Dunia. Stockholm: International IDEA & Kofi Annan Foundation,hlm. 17 19 Cornelis Lay. 2007. Pilkada Langsung dan Pendalaman Demokrasi. Dalam Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Volume 11 nomer 1,hlm. 65-66 20 Ibid 21 Ibid,hlm.66 22 R. William Liddle & Saiful Mujani. 2013. Indonesian Democracy: From Transition to Consolidation. Dalam Mirjam Künkler, Alfred Stepan (ed). Democracy and Islam in Indonesia. New York: Columbia University Press,hlm. 49 16 65 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Ambil contoh temuan terkini yang dipaparkan oleh Olle Tornquist dalam sebuah artikelnya. Dari kajian empirik yang dilakukan Olle beserta rekannya –termasuk dari pihak UGM- menunjukkan bahwa sejumlah asumsi liberal itu sudah berjalan di Indonesia bahkan hingga pada penerimaan demokrasi sebagai “satu-satunya aturan main” tersebut23. Akan tetapi nyatanya mutu atau kualitas demokrasi di Indonesia tidak membaik juga. Bagi Olle temuan empiris justru menunjukkan pelambatan bahkan kemandekan dalam proses demokratisasi ini24. Dimana pada kenyatannya Indonesia tidak terbebas dari kuasa oligarki, elit partai, dan para pemegang modal bukan rakyat 25. Walaupun memang perlu digarisbawahi bahwa kuasa oligarki tersebut tidak berarti tanpa lawan, hanya saja mereka memang masih tetap dominan, jauh daripada prediksi kaum “super” optimis tersebut26. Melihat kenyataan diatas maka dapat disimpulkan terjadi keterputusan antara rakyat dan negara. Negara dijalankan dengan logika oligarki –walaupun dengan wadah yang nampak demokratis- sementara rakyat yang sejatinya menjadi pemagang kekuasaan hakiki dalam konsepsi demokrasi justru tidak mendapat tempat. Rakyat hanya digunakan sebagai “lumbung suara” bagi para elit tersebut untuk melegitimasi kedudukan mereka. Faktanya para politisi tersebut mengandalkan uang untuk “membeli” suara rakyat. Jelas logika ini mengisyaratkan bahwa bukan rakyat tapi elit tersebut yang menentukan jalannya pemerintahan di Indoensia. Sebuah spirit yang bertentangan dengan ide dasar demokrasi. Maka benar pendapat Olle Tornquist yang menyatakan bahwa saat ini demokratisasi Indonesia mengalami kemandegan, bukannya deepening atau bahkan konsolidasi demokrasi sebagaimana dibayangkan oleh kaum liberal. Sangat disayangkan banyak akademisi/ ilmuan politik yang dalam menganalisa cuma sampai di tahap ini saja –dimana da keterputusan negara dan rakyat- sehingga justru melahirkan pesimisme yang luar biasa. Sangat wajar jika mereka pesimis karena dengan melihat situasi di tingkat negara yang tidak ideal dan celakanya ditopang oleh kuasa yang kuat sehingga sulit untuk dirubah. Sehingga apa yang sering dilakukan akademisi semacam ini cuma mencaci maki keadaan, mencaci para elit yang berkuasa, tapi tanpa menawarkan terobosan-terobosan yang transformatif. Sadar atau tidak pesimisme semacam ini justru melanggengkan status quo karena rakyat yang membaca karya akademisi/ilmuwan semacam ini bisa jadi juga tertular pesimisme serupa karena merasa tidak ada harapan perubahan. Sejatinya jika sejumlah akademisi tersebut melepaskan cara pandang yang pesimistis tersebut mereka bisa menemukan potensi perubahan pada banyak hal. Salah satu potensi perubahan itu sejatinya terjadi di tingkat masyarakat dengan terjadinya revolusi informasi yang kini melanda dunia termausk pula Indonesia. Revolusi informasi inilah yang pada akhirnya mentransformasi masyarakat sedemikian rupa akibat digitalisasi yang terjadi secara masif. Istilah “generasi milenial”, “zaman now”, “generasi Z” kini seringkali muncul dalam berbagai forum diskusi, pemberitaan media, bahkan obrolan sehari-hari. Istilah tersebut sebenarnya merupakan cermina perubahan radikal yang terjadi di masyarakat saat ini. Apa makna “zaman now” atau “generasi milenial” dan apa pengaruhnya bagi demokratisasi di Indonesia? “zaman now” ialah zaman yang ditandai dengan pengaruh yang kuat dari teknologi canggih, tekhusus media sosial, 23 Olle Tornquist et.al. 2017. Penyebab Kemandekan dan Jalan Menuju Demokratisasi 2.0 Dalam Prisma Volume 36,hlm. 9. Perlu digarisbawahi disini bahwa Purwo Santoso memberikan catatan dimana perlu dibedakan antara demokratisasi dalam arti yang tebal atau tipis. Tipis merujuk pada suatu entitas yang nampaknya berubah bentuk namun sejatinya tidak merubah esensi, sedangkan Tebal merujuk pada esnesi yang berubah tidak hanya bentuk (luar) yang berubah. Menurut Purwo yang terjadi di Indonesia ketika dinyatakan bahwa demokrasi telah menjadi the only game in the town sebenarnya merujuk pada arti tipis bukan tebal. Lihat selengkapnya di: Purwo santoso. No date. Menolak Stagnasi Demokratisasi: Otonomi Daerah Sebagai Aktualisasi,hlm. 4-7 24 Olle Tornquist et.al. 2017. Penyebab Kemandekan dan Jalan Menuju Demokratisasi 2.0 Dalam Prisma Volume 36,hlm. 10 25 Ibid; Lihat pula: Muhammad Aqil Irham. 2016. Demokrasi Muka Dua: Membaca Ulang Pilkada di Indonesia. Jkarta: KPG,hlm.19-22 26 Lihat penjelasan lebih lanjut mengenai dialektika kuasa oligarkis dengan kalangan civil society di: Eric Hiariej. 2017. Stagnated Democracy: The Rise Of Formal Democracy In The Wake Of Oligachy Rules And Weak Pro Democracy Movements. Dalam Eric Hiariej & Kristian Stokke (ed). Politics of Citizenship in Indonesia. Jakarta: YOI bekerjasama dengan Polgov Ugm dan university of Oslo,hlm. 102 66 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 internet, dan komputer. Teknologi canggih tersebut mempengaruhi perilaku masyarakat terkhusus kaum mudanya secara khusus yang seirngkali dijuluki sebagai “generasi milenial”. Mereka itulah generasi yang paling “terpapar” pengaruh teknologi canggih ini dan akhirnya memunculkan sifat-sifat khas yang tidak didapatkan dari generasi sebelumnya27. Paling tidak ada 4 sifat yang hadir dalam “generasi milenial” ini yakni: 1.) kebebasan28. 2.) kesetaraan29, 3.) inovasi30, 4.) kolaborasi31. Pertama, kebebasan. Generasi milenial dimungkinkan untuk lebih bebas dengan bantuan medium teknologi. Sebagaimana diketahui bersama misal dengan bantuan Google, generasi milenial dapat mencari sendiri informasi yang ingin diketahuinya tanpa memutuhkan otoritas dari pihak lain di sekelilingnya –yang kadang kali juga membatasi informasi yang ingin diketahuinya-. Spirit kebebasan, anti terhadap batas-batas menjadi ciri yang khas generasi ini akibat pengaruh interaksinya dengan teknologi canggih. Kedua, kesetaraan. Dapat dikatakan internet menjadi intisari dari teknologi canggih tersebut. Segala perangkat media sosial yang menjadi ciri zaman ini misalnya merupakan produk yang berbasikan koneksi internet. Perlu dipahami bahwa internet membangun mode komunikasi berbasis jaringan. Dengan kata lain masing masing komputer –atau perangkat lain- dihubungkan dengan mode jaringan. Mode jaringan ini sangat khas karena sifatnya yang cair bukan lagi hierarkis atau top down. Spirit cair (atau kesetaraan) bukannya hierarkis inilah yang juga mempengaruhi cara berfikir generasi milenial. Ketiga, inovasi. Internet menawarkan begitu banyak informasi kepada para penggunanya. Dengan informasi tersebut mereka dapat menggunakannya untuk merancang berbagai inovasi entah untuk kepentingan dirinya sendiri atau kepentingan lain. Dari inovasi inilah muncul hal-hal baru yang sebelumnya tidak pernah terfikirkan. Inovasi tentunya berkebalikan dengan status quo atau konsrvativme yang merasa nyaman dengan keadaan sekarang. Memang generasi milenial akan cenderung mencoba hal yang baru, tidak suka dengan status quo yang dianggap menghambat inovasi. Maka tidak salah jika menyebut spirit progresif melekat pada jiwa generasi ini. Keempat, kolaborasi. Poin penting dari internet dan media sosial adalah interaksi dua arah. Interaksi ini tidak bisa dielakkan bahkan ketika pengguna tersebut menggunakan perangkat media sosial atau internet sedang menggunakannya untuk tujuan hiburan semata. Bukankah game online kontemporer pasti membuka interkasi antar pengguna online-nya misal untuk membentuk team? spirit interaksi inilah yang juga mempengaruhi generasi milenial ini sehingga tingkat kolaborasi mereka sejatinya sangat tinggi. Empat spirit generasi now/milenial diatas –kebebasan, kesetaraan, inovasi, dan kolaborasi- sejatinya memiliki spirit politis yang sangat kuat, terkhusus jika dikaitkan dengan ide populisme. Populisme sendiri dicirikan dengan dua karakteristik: 1.) anti elit/sistem yang bekerja (anti establishment)32. 27 Ryan Jenkins. 2017. The Complete Story of the Millennial Generation. Diakses di https://www.inc.com/ryan-jenkins/thecomplete-story-of-the-millennial-generation.html 28 Mara Brecht & Reid B Locklin. 2016. Introduction. Dalam Mara Brecht & Reid B Locklin (ed). Comparative Theology in the Millennial Classroom: Hybrid Identities, Negotiated Boundaries. New York: Routledge,hlm. 8-9; Morley Winograd & Michael D. Hais. 2009. Millennial Makeover: MySpace, YouTube, and the Future of American Politics. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press,hlm., 99 29 Morley Winograd & Michael D. Hais. 2011. Millennial Momentum: How a New Generation Is Remaking America. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press,hlm. 31; Ange Marie Hancock. 2011. Solidarity Politics for Millennials: A Guide to Ending the Oppression Olympics. New York: Palgreve Macmillan,hlm. 102 30 Piero Formica. 2013. Stories of Innovation for the Millennial Generation: The Lynceus Long View. New York: Palgrave Macmillan,hlm. 4 31 Renee Guarriello Heath & Matthew G. Isbell. 2017. Interorganizational Collaboration: Complexity, Ethics, and Communication. Illinois: Waveland Press, Inc. ,hlm. 10 32 Luigi Curini. 2018. Corruption, Ideology, and Populism: The Rise of Valence Political Campaigning. Cham: PalgraveMacmillan,hlm. 162; Wayne Steger. 2017. Populist Challenges and the 2016 Presidential Nominations. Dalam Amnon Cavari, Richard J. Powell & Kenneth R. Mayer (ed). The 2016 Presidential Election: The Causes and Consequences of a Political Earthquake. Lanham: Lexington,hlm. 24 67 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Termasuk bagian tidak terpisahkan dari sentimen anti elit ini ialah anti partai. Karena baik elit, sistem/tatanan, dan parpol yang ada tidak merepresentasikan kehendak rakyat. Sehingga dalam pandangan populisme elit, partai, dan tatanan yang ada saat ini harus dirombak33. Khusus mengenai partai, eksistensinya dianggap justru kontraproduktif untuk menghbungkan rakyat dan pemimpinnya secara langsung34. Sehingga bagi populisme segala bentuk sekat (partai juga dianggap sekat) harus disingkirkan. Alasannya partai justru tidak menyampaikan kehendak rakyat tetapi kehendaknya sendiri35. 2.) democratic reform36. Dikarenakan elit, partai, dan tatanan yang ada dirasa tidak ideal populisme berupaya merubah keadaan tidak ideal ini menjadi lebih demokratis. Artinya segala bentuk tatanan lama termasuk partai menjadi target untuk dihapus dan kemudian dibentuk tatanan baru yang lebih merakyat. Sangat jelas kebebasan, kesetaraan, inovasi (progresivitas) dan kolaborasi adalah spirit anti elit. Eksistensi elit dan tatanan lama yang korup jelas menghalangi kebebasan yang hakiki, anti kesetaraan karena sifatnya justru sangat mengagungkan hierarkis, anti inovasi karena kekuasan mereka tidak boleh dirubah, dan juga anti kolaborasi karena suara rakyat tidak dianggap. Kebijakan adalah ranah elit semata rakyat tidak boleh mengkritisi, memberi masukan atau turut membentuk dan mengawal sebuah kebijakan. Singkatnya spirit “zaman now” sangat bertendensi politis dan populis. Maka sangat keliru jika ada yang menyatakan generasi zaman now justru apolitis, hanya dengan alasan misalnya mereka “meninggalkan dunia politik”. Jika yang dimaksud apolitis adalah memilih golput misalnya maka sejatinya sikap semacam itu tidak bisa dinilai sebagai sikap apolitis. Perlu diingat bahwa ada banyak sebab mengapa seorang memilih golput. Eep Saefulah Fatah misalnya menggolongkan Golput menjadi beberapa tipe, salah satunya adalah tipe golput politis. Golongan ini merasa kandidat yang melaju dalam pemilihan tidaklah sesuai yang mereka harapkan –tidak progresif misalnya- atau tidak percaya pemilu/pemilukada akan membawa perubahan yang berarti bagi mereka37. Senada dengan Fatah, Arbi Sanit juga menyatakan bahwa golput adalah mereka yang sadar dan tidak puas dengan aturan sekarang, karena bagi mereka aturan main dimokrasi sudah diinjak-injak partai. Terlebih lagi institusi partai sama sekali tidak merepresentasikan kehendak rakyat 38. Dari penjelasan dua tokoh diatas sangat jelas bahwa golput justru merupakan tindakan politis bukannya apolitis. Sebagai bukti tambahan untuk menguatkan bahwa generasi milenial tidkalah apolitis dapat kita saksikan dari ketertarikan mereka untuk memberikan komentar, pendapat, dan kritik terhadap bebrgaai fenomena politik yang terjadi. Media mainstream sendiri paham kecenderungan ini sehingga mereka seringkali memberikan ruang khusus dalam pemberitaan mereka untuk mengungkap “apa kata netizen” –julukan yang seringkali melekat pada generasi zaman now karena mereka menggunakan media sosial untuk berkomentar-. “apa kata netizen” sejatinya adalah cermin bahwa generasi zaman now sangat melek politik dan punya keinginan berkontribusi terhadapnya. Tidak hanya melak politik, generasi zaman now juga punya potensi besar untuk merancang inovasi dan kolaborasi untuk memperjuangkan kepentingan politis tertentu. Ambil contoh heboh kasus Prita versus Rumah Sakit Omni. Prita yang merasa pelayanan rumah sakit kurang memuaskan menuliskan pengalamannya dalam surat elektronik. Ternyata tulisannya tersebut memebuat marah RS dan mengadukannya ke pengadilan. Malangnya pengadilan memenangkan pihak Omni dan meminta Prita membayar uang sekitar 200 juta. Prita yang terzalimi saat 33 Eric Belanger. 2017. Political Trust and Voting Behavior. Dalam Sonja Zmerli & Tom W.G. van der Meer (ed). Handbook on Political Trust. Cheltenham: Edwar Elgar,hlm. 247 34 Ibid 35 Ibid 36 Giovanna Campani & Mojca Pajnik. 2017. Populism in Historical Perspectives. Dalam Gabriella Lazaridis & Giovanna Campani (ed). Understanding the Populist Shift: Othering in a Europe in Crisis. Abingdon: Routledge,hlm. 15 37 Dewi Haroen. 2014. Personal Branding: Kunci Kesuksesan Berkiprah di Dunia Politik. Jakarta: Gramedia,hlm. 78 38 Ibid,hlm.77 68 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 itu mendapatkan kepedulian luar biasa dari publik –khusunya netizen-. Akhirnya mereka merancang inovasi untuk prita berupa Koin keadilan untuk membiayai tuntutan pengadilan pada Prita. Pada akhirnya gerakan peduli Prita tersebut berhasil mengumpulkan uang yang dibutuhkan Prita –bahkan berlebih-. Keberhailan pengumpulan koin tersebut tentunya tidak akan berhasil jika tidak ada pemikiran inovatif yang diusulkan oleh netizen. Termsuk juga ide tersebut hanya sekedr ide jika tidak ada kolaborasi para relawan untuk mengumpulkan uang tersebut di bebrgaia tempat –alau lewat online-. Sehingga sangat jelas terlihat bagaimana generasi “zaman now” bisa mengorganisasikan diri untuk kepentingan politik tertentu dan berhasil mewujudkannya secara mulus. Gerakan semacam koin untuk Prita sejatinya sangat banyak untuk ditampilkan dan dibahas pada artikel ini. Bahkan termasuk pula gerakan 212 dan sejenisnya yang sejatinya juga ditopang oleh inovasi dan kolaborasi yang kuat untuk kepentigan politik tertentu. Dimana mereka merasa institusi peradilan Indonesia bermasalah sehinga harus didorong dengan aksi massa untuk memastikan peradilan dapat berungsi sebagaimana seharusnya. Akan tetapi baik gerakan 212, koin untuk Prita dan gerakan lainnya memiliki kekurangan yakni berbasis isu yang sangat spesifik dan setelah itu kembali meredup. Artinya tidak ada kontinuitas pada gerakan politik masayarakat “zaman now” tersebut. Padahal demokrasi membayangkan masyarakat terlibat aktif dalam penyelenggaraan pemerintahan dan segala bentuk kebijakan publik, bukan hanya terbatas pada satu isu saja. Dengan kata lain ketrsambungan negara dan masyarakat hanya berlangsung pada momen tertentu saja dan kemudian hilang. Negara kembali lagi tidak terkontrol oleh rakyat. Munculnya gagasan mengenai calon independen sebenarnya merupakan salah satu terobosan yang brilian untuk mengatasi problema ketersambungan tersebut. Dengan mengusung calon alternatif yang dianggap lebih merepresentasikan kehendak rakyat –dibandingkan kehendak elit atau parpol- dibayangkan sang calon tersebut akan membuat kebijakan yang merefleksikan kemauan rakyat ketika terpilih. Strategi ini memang potensial mendesakkan kehendak rakyat pada negara sehingga mereka tidak lagi imun dari pengaruh luar. Berbeda dengan model gerakan sosial macam koin Prita yang hanya berbasis isu spesifik, calon independen ini diharapkan mampu mengubah jalannya pemerintahan dan pembuatan kebijakan secara umum menjadi lebih peka terhadap kehendak rakyat. Walau tentunya startegi calon independen ini tidak bermaksud untuk menegasikan startegi ekstraparlementer ala model gerakan sosial tersebut. Tetapi strategi ini dapat dipandang saling melengkapi. Tujuannya satu, dimana negara dapat “direbut” kembali oleh rakyat39. Akan tetapi strategi memeunculkan calon independen memiliki masalah di dalam sruktur politik formal yang dikuasai oleh partai. Dari muali syarat pencalonan calon independen yang terbilang sulit. Kalaupun calon tersebut bisa lolos dan terpilih maka pemerintahannya rentan untuk “digoyang”oleh partai yang ada di kursi legislatif. Jangankan calon independen, pemimpin yang berasal dari partai yang berbeda saja rentan untuk “dirongrong” kekuasaannya oleh oposisi. Terlebih lagi calon independen yang sejatinya adalah musuh bagi semua partai politik –akrena sejatinya menihilkan relevansi mereka-. Bisa dibayangkan sulitnya snag pemimpin bekerja dan ujung-ujungnya rakyat bisa kecewa terhadap pemimpin tersebut karena dianggap gagal merealisaikan janji. Padahal bukannya ia tidak mau etapi sulit melaksakannya misalnya. Maka perubahan di level partai politi sejatinya menajdi salah satu komponen penting untuk memicu perubahan yang lebih besar di level negara. Dimana upaya untuk mendesakkan kuasa rakyat bisa lebih diperbesar lagi tekanannya. Akan tetapi sebagaimana kita ketahui bersama partai yang ada maupun yang muncul belakangan tidak dapat dilepaskan dari elitisme dan sifat oligarkisnya. Mereka memang hadir lebih sebagai kendaraan elit berkuasa bukan saluran untuk menyerap dan merealisasikan kehendak rakyat. 39 Dalam istilah Amalinda Savirani, Olle Tornquist, dan Purwo Santoso: “reclaiming the state”. Lihat selengkapnya gagasan ini di Purwo Santoso. 2015. Preface: Democratisation in Indonesia: An Updated Assessment. Dalam Amalinda Savirani & Olle Tornquist (ed). Reclaiming the State: Overcoming Problems of Democracy in Post-Soeharto Indonesia. Yogyakarta: Polgov & PCD Press,hlm. ix 69 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Dalam konteks “kebobrokan” partai inilah terobosan yang dirancang oleh PSI menjadi sesuatu yang patut untuk diperhatikan secara seksama. PSI mencoba melakukan dobrakan radikal dengan mengusung ideologi populis. Dengan berbekal ideologi populis itulah merek berharap struktur lama yang “korup” –termasuk sistem kepartaian lama yang oligarkis- dapat dilawan. Tentu saja eksperimen ala PSI ini menjadi hal yang menarik sebab bagaimana partai ini akan merelalisaikan ide anti partai yang inheren dalam konsepsi populis? Partai yang anti partai? Termsuk pula democratic reform apa yang ditawarkan partai ini? Poin ini krusial sebab ketika berhenti pada sikap anti elit saja tetapi tidak menjanjikan perubahan –sesuai kehendak rakyat- maka tidaklah cukup. Menarik untuk memahami bagaimana partai ini memperjuangkan kehendak rakyat terlebih di era “zaman now” yang tentunya amat khas dengan cara berfikir kebebasan, kesetaraan, inovasi, dan kolaborasi. Jika ekspreimen ala PSI ini berhasil tentunya menjadi sebuah terobosan untuk mengatasi problem demoktarisasi yang hingga kini “jalan di tempat” atau bahakan “berhenti sama Sekali”. Disinilah pentingnya mempelajari eksperimen PSI, yang seharusnya juga disadari oleh ilmuwan politik. Terkhusus bagi kalangan yang pesimis dalam melihat keadaan, sehingga mereka dapat kembali dibangkitkan semangatnya untuk merubah keadaan yang lebih baik. Tidak hanya meratapi dan mengutuk keadaan tanpa bisa berbuat apa-apa. Pembahasan: Telaah Kritis Populisme ala PSI Penelusuran jejak paham populisme yang dianut dan diaplikasikan PSI hingga hari ini tidak dapat dilepaskan dari dua strategi besar mereka yang saling terkait, yakni: pertama, memposisikan partainya vis a vis dengan struktur lama yang dianggap korup dan perlu diganti. Strategi ini merupakan ciri khas dari semua gerakan populisme yang ada di berbagai belahan dunia. Strategi ini menjadi penting untuk menggalang dukungan rakyat yang muak dengan keadaan kontemporer yang dianggap tidak ideal. Dalam konteks politik Indonesia strategi ini penting untuk menjaring lapisan masyarakat yang semakin apatis terhadap dunia politik atau mungkin meemilih jalan ekstra parlementar karena muak dengan ranah politik formal selama ini yang dianggap korup. Kedua, branding partai sebagai wujud ideal perubahan tersebut. Strategi ini berkaitan dengan strategi pertama, dimana kemuakan masyarakat dengan struktur lama haruslah dibarengi dengan komitmen PSI untuk menampilkan bahwa dia berbeda secara hakiki. Karena bisa saja retorika pertama dimunculkan (anti elit dan struktur lama) tetapi ketika menjabat sama saja. Terkait dengan poin pertama, yakni memposisikan dirinya vis a vis dengan struktur lama, dapat dilihat secara terang benderang di bebrgaai publikasi resmi PSI ataupun retorika para politisinya. Sebagai contoh retorika ini tergambar jelas dalam website resmi partai tersebut, khususnya dalam rubrik mengapa memilih PSI: PSI sebagai partai baru tidak lagi tersandera dengan kepentingan politik lama, klientalisme, rekam jejak yang buruk, beban sejarah dan citra yang buruk terhadap partai politik sebelumnya. PSI memberikan porsi yang besar pada perempuan, sehingga gerakan politik PSI tidak hanya sekedar memenuhi syarat 30% persen perempuan, tapi juga seluruh keputusan politiknya diambil melalui keterlibatan aktif perempuan di dalamnya....40 Dari penjelasan di website tersebut setidaknya ada dua kritik besar terhadap partai-partai lama, yakni: pertama, krtitik yang sifatnya lebih umum. PSI mencoba mengkonstruksi citra parta-partai lama telah gagal dalam menjalankan tugasnya sebagai pilar dekomrasi di Indonesia. Alih-alih menjalankan mandat rakyat tetapi partai justru identik dengan berbagai “catatan hitam” sepenjang perjalannya. Dapat dikatakan kritik PSI ini sifatnya radikal karena memposisikan partai lama sebagai institusi yang tidak layak dipertahankan lagi di era kontemporer saat ini. Bagaimana tidak, dengan memposisikan partai lama lekat dengan beban sejarah dan rekam jejak yang buruk maka solusi yang tentunya paling masuk akal adalah meninggalkan 40 https://psi.id/berita/content/kenapa-psi/ 70 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 institusi lama tersebut dan membuat yang benar-benar baru sehingga benar-benar memulai dari awal, memulai dari yang tidak bernoda. Apakah solusi yang sifatnya lebih moderat bisa tergambar dari kritik ala PSI tersebut? Sebenarnya bisa saja tetapi sifatnya sangat revolusioner karena benar-benar menghapus tatanan lama (baik elit, sejarah, citra, bahkan mungkin AD/ART partai). Pertanyaannya apakah proses yang revolusioner tersebut akan berjalan dengan mudah? Tentunya tidak karena resistensi dari elit yang berkuasa pasti akan muncul karena tidak rela kekuasaannya dihapuskan. Sehingga pilihan ini mungkin tapi sulit direaliasikan. Lebih mudah untuk membentuk institusi yang benar-benar baru41. Kedua, kritik yang sifatnya lebih khusus yakni menyasar permasalahan perempuan. Nampak jelas PSI disini ingin menarik simpati dari kaum perempuan. PSI dengan tegas menyatakan partai-partai lama sejatinya tidak benarbenar memperjuangkan perempuan, karena perjuangan tersebut sifatnya hanya untuk memenuhi persyaratan administratif saja yang mau tidak mau harus dipenuhi. Bukan karena terdorong dari dalam diri partai bahwa pemberdayaan perempuan merupakan suatu yang urgen. Sejalan dengan kritik pertama, kritik kedua tersebut mengimplikasikan bahwa perlu solusi yang sifatnya revolusioner untuk mengubah keadaan yang memarginalkan perempuan ini. Tetapi jika mengandalkan partai lama maka juga akan sulit karena meskipun mereka nampaknya memaihak perempuan tetapi posisinya tidak strategis – hanya pelengkap administratif saja- sehingga ruang gerak mereka terbatas. Lebih mudah bagi kaum perempuan untuk memapaki jalan baru lewat institusi baru yang komitmen pada pemberdayaan perempuan. Menariknya dalam rilis resmi website SPI tersebut juga ditampilkan sebuah video dari sang ketua partai Grace Natalie yang isinya juga menyiratkan pesan populis yang menempatkan PSI vis a vis dengan struktur lama yang korup42. Dalam video tersbeut, Grace Natalie membeberkan catatan hitam partai politik dan politisi lama seperti tidak berpihak pada rakyat, tidak mendengarkan suara kaum muda dan perempuan, lekat dengan isu korupsi. Lebih jauh bagi Grace, partai politik lekat dengan wajah orang lama yang notabene memiliki “darah biru” sehingga bisa berkarir gemilang di partai tersebut. Kalangan yang tidak memiliki “darah biru” –terutama kaum mudajangan harap bisa mengambil keputusan sentral dalam partai. Setelah memaparkan “kebobrokan” partai lama Grace Natalie segera mewacanakan bahwa partainya berjarak bahkan bertentangan dengan struktur lama tersebut. Partainya adalah partai baru dengan cara pengelolaan yang sama sekali baru sehingga merupakan antitesa dari partai lama tersebut. Dari pernyataan Grace Natalie diatas tentunya semakin mengafirmasi wacana populis yang dikembangkan PSI. Tetpai ada satu yang perlu digarisbawahi bahwa video tersbeut melengkapi satu kritik yang tidak terdapat dalam teks di website PSI yakni posisi kaum muda. Sangat jelas Grace Natalie berupaya menegaskan bahwa struktur lama tidak memihak kaum muda. Partai diisi oleh orang lama (dan notabene kebanyakan bukan kawula muda) maupun tidak mempertimbangkan aspirasi kaum muda sebagai entitas rakyat yang memiliki kekhasan tersendiri. Nampak jelas bahwa Grace Natalie ingin menarik garis yang tegas antara struktur lama dengan generasi milenial, generasi “zaman now” yang notabene digawangi oleh kaum muda –yang melek media-. Tentunya setelah menarik garis batas itu Grace Natalie menegaskan bahwa dirinya –dan partainya- berada pada posisi yang sama dengan kaum muda, sama-sama menentang kondisi yang tidak ideal tersebut. Tentu saja harapannya dengan cara semacam ini generasi milenial akan simpatik dengan perjuangan PSI dan mendukungnya. Tidak hanya lewat rilis resmi dalm webiste maupun pidato politik sang ketua partai tersbeut, sejumlah politisi PSI dalam berberapa kesempatan nampak secara terbuka menunjukkan penentangannya pada elit lama tanpa sungkan 41 Cara berfikir semacam ini tersirat jelas dalam video resmi PSI https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=250&v=9WUk_0E-NSc 42 Lihat videonya di: https://psi.id/berita/content/kenapa-psi/ atau https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oQZHYvjbNK0 berikut: 71 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 ataupun merasa kikuk. Sebut saja Tsamara Amany, salah satu kader muda PSI yang cukup terkenal. Tsamara Amany misalnya terlibat perbedatan dengan satu politisi senior di DPR Fahmri Hamzah. Amany merasa sikap fahri hamzah –sebagai salah satu representasi elit lama- tidak layak untuk didukung karena berusaha melemahkan KPK. Dengan segera Amany membuat sejumlah video pendek yang berisi bantahan terhadap argumen fahri hamzah yang menyerang KPK. Amany sendiri mengaku bahwa videonya tersebut merupakan karya bersama dirinya dengan teman-temannya di PSI43 (bahkan dalam video tersebut ada logo PSI44) yang menunjukkan bahwa kritik tersebut juga menjadi suara partai. Keberanian Amany melawan politisi senior semacam Fahri Hamzah sendiri mendapatkan apresiasi dari sejumlah pihak45. Mengingat posisi Amany yang saat itu masih berstatus sebagai mahasiswa di salah satu universitas. Dengan kata lain Amany merupakan representasi kaum muda yang “hijau” namun berani menunjukkan bahwa dirinya –dan partainya- tidak takut beroposisi pada struktur lama yang dianggap korup46. Perlu ditambahkan, meskipun PSI mengambil langkah populis dengan memposisikan mereka vis a vis dengan struktur lama, elit lama, dan partai lama tetapi dapat dikatakan mereka juga “tahu diri” untuk tidak melakukannya secara vulgar. Dapat dikatakan pilihan gaya populisme elegan yang mereka kedepankan. Elegan yang dimaksud ialah PSI berupaya tetap membangun relasi yang baik dengan partai-partai lain yang sudah eksis ataupun sejumlah elit yang memerintah saat ini seperti Jokowi dan Ahok. Jika ditinjau secara sekilas dukungan terbuka pada Jokowi berikut kebijakan-kebijakan yang dikeluarkannnya misalnya menjadi suatu hal yang aneh. Karena jika itu dilakukan tentunya akan memperlemah klaim populisme yang mereka perjuangkan bahwasanya ada sistem yang rusak dan harus dirombak secara radikal. Menjadi aneh jika Jokowi misalnya yang saat ini memegang pemerintahan dan notabene identik dengan partai lama PDIP justru dianggap PSI sebagai pemimpin yang cakap? Analisis tersebut memang masuk akal, tetapi dari sudut pandang jalan populisme elegan ala PSI, sikap tersebut bisa dijelaskan. Perlu diingat bahwa sosok seperti Jokowi dan Ahok tadinya bukan merupakan sosok yang identik dengan partai. Jokowi misalnya, merupakan figur di luar lingkaran dalam partai. Namun karena popularitasnya, Megawati segera memanfaatkan peluang dan memposisikan Jokowi sebagai “barang berharga” bagi PDIP47. Begitu pula Ahok misalnya, yang dikenal “gonta ganti” partai –alis tidak memiliki kesetiaan-48 dan bahkan sempat menunjukkan sikap anti parti dengan memilih mengandalkan relawan Ahok (alias jalur independen) untuk maju dalam pemilu49. 43 Sudrajat. 2017. Tsamara Amany, Mahasiswi Cantik yang Melawan Fahri Hamzah. Diakses di: https://news.detik.com/berita/d3556060/tsamara-amany-mahasiswi-cantik-yang-melawan-fahri-hamzah 44 Lihat videonya di: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kzgrpagnaug 45 Menariknya termasuk fahri hamzah sendiri mengakui keberanian dan kehebatan Amany dalam berargumen melawan dirinya. Lihat: Gervin Nathaniel Purba. 2017. Fahri Hamzah Puji Tsamara Amany. Diakses di: http://news.metrotvnews.com/politik/GKdgyo4k-fahri-hamzah-puji-tsamaraamany?fb_comment_id=1538445206228031_1539487086123843 46 Lihat penjelasan Amany sendiri bahwa dirinya memang muda tetapi tidak takut untuk bersuara: Jessi Carina. 2017. Tsamara Amany Ungkap Alasan Berani "Speak Up" Lawan Fahri Hamzah. Diakses di http://nasional.kompas.com/read/2017/09/24/13012581/tsamara-amany-ungkap-alasan-berani-speak-up-lawan-fahri-hamzah. 47 Dalam sebuah artikel yang dirilis dalam website resmi PSI dikatakan Megawati “terpaksa” mencalonkan Jokowi karena desakan publik yag kuat melalui media sosial. Lihat: Anwar Saragih. 2016. Habib Rizieq, Ahok dan Antisipasi Grace Natalie Terhadap Dampak Media Sosial. Diakses di https://psi.id/berita/2016/12/30/habib-rizieq-ahok-dan-antisipasi-grace-natalieterhadap-dampak-media-sosial/ 48 Sikap “gonta ganti” partai ala Ahok inilah yang misalnya membuat kesal pihak Gerindra. Menurut Gerindra dahulu Ahok mendukung Golkar kemudian pindah Gerindra, kemudian pindah lagi ke partai lain. Lihat: Kontan. 2014. Gerindra: Ahok Memang Suka Gonta-Ganti Partai. Diakses di: http://nasional.kontan.co.id/news/gerindra-ahok-memang-suka-gonta-ganti-partai 49 Intonasi semacam inilah yang tercemrin jelas dalam sebuah artikel yang dipublikasikan dalam website resmi PSI. Dimana partai politik sebenarnya memandang sebelah mata Ahok, sehingga ia lebih mengandalkan relawan (Teman Ahok) untuk berjuang secara elektoral. Akan tetapi karena relawan mampu membuktikan militansinya mendukung Ahok partai politik menjadi 72 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Dengan dukungan pada Ahok, Jokowi, atau mungkin figur populis lainnya sejatinya PSI nampak “lunak” dengan tidak menyerang struktur lama secara frontal. Sehingga partai-partai lama seperti PDIP tidak akan merasa terancam dengan eksistensinya50. PSI juga diuntungkan dengan kemungkinan menjalin relasi yang lebih cair dengan PDIP atau partai lain yang mendukung rezim Jokowi misalnya51. Akan tetapi perlu diingat bahwa di balik “lunaknya” sikap PSI itu tetap saja logika populisme yang diusungnya tetap kuat. Kecenderungan ini dapat dicermati dari berbagai publikasi PSI yang memiliki tendensi untuk mendukung sosok populis semacam Jokowi tetapi tidak terlihat dukungan pada Megawati, Surya Paloh, Wiranto dan sosok lainnya dalam konteks sebagai pemimpin partai ataupun pujian-pujian pada partai-partai pendukung Jokowi secara umum. Artinya secara implisit PSI membedakan antara sosok-sosok populis tersebut dan partai politik lama beserta elitnya. Sosok populis mereka dukung karena pada hakikatnya mereka adalah bagian dari perubahan walaupun mungkin sifatnya masih individu bukan berbentuk institusi baru52. Kira-kira sosok individual populis semacam itu hanya akan bekerja secara optimal jika didukung oleh institusi yang baik pula. Disinilah PSI hadir sebagai bagian dari arus perubahan tersebut53. Jika hipotesis ini diterima maka sejatinya PSI sudah mengumumkan “perang” dengan institusi dan elit lama yang dianggap korup yang dianggap tidak kompatibel dengan sosok populis yang kini hadir. Faktanya ketua PSI sendiri, Grace Natalie seringkali menyatakan bahwa sebelum partai lain mendukung program Jokowi, termasuk mengusung kembali Jokowi sebagai Presiden (di tahun 2019) partainya sudah melakukannya 54. Ucapan ini sebenarnya jelas bermakna mendalam dimana menyiratkan makna bahwa hanya PSI-lah institusi yang sejatinya paling kompatibel untuk mendukung individu populis macam Jokowi untuk terus berkarya. Sementara partai lain lebih mementingkan deal dan kalkulasi politik tertentu yang sifatnya bias elitis bukannya karena itulah aspirasi rakyat55. “ketakutan” pula sehingga memilih mendukung Ahok tanpa syarat. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bagi partai yang paling penting adalah deal politik, bukan sosok semacam apa yang mereka dukung. Lihat: Muh. Ardiansah Laitte. 2017. Melampaui Bad Populism ala Teman Ahok. Diakses dari https://psi.id/berita/2017/12/13/melampaui-bad-populism-ala-teman-ahok/ 50 Faktanya elit PDIP semacam Ketua DPP PDIP Hendrawan Supratikno sendiri sempat menunjukkan sikap meremehkan eksistensi PSI, dimana ia menyebut partai tersebut sebagai “partai anak-anak muda yang butuh waktu bisa teruji...”. Lihat Elza Astari Retaduari. 2017. PSI Dukung Jokowi, Ketua PDIP: Partai Anak Muda Belum Teruji. Diakses di https://news.detik.com/berita/d-3471685/psi-dukung-jokowi-ketua-pdip-partai-anak-muda-belum-teruji 51 Faktanya menurut sekjen PSI Raja Juli Antoni PSI sudah membicarakan kerjasama dengan PDIP untuk memenangkan Jokowi dalam pilpres 2019 mendatang. Lihat: Tribunnews. 2018. PSI Klaim Lebih Dulu Usung Jokowi Sebagai Calon Presiden. Diakses di http://www.tribunnews.com/nasional/2018/02/25/psi-klaim-lebih-dulu-usung-jokowi-sebagai-calon-presiden?page=2 52 Bahkan ketika dukungan pada figur Jokowi mengarah kepada pengkultusan –bukan lagi dukungan rasional atas kebijakannyamaka PSI juga menentangnya. Hal ini tergambar misalnya dengan sikap PSI yang menganggap biasa saja kasus mahasiswa UI yang mengacungkan kartu kuring pada Jokowi. Bagi PSI itu adalah bentuk penyampaian pendapat yang tidak perlu dibesarbesarkan. Sikap ini tentunya berbeda dengan sejumlah pihak pendukung Jokowi baik dari kalangan parpol atau non parpol yang menganggap insiden itu sebagai hal yang tidak termaafkan. Sebagai contoh saja segera muncul hastag #MahasiswaKampret yang dibuat oleh pengurus salah satu partai pendukung Jokowi di media sosial. Lihat Yulida Medistiara. 2018. Soal Aksi 'Kartu Kuning' ke Jokowi, PSI: Diizinkan Dalam Demokrasi. Diakses di https://news.detik.com/berita/3848853/soal-aksi-kartu-kuningke-jokowi-psi-diizinkan-dalam-demokrasi; Safrizal. 2018. Pasca Kartu Kuning untuk Jokowi, Kader PDI-P Meranti Bikin Status Fb dengan Hashtag #MahasiswaKampret. Diakses di https://www.goriau.com/berita/riau/pasca-kartu-kuning-untuk-jokowikader-pdip-meranti-bikin-status-fb-dengan-hashtag-mahasiswakampret.html 53 Cara berfikir semacam ini tersirat jelas dalam video resmi PSI berikut: https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=250&v=9WUk_0E-NSc 54 Simak retorika Grace Natalie mengenai dukungan PSI pada Jokowi di: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bHPOAAUtvWg. 55 Uniknya wakil ketua umum PSI sendiri pernah menyatakan secara terbuka bahwa sejatinya PDIP tidak tulus dalam mendukung pemerintahan Jokowi. Lihat Armidis Fahmi. 2017. PSI: PDIP Tak Tulus Dukung Jokowi. Diakses di http://rilis.id/psi-pdip-taktulus-dukung-jokowi.html 73 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Tetapi karena pilihan retorika populisme-nya yang elegan, nampaknya dapat digunakan PSI untuk membangun relasi yang sifatnya lebih cair dengan partai-partai lama, termasuk kemungkinan membangun kerjasama dalam isu tertentu. Hanya saja sebagaimana ditegaskan di awal hasrat PSI kedepannya untuk menyingkirkan struktur lama tersebut tetap hadir dan akan diaktualisasikan dalam waktu yang tepat –dan mungkin dengan cara elegan pula-. Tetapi menarik juga untuk mencermati manuver PSI ketika dinyatakan lolos sebagai peserta pemilu 201956. Dalam pidato politiknya pasca pengambilan nomer urut partai di KPU, Grace Natalie terkesan mengambil langkah yang “berani” dengan melakukan kritik tajam pada partai-partai lama secara lebih terbuka. Jika dipandang dalam kerangka populisme, langkah PSI ini sangat rasional –walapun beresiko- dimana PSI semakin menunjukkan karakter populisme lebih kentara di muka publik. Sebagaimana telah disampaikan sebelumnya, populisme dibangun dalam logika pertentangan terhadap elit lama yang dirasa korup dan perlu untuk “dihancurkan” demi kedaulatan rakyat. Dalam konteks inilah pidato Grace Natalie sangat kentara menunjukkan intonasi “penghancuran” elit –dan struktur partai- lama untuk kemudian dibangun ulang oleh PSI. Nuansa pertentangan juga disampaikan Grace dalam pidatonya dimana menurut Grace partai Psi telah berhasil “mematahkan rintangan” yang dibuat anggota dewan –dengan kata lain elit partai lama- dengan UU yang disahkan mereka. Keberhasilan PSI “mematahkan rintangan” secara tersirat menunjukkan posisi PSI yang vis a vis dengan partai dan struktur lama yang dikesankan dalam pidato tersebut anti perubahan dan pro status quo. Dengan keberhasilan PSI tersebut, seakan Grace ingin mengatakan “waktu kalian sudah dekat untuk digulung57”. Langkah berani PSI ini memang potensial menguntungkan secara elektoral (Tentunya jika dilakukan dengan kalkulasi yang tepat). Hal ini sangat beralasan sebab dengan pidato publik tersebut –yang juga diliput mediapotensial semakin mengukuhkan jati diri PSI sebagai partai baru yang tidak berkaitan dengan “orde lama”. Publik akan menilai bahwa sikap berani PSI sebagai komitmen mereka bukan hanya pencitraan sehingga semakin simpatik pada partai tersebut. Mengingat pemilu sudah di depan mata, mungkin bagi petinggi PSI seperti Grace, inilah waktu yang tepat untuk bersikap lebih tegas. Resiko langsung menghampiri Grace Natalie dan PSI-nya ketika Oso (Oesman Sapta Odang) dari pihak Hanura secara terbuka menampakkan kegeramannya terhadap pidato dan langkah populis yang ditunjukkan PSI tersebut. Dengan segera Oso memanfaatkan panggung saat dirinya mendapatkan jatah untuk berbicara mewakili Hanura. Tidak tanggung-tanggung, Oso menyatakan “jangan mengajari bebek berenang58”. Sebuah ungkapan yang sejatinya sangat “kasar” karena menyiratkan makna anda (Grace Natalie dan PSI) masih hijau, jangan berlagak 59. Aku (Oso sebagai politisi dan perwakilan partai yang lebih “tua”) lebih berpengalaman dari anda. Sejatinya jika dibaca secara lebih kritis, tanggapan Oso tersebut justru menguntungkan Grace Natalie dan PSI-nya. Bagaimana tidak dengan menyatakan diri dan partainya sebagai “bebek yang sudah pandai berenang”. Benerang disini dalam artian apa? Jika berenang dalam arti membangun demokrasi Indonesia faktanya tidak menunjukkan kebenaran klaim Oso60. 56 Video ini secara lengkap diunggah oleh akun resmi Youtube PSI sendiri dengan judul yang cukup berani juga “Pidato Menohok Grace Natalie untuk Politisi Lama”. Bisa disimak di: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7T7RAkPUKdM 57 Dari ucapan Grace “kami siap untuk memenangkan pemilu, mengisi kursi-kursi parlemen...”. Dengan kata lain menghapus elit lama digantikan elit baru kader PSI. 58 Bisa disimak pernyataan Oso di: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MzRY3Eq8JYw 59 Oso menyebut PSI “anak-anakku” menyiratkan upaya membangun hierarkis tua muda (senioritas). 60 Dalam kasus korupsi saja partai Hanura bukan merupakan partai yang memiliki jejak bersih. Miriam Handayani misalnya anggota DPR dari Fraksi Hanura terbukti melakukan korupsi dan akhirnya diberhentikan secara tidak hormat. Lucunya kasus korupsi semacam ini seakan dilupakan oleh petinggi Hanura semacam Oso dan terus mewacanakan partainya sebagai partai bebas korupsi. Harian Jawapos misalnya pernah melansir gejala “kelupaan” ini dalam sebuah artikelnya yang menarik: Sari Hardiyanto. 2017. Hanura Klaim Partai Paling Bersih, OSO Lupa Kasus Miryam. Diakses di https://www.jawapos.com/read/2017/12/24/177110/hanura-klaim-partai-paling-bersih-oso-lupa-kasus-miryam 74 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Bahkan tidak bisa dipungkiri dengan peran sentral Wiranto dalam Hanura jelas menunjukkan bahwa partai tempat bernaung Oso sangat elitis. Bukan partai yang diharapkan generasi milenial, dimana hierarki sebisa mungkin dipangkas dan keterlibatan rakyat dalam pengambilan keputusan partai bisa dimaksimalkan. Belum lagi mencermati sosok Wiranto yang merupakan elit lama “warisan” Orde Baru –yang juga kental dengan berbagai kontroversinya61sehingga jelas partai Oso tidak bisa keluar dari beban masa lalu. Terkait dengan poin kedua, yakni branding PSI sebagai antitesis partai dan struktur lama yang korup. Poin kedua ini menjadi penting karena melalui banding inilah masyarakat dapat ditarik untuk menjadi bagian dari PSI. Tidak lagi menarik diri dari politik atau menempuh jalur-jalur ekstraparlemen yang mungkin sulit mendesakkan isu menjadi kebijakan publik atau malah berubah menjadi anarkisme ketika mencapai titik frustasi ketika berhadapan dengan rezim. Branding PSI sendiri sebagai partai “zaman now” setidaknya dapat dicermati pada tiga hal berikut ini: Pertama, ideologi partai, Kedua, Pendanaan Partai, Ketiga, struktur partai. Pertama, mengenai ideologi partai. Memahami ideologi PSI sejatinya cukup dengan melihat slogan yang selalu mereka dengung-dengungkan yakni “terbuka, progresif, itu kita!”. Dari slogan tersebut sejatinya tercermin jelas ada tiga ide besar yang menjadi pilar/ideologi PSI itu sendiri yakni keterbukaan dan progresivitas, dan “itu kita” (solidaritas)62. Sekilas nampak sederhana namun tiga ide –khususnya dua ide pertama- tersebut menyimpan spirit generasi “zaman now”. Dengan kata lain ideologi PSI ialah ideologi masyarakat “zaman now” itu sendiri. Terkait poin pertama yakni keterbukaan. Keterbukaan disini sebagai antitesis dari partai lama yang tertutup kepada rakyat. Sebagaimana dijelaskan pada pembahasan sebelumnya salah satu poin kritik PSI terhadap partai lama yang “imun” dari masyarakat dan sepenuhnya tergantung pada elit. PSI mencoba membranding partainya sebagai entitas yang sama sekali berbeda dengan partai-partai lama, dimana justru keterbukaan menjadi cirinya -Grace Natalie mengistilahkannya sebagai politik yang tidak berjarak dengan publik63-. Partai harus membuka diri kepada rakyat tidak boleh ada yang ditutup-tutupi. Termasuk dari komitmen terhadap keterbukaan ini ialah bahwa partai justru tidak “imun” terhadap masyarakat tetapi membuka diri untuk dipengaruhi “ekosistem” di sekelilingnya yaitu rakyat. PSI sendiri berupaya mewujudkan pilar pertama dari ideologi yang dianutnya tersebut. Langkah ini tentunya menjadi sangat krusial karena jika hanya mengandalkan retorika belaka maka apatisme masyarakat pada eksistensi PSI dengan cepat timbul kembali dan akan menyamakannya dengan partai lain yang hanya menebar janji bukan bukti. Setidaknya ada dua hal yang dapat diidentifikasi –sejauh penelusuran penulis- mengenai upaya mengaktualisasikan ideologi keterbukaan ini: 1.) mengoptimalkan komunikasi dua arah melalui sarana media sosial; 2.) rekruitmen caleg secara terbuka. Mulai dari poin pertama, komunikasi dua arah ini sejak awal coba dibangun PSI dengan memanfaatkan kondisi zaman yang berubah (digitalisasi masyarakat). Ketika media sosial yang sifatnya dua arah telah menjamur di tengah masyarakat –khususnya masyarakat urban- maka PSI tidak menyia-nyiakan kemudahan tersebut dan menjadikan media sosial sebagai salah satu saran terpenting untuk membuka diri dan menerima berbagai masukan dari masyarakat64. Sifat media sosial yang memungkinkan komunikasi dua arah secara murah tentunya menjadi 61 Yakni pelanggaran HAM berat di masa lalu. Termasuk tudingan sebagai dalang dibalik sikap opresif ABRI terhadap mahasiswa di tahun 1998 yang berujung kematian sejumlah mahasiswa. Lihat Dhurorudin Mashad. 2004. Pemilu Presiden: Runtuhnya Sekat Ideologi Islam-Sekuler? Dalam Pusat Penelitian Politik. Pusat Penelitian Politik Year Book 2004: Quo Vadis Politik Indonesia ?. Jakarta: LIPI Press,hlm. 29; Budi Susanto. 2008. Ge(mer)lap Pascakolonial Nasionalitas Indonesia: Pengantar Kata-Kata. Dalam Budi Susanto (ed). Ge(mer)lap Nasionalitas Postkolonial. Yogyakarta: Kanisius,hlm. 13-14; Sanjoto Sastromihardjo. 1999. Reformasi dalam perspektif Sanjoto. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia,hlm. 6; Sri-Bintang Pamungkas. 2014. Ganti Rezim Ganti Sistim - Pergulatan Menguasai Nusantara. Jakarta: El Bisma,hlm. 96 62 Merujuk pada penjelasan Grace Natalie di: https://psi.id/berita/2017/04/09/republikanisme-milenial-terbuka-progresif-itu-kita/ 63 Lihat penjelasan Grace Natalie di: https://psi.id/berita/2017/04/09/republikanisme-milenial-terbuka-progresif-itu-kita/ 64 Grace Natalie sendiri menyebutkan bahwa media sosial adalah ujung tombak PSI berinteraksi dan membangun citra positif di kalangan masyarakat. Lihat: Kumparan. 2018. PSI Fokus Kampanye di Media Sosial demi Dulang Suara di Pileg 2019. Diakses di https://kumparan.com/@kumparannews/psi-fokus-kampanye-di-media-sosial-demi-dulang-suara-di-pileg-2019 75 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 peluang tersendiri bagi PSI untuk membranding partainya. Terlebih anggota PSI tidak akan kesulitan menggunakan media sosial karena mayoritas anggotanya juga bagian dari generasi milenial itu sendiri yang sudah melek teknologi. Melalui berbagai lini media sosial yang notabene paling dikenal di kalangan masyarakat luas seperti facebook, Twitter, Youtube, dan instagram PSI berupaya memasyarakatkan dirinya, gagasannya, dan tentu saja membuka diri untuk berinterkasi dengan masyarakat. Ambil contoh dalam Facebook milik PSI, terlihat jelas bagaimana PSI sebisa mungkin merespon bergai pertanyaan atau antusiasme publik terhadap satu isu tertentu yang dimunculkan dalam facebook resmi partai tersebut. Sebagai contoh dapat dilihat dari gambar 1.1 berikut ini : Gambar 1.165 Dari gambar diatas terlihat jelas bahwa PSI berupaya merespon berbagai komentara yang masuk ke halaman resmi Facebook mereka. Terlihat jelas ketika menjawab komentar dari berbagai netizen, PSI selalu selalu menjawab dengan nada sopan dan bahkan selalu menyebut nama sang pemberi respon/masukan/kritik/pertanyaan. Dengan cara ini sbenarnya PSI juga berupaya membangun relasi yang lebih intim dengan sang netizen itu sendiri. Karena tentunya dengan memposisikan sebagai pihak yang mau menerima kritik, terbuka untuk berbagai komentar termasuk pula dengan cara membalas pesan secara elegan diharapkan makin banyak masyarakat yang simpatik pada partai ini66. Terlepas dari kepentingan elektoral, sistem komunikasi dua arah ini terbilang cukup maju dibandingkan dengan partai lainnya yang mungkin hanya memposting satu isu saja tanpa mau menanggapi respon dari netizen di halaman Facebook atau media sosial lainnya tersebut. Disini ideologi keterbukaan nampak jelas berupaya dihadirkan secara nyata oleh PSI. Termasuk dari upaya keterbukaan dengan membangun komunikasi dua arah ini secara nyata dapat disaksikan dalam langkah terkini PSI yang mendaftarkan gugatannya terhadap UU MD3 ke Mahkamah Konstitusi. Sebagaimana diketahui bersama UU MD 3 yang beru menjadi kontroversi di mata publik karena rentan menjadikan anggota dewan 65 Dinukil dari percakapan di Facebook resmi PSI. Lihat selengakpnya di: https://www.facebook.com/psi.or.id Faktanya tidak jarang netizen menyampaikan rasa simpatik mereka pada PSI yang merespon komentar/pertanyaan/masukan/kritik mereka secara cepat. Ambil contoh pemilik akun instagram bernama Joko Arianto (joko.item) yang berkata “siap.... gw demen nih yg fast respon gini... salam solidaritas” setelah ia bertanya pada PSI mengenai jaringan PSI di jawa Tengah. Lihat percakapan lengkapnya di: https://www.instagram.com/p/BeAn1vplYoe/?taken-by=psi_id 66 76 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 kebal terhadap kritik. Sebagai partai populis dan anti sktruktur lama tentunya PSI juga tergerak untuk melawan UU tersebut. Menariknya sebelum PSI menempuh langkah hukum, partai ini membuka polling yang dilakukan di berbagai media sosial miliknya untuk menjaring pendapat rakyat dan anggota PSI dari berbagai daerah untuk memilih sikap politik tertentu. Ternyata hasil polling tersebut menunjukkan publik dan anggota sepakat memperkarakan UU tersebut ke MK67. Langkah PSI tersebut jelas meunjukkan spirit keterbukaan (dialog 2 arah) dilakukan secara nyata bukan sekedar retorika belaka. Di sini rakyat memiliki suara yang harus menjadi pertimbangan partai dalam mengambil sikap. Sehingga partai tidak boleh lagi “imun” terhadap pengaruh “luar” tersebut. Selain berupaya membangun dialog dua arah antara partai dengan rakyat, PSI juga memperkenalkan terobosan baru dalam persoalan rekturitmen caleg mereka guna menyelaraskannya dengan ideologi keterbukaan tersebut. Caranya ialah bakal calon yang akan diusung PSI harus melalui serangkaian proses. Menariknya sejak fase pendaftaran PSI berupaya untuk memastikan prosesnya berlangsung seara terbuka tidak ada yang ditutup-tutupi. Baik kepada bakal calon maupun pada masyarakat luas. Pada fase pertama misalnya, yakni pendafaran siapapun bisa mendaftar secara mudah lewat mekanisme formulir online yang bisa diakses dalam website mereka68. Jika tidak bisa mendaftar lewat fasilitas online PSI juga menyediakan kantor mereka di berbagai wilayah untuk menerima pendaftaran. Setelah pendaftaran inilah ada fase menarik yakni fase seleksi. Layaknya acara televisi semacam Indonesian Idol disana para bakal calon akan menjalani tes wawancara secara live (lewat media sosial PSI) sehingga prosesnya dapat disaksikan oleh seluruh rakyat Indonesia69. Begitu pula dengan para penilainya, meskipun tentunya ada dari pihak PSI –seperti Grace Natalie- tetapi kebanyakan penilai adalah orang luar yang bukan anggota PSI (alias independen). Nama-nama besar yang dikenal publik memiliki kapasitas menilai seperti Mahfud MD, Zainal Arifin Mochtar, Bibit Samad Rianto misalnya ambil bagian sebagai juri para bakal calon legistatif tersebut70. Meskipun tentunya berbeda dengan sistem Indonesian idol dan semacamnya dimana ada vote dari publik, sistem rekruitmen PSI ini masih sepenuhnya mengandalkan otoritas juri penilai untuk memutuskan apakah calon layak untuk menjadi calon legislatif mereka atau tidak. Akan tetapi dengan model rekruitmen yang cukup terbuka semacam ini sejatinya publik dapat menilai apakah sang calon tersebut layak atau tidak. Termasuk saat sang calon tersebut dinyatakan gagal atau berhasil, maka publik dengan mudah dapat menilai sendiri apakah penilaian PSI tersebut sudah obyektif atau tidak. Dengan kata lain PSI –dan tentunya para juri- mempertaruhkan nama baiknya sendiri ketika memilih meloloskan calon yang dinilai publik tidak pantas untuk menang atau tidak meloloskan calon yang sejatinya layak diusung. Hal ini sebagaimana kontrol publik dapat dalam berbgaai acara entertainment semacam Indonesian Idol. Sebaliknya ketika penilaian PSI dianggap publik benar-benar tepat tentunya akan menambah kepercayaan publik pada partai tersebut. Berlanjut pada poin kedua, yakni progresif. Arti progresif disini ialah mengikuti kemajuan zaman, bahkan sebisa mungkin justru menjadi tonggak perubahan sejarah itu sendiri. Dengan kata lain PSI ingin membranding partainya sebagai partai yang pro kemajuan, pro perubahan, dan pro inovasi. Tentunya jika dipertautkan dengan perkembangan zaman kontemporer yang bercirikan digitalisasi masyarakat atau “zaman now” maka tentunya PSI 67 Hari Ariyanti. 2018. Sebelum Ajukan Uji Mater UU MD3, PSI Buat Polling Di Medsos. Diakses di https://www.merdeka.com/peristiwa/sebelum-ajukan-uji-mater-uu-md3-psi-buat-polling-dimedsos.html?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=twitter&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+merdekanewfeed+%28Merdeka.com% 29 68 Lihat form pendaftarannya di sini: https://psi.id/registrasi-caleg-2019/form-online-caleg-2019/ 69 Lihat contoh wawancara yang terekam dalam youtube resmi PSI. Lihat https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VQF8aAw2ivs&list=PL7BK00PmfvNx2EZ0hKtV1KXV1Jmd5v0ih&index=11 70 Nama-nama lengkap juri penilai bakal caleg dapat dilihat disini: https://psi.id/registrasi-caleg-2019/ 77 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 akan menyesuaikan diri dengan spirit zaman ini, bahkan menjadi yang terdepan dalam menggelorakan spirit zaman digital ini. Branding ini tentunya untuk mengkontraskan partainya dengan partai lain yang layaknya “fosil” yang tidak mampu menyesuaikan dengan zaman. Pro dengan status quo, tidak mau beranjak melewati zona aman yang saat ini dinikmati mereka. Sebagaimana ucapan Grace Natalie sikap konservatif partai lain ini sejatinya adalah“musuh utama kemajuan peradaban”71. Aspek progresivitas PSI sendiri sejatinya sebagiannya telah disinggung pada pembahasan sebelumnya. Upaya membangun komunikasi dua arah termasuk dalam mengeluarkan sikap politik sejatinya adalah bentuk nyata progresivitas tersbeut. Termasuk juga rekruitmen caleg yang terbuka merupakan bentuk progresivitas itu sendiri. Tentunya selain dua bentuk progresivitas diatas, PSI juga melakukan sejumlah gebrakan untuk menjadikan partai yang progresivitas, semisal dalam fase perekrutan anggota maupun arah/platform kebijakan yang akan mereka perjuangkan jika mendapatkan posisi dalam parlemen atau pemerintahan. Dalam fase perekrutan misalnya PSI membuat prasyarat yang unik, dimana memprioritaskan anggotanya memiliki batas usia di bawah 45 tahun72. Dengan kata lain PSI ingin kaum muda yang selama ini sebagai entitas kolektif dimarginalkan oleh partai politik lama menjadi tulang punggung PSI di masa depan. PSI sendiri berupaya mewacanakan bahwa kebijakan pembatasan usia ini bukannya karena membenci generasi tua, hanya saja PSI menganggap bahwa di tangan kaum muda itulah masa depan negeri ini seharunya diserahkan73. Nampak jelas nuansa progresif dalam artian menyesuaikan dengan paradigma zaman now yang menempatkan kaum muda dalam posisi sentral zaman ini karena merekalah yang generasi yang paling melek teknologi, paling berpendikan, dan paling inovatif74. Tidak hanya syarat umum berupa usia muda, PSI juga berupaya memaksimalkan keterlibatan kaum wanita muda untuk berkiprah di partai tersebut. Sehingga tidak heran ketika menyimak hasil verifikasi faktual partai oleh KPU, PSI dinobatkan partai dengan keterwakilan perempuan –di tingkat pusat- tertinggi mengalahkan partai lainnya yakni 66,66 %75. Dari pencapaian tersebut sejatinya dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa PSI memang berupaya merealisasikan ide progresif yang diusungnya. Bahkan tidak tanggung-tanggung, PSI bahkan berupaya memaksa partai lain untuk mereformasi diri sehingga memastikan perempuan mendapatkan keterwakilan yang memadahi. PSI sendiri berupaya mendorong persyaratan keterwakilan sebesar 30% tidak hanya berlaku di tingkat pusat pusat saja tetapi hingga ke level yang paling rendah76. PSI sendiri memlilih jalan menggugat ke MK untuk mewujudkan impiannya. Walaupun MK akhirnya menolak gugatan PSI77, namun dari kacamata konsistensi PSI dengan memperjuangkan ide progresivitas, dimana nampak jelas bahwa PSI mendorong transformasi ke arah progresivitas seluas mungkin jika memungkinkan. 71 https://psi.id/berita/2017/04/09/republikanisme-milenial-terbuka-progresif-itu-kita/ Tribunnews. 2017. PSI Tidak Terima Berusia 45 Tahun untuk Jadi Pengurus. Diakses di http://www.tribunnews.com/nasional/2017/10/10/psi-tidak-terima-berusia-45-tahun-untuk-jadi-pengurus 73 Dalam bahasa PSI dunia politik saat ini membutuhkan darah segar anak muda yang kreatif. Lihat: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9WUk_0E-NSc 74 Louis Leung & Cindy Pei Zheng. 2012. The Net Generation. Dalam Zheng Yen (ed). Encyclopedia of Cyber Behavior. Hershey, PA: IGI Global,hlm. 202; Lihat pula: Deep Patel. 2017. How Millennials Are Changing These 3 Industries. Diakses di https://www.forbes.com/sites/deeppatel/2017/04/01/how-millennials-are-changing-these-3-industries/#6e05e0f7639e; Eileen Patten & Richard Fry. 2015. How Millennials today compare with their grandparents 50 years ago. Diakses di http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/03/19/how-millennials-compare-with-their-grandparents/ 75 https://psi.id/berita/2018/02/18/jadi-peserta-pemilu-2019-psi-banggakan-keterwakilan-perempuan/ 76 https://psi.id/berita/2017/08/29/psi-tuntut-pengurus-parpol-kecamatan-pusat-30-persen-wanita/ 77 Priska Sari Pratiwi. 2018. MK Tolak Gugatan PSI soal Wakil Perempuan di Parpol. Diakses di https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20180111160234-12-268195/mk-tolak-gugatan-psi-soal-wakil-perempuan-di-parpol 72 78 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Lebih mengejutkan lagi ketika PSI memasang syarat unik bagi siapapun –termasuk kaum muda- jika ingin bergaung dengan partai tersebut yakni tidak pernah menjadi pengurus harian partai politik apapun alias masih “murni”. Syarat ini terbilang unik, karena di mata PSI pengurus partai lama sudah “tercemar” atau “kotor”, atau dalam bahasa PSI “tidak mungkin membangun sesuatu yang baru dari bahan yang lama78”. Dengan kata lain sebagai komitmen pada progresivitas Sebenarnya jika ditinjau secara kritis, syarat yang ditetapkan PSI ini terbuka untuk dipertanyakan. Karena belum tentu orang yang pernah bergabung dengan suatu partai lalu dirinya disimpulkan sudah “tidak bersih lagi”. Bisa jadi orang tersebut dahulu juga muak dengan partai lama dan melihat ada peluang pada partai X tetapi ternyata di kemudian hari ia kecewa karena partai X saja saja. Atau ada pula kemungkinan orang partai lama yang “bersih” namun pada saat itu hanya tersedia kendaraan politik semacam itu. Sementara dia punya keyakinan seperti orangorang PSI sekarag ini bahwa kita tidak boleh apatis sehingga ia meemilih bergabung dengan partai lama tersebut untuk tujuan perbaikan. Ketika melihat PSI ia melihat bahwa ada kendaraan baru yang lebih layak untuk didukung. Bahkan jika merujuk pada sikap PSI sendiri yang mendukung Ahok misalnya, bukankah jelas Ahok itu termasuk orang yang “gonta ganti” partai. Bahkan pernah masuk dalam partai lama yang identik dengan Orde Baru yakni Golkar? Namun PSI melihat bahwa Ahok tidak larut dengan kultur lama tersbeut bahkan Ahok dinobatkan PSI sebagai salah satu tokoh populis yang perlu didukung. Sehingga bukankah ini membuktikan orang yang mempunyai jejak masa lalu di partai tidak pasti “kotor” jika menggunakan kriteria PSI sendiri? Tetapi memang sikap “radikal” PSI ini bisa dimaklumi jika melihat konteks apatisme masyarakat yang tinggi terhadap dunia politik dan partai politik. Ketika ada orang lama yang masuk ke PSI memang bisa timbul kecurigaan dari amsyarakat bahwa partai ini hanya daur ulang partai lama dengan nama berbeda saja. Sehingga mereka tetap apatis dan memilih meinggalkan PSI. Mungkin kekhawatiran itulah yang ingin disingkirkan sejauh-jauhnya oleh PSI sehingga mereka memilih cara radikal ini. Tetapi tidak bisa dipungkiri pilihan sikap “radikal” dalam penyaringan anggotanya ini jelas menunjukkan bahwa PSI tidak ingin terikat dengan masa lalu yang kadung dipandang jelak oleh masyarakat. PSI tidak mau menanggung beban masa lalau yang setiap saat bisa menghalangi perkembangan PSI di masa depan. Dengan kata lain “radikalisme” ini dapat dibaca sebagai komitmen mereka pada ide progresivitas. Progresivitas ini tidak hanya bisa ditemukan pada sistem rekruitmen anggota. Sebagaimana dinyatakan sebelumnya dari platform kebijakan yang akan mereka perjuangkan juga dapat kita saksikan jejak progresivitas tersebut. Ambil contoh platform ke 8 mereka yakni menegnai hubungan internasional79. Dalam platform tersebut ada sejumlah isu yang mereka garisbawahi seperti masalah relasi dengan China, ASEAN, Australia, dan bahkan isu Dwi kewarganegaraan. Satu ide besar yang menjadi pedoman PSI dalam menawarkan solusi hubungan internasional tidak lain adalah interkoneksi. Sementara interkoneksi sendiri mensyaratkan runtuhnya batas-batas yang ketat antar suatu entitas –dalam konteks hubungan internasional berarti batas antar negara-. Dikarenakan interkoneksi menjadi pedoman dalam bersikap maka wajar jika PSI menyatakan dalam platformnya bahwa relasi dengan China, ASEAN, Australia perlu dibuka seluas-luasnya bahkan dalam konteks ASEAN keterbukaan itu perlu didorong dalam level interaksi individual antar negara ASEAN. Sebagaimana pula dengan isu dwi-kewarganegaraan, PSI dengan lantang mendukung status dwi kewarganegaraan. Alasannya mudah ditebak, keterbukaan dan mobilitas (dengan kata lain interkoneksi antar negara) merupakan ciri “zaman now”. 78 79 https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=86&v=9WUk_0E-NSc https://psi.id/berita/content/platform-8-hubungan-luar-negeri/ 79 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Memang tidak dapat dipungkiri interkoneksi adalah spirit mendasar dari zaman digital atau “zman now” sekarang ini. Internet sebagai jantung dari media sosial itu sendiri dibangun berdasarkan logika interkoneksi, dengan kata lain keterbukaan dan interaksi bukan ketertutupan. Sehingga dapat dikatakan bahwa platform PSI ini tidak lain adalah upaya ekspansi logika berfikir zaman now atau era digitalisasi masyarakat sebagai pijakan dalam membangun kebijakan publik. Sehingga jika dikaitkan dengan ide progresivitas –yang juga merujuk pada “zaman now”- maka PSI nampaknya benar-benar menghayati ide ini. Berlanjut pada poin ketiga, yakni “itu kita” (solidaritas). Poin ini sejatinya unik karena solidaritas yang dimaksud disini ternyata merujuk pada upaya rasional PSI dalam mempertautkan cita-cita mereka (idealisme) dengan realitas. Maksudnya seorang boleh memiliki cita-cita sehinggi langit –begitu pula PSI- tetapi cita-cita tersebut tentunya harus juga menimbang realitas apakah mungkin dilaksanakan dalam waktu dekat misalnya. Dengan kata lain ide yang ingin dibangun ialah kita boleh bercita-cita tetapi juga harus paham keadaan kita saat ini. Untuk lebih memahami poin ini ada baiknya kita mengutarakan tafsir menurut pimpinan PSI (Grace Natalie) sendiri: Meskipun kita TERBUKA dan PROGRESIF, namun PSI juga sadar bahwa sebagai partai politik yang moderen, PSI tidak boleh meloncat melampaui kenyataan-kenyataan sosial dan ekonomi bangsa dan negara Indonesia. Karenanya PSI mencantumkan kata “ITU KITA” sebagai identitas ketiga. KITA disini bermakna Solidaritas, kebersamaan, perbedaan yang toleran satu dengan yang lain. Ringan sama dijinjing, berat sama dipikul. Berdiri sama tinggi duduk sama rendah. Saat dibelakang mendorong, saat didepan mencerahkan saat ditengah PSI harus bisa menggerakkan kekuatan terbaik rakyat dan bangsa ini untuk maju mencapai cita-cita kemerdekaannya80. Sangat jelas dari penuturan Grace Natalie, bahwa solidaritas disini dimaknai bahwa dunia ini atau negara ini bukan hanya milik kita saja, tetapi juga ada orang lain yang tidak sepemahaman dengan kita. Tentunya untuk mengusahakan perubahan pasti akan bersinggungan dengan orang lain tersebut. Maka kita harus mengukur diri kita sebelum melaksanakan perubahan karena dibutuhkan kekuatan yang tidak sedikit untuk mengubah tatanan yang mungkin dirasa orang lain tersebut sudah ideal tidak perlu dirubah. Mungkin timbul pertanyaan apakah poin ketiga ini menegasikan poin pertama dan kedua yang begitu optimistis untuk mengawal perubahan sementara poin ketiga ini nampaknya bernada “pesimistis”. Sebenarnya tidak juga jika mencermati bagaimana PSI mengaplikasikan poin ketiga ini di lapangan. Merujuk pada sikap PSI mendukung Jokowi, Ahok, atau yang terkini dimana PSI mendukung sejumlah pemimpin yang maju dalam pemilihan kepala daerah tahun 2019 ini seperti Ganjar merupakan aplikasi dari poin ketiga ini. Sebagaimana diterangkan oleh Grace Natalie sebenarnya kalau bisa tentu PSI ingin mengusung calon kepala daerahnya sendiri termasuk nantinya calon presiden sendiri. Dengan kata lain inilah cita-cita/ idealisme PSI. Akan tetapi idealisme ini tidak bisa dilakukan karena ada realitas yang tidak mendukungnya yakni baru pertama kali melaju dalam pemilu sehingga PSI tidak punya suara sama sekali untuk mengusung calon81. Disinilah perubahan terkendala realitas, dan tentunya tidak bisa dipaksakan karena tidak punya kekuatan yang memadahi. Kira-kira hasil “sintesis” idealisme dan ralitas ini menghasilkan sikap politik PSI untuk mendukung calon yang menurut mereka paling layak diantara calon yang lain. Setidaknya ada perbaikan ke arah yang lebih baik sekecil mungkin. Maka tidak heran ketika kemudian PSI turut mendukung sejumlah nama yang dianggap pro kemajuan tersebut di sejumlah wilayah. Hasil “sintesis” nnyata inilah yang bisa kita maknai sebagai solidaritas itu sendiri karena ketika mendukung nama-nama tertentu semaisal Jokowi, Ahok, Ganjar yang merupakan claon partai lain maka otomatis mereka bisa membangun solidaritas dengan partai pengusungnya untuk memenangkan sang calon. Dengan kata lain ada kemungkina membangun solidaritas dengan pihak lain jika sejalan dengan cita-cita PSI. 80 81 https://psi.id/berita/2017/04/09/republikanisme-milenial-terbuka-progresif-itu-kita/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bHPOAAUtvWg 80 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Walaupun tentunya sebagaimana dinyatakan sebelumnya, sejatinya bukan partai tapi figur pro kemajuan itulah yang didukung PSI. Sehingga kerjasama itu tidak menghilangkan watak konfrontatif PSI dengan partai lain sebagai sebuah institusi lama yang harus “pensiun”. Kedua, mengenai pendanaan partai. Pendanaan partai memang menjadi salah satu permasalahn akut yang melanda partai politik saat ini. Karena melalaui pendanaan partai itulah partai dapat melaksanakan serbagai aktivitasnya. Ironisnya demi survivalitas partai tersebut tidak jarang partai memilih berbagai jalan ilegal untuk membiayai partai mereka. Sebut saja temuan ICW mengenai pendanaan ilegal dan korupsi sebagai sumber pemasukan partai82. Korupsi misalnya terjadi ketika para anggota legislatif atau eksekutif yang berasal dari partai tertentu diminta oleh partainya untuk membiayai kehidupan partai tersbeut. Tidak jarang anggota legislatif atau pejabat anggota partai tersebut harus melakukan bebrgaai praktik korupsi agar dapat meemnuhi permintaan partai. Begitu pula sumbangan ilegal yang didapatkan partai dari sumber-sumber perorangan atau perusahaan tertentu. Imbalannya tentu perusahaan atau perorangan tersebut akan mendapatkan dukungan dari partai. Maka tidak jarang kongkalikong bisnis dan parpol dan mengkhianati janji rakyat seringkali etrjadi karena alasan ini. Tidak hanya masalah pemasukan, peruntukan dan tentunya akuntabilitas keuangan ini juga di mata ICW bermasalah83. Akuntabilitas yang bermasalah sejatinya merupakan keniscayaan karena jika dana tersebut dibuka maka publik bisa menilai betapa kotornya parpol selama ini karena pendapatannya banyak dari jalur ilegal. Sementara soal peruntukan ini ternyata tidak luput dari permasalhan. Seharusnya dana dikelola secara profesional untuk mepentingan partai, tetapi faktanya menurut ICW seringkali dana ini justru mengalir ke kantong ketua umum, wakil ketua umum atau sekjen parpol84. Sehingga wajar ketika jabatan tersebut diperebutkan karena merupakan “lahan basah”. Intinya bukan demi kepentingan partai, tetapi uang tersbeut justru mengalir untuk membiayai kepentingan personal. Kesimpulan yang bisa ditarik dari penjelasan diatas ialah pendanaan menjadi krusial untuk memastikan partai tetap berada di jalurnya dan tidak merugikan rakyat akibat potensi korupsi dan kongkalikong mereka dengan kalangan bisnis atau personal lainnya. Sehingga ketika PSI ingin mengambil jalan populis tentu mereka harus menghapus struktur lama ini. Belum lagi jika dikaitkan dengan “zaman now” yang menekankan pada keterbukaan. Isu akuntabilitas menajdi krusial disini untuk memastikan bahwa publik paham apa yang terjadi. Sebagai upaya menyesuaikan diri dengan tuntutan zaman now dan ide populisme, PSI merancang berbagai ide yang unik ntuk menyelesaikan problem pembiayaan partai ini. Salah satu ide yang perlu untuk diangkat dalam tulisan ini ialah mengenai kartu sakti. Kartu sakti sendiri merupakan terobosan paling baru dari PSI untuk mendanai aktivitas partainya. Kartu Sakti sendiri adalah singkatan dari Kartu Solidaritas Anti Korupsi dan Intoleransi. Kartu ini diklaim oleh Grace selain akan membuat pendanaan partai bersih dari unsur korupsi dan pendanaan ilegal lainnya namun juga memastikan partai menjadi milik publik bukan tokoh atau keluarga tertentu saja85. Hal ini dapat terjadi karena setiap pemilik kartu mendapatkan hak suara untuk menentukan arah partai. Dengan cara itulah publik bisa mengontrol kinerja partai setiap saat. Karena PSI mengklaim dengan memiliki kartu itu, sang pemilik akan diikutsertakan dalam berbagai aktivitas maupaun mengambilan keputusan partai. Grace Sendiri 82 Dani Prabowo. 2015. 10 Masalah Pendanaan Parpol Versi ICW. http://nasional.kompas.com/read/2015/03/12/14145661/10.Masalah.Pendanaan.Parpol.Versi.ICW 83 Ibid 84 Ibid 85 Moh. Nadlir. 2018. Galang Dana Publik, PSI Luncurkan Kartu "Sakti". http://nasional.kompas.com/read/2018/01/19/21321051/galang-dana-publik-psi-luncurkan-kartu-sakti Diakses Diakses di di 81 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 mencontohkan misalkan soal debat impor beras. Apakah nantinya PSI akan mendukung atau menolak itu, para pengguna kartu dapat berkontribusi untuk memberikan argumen dan sikapnya. Nantinya sikap itulah yang akan diambil partai86. Tentu saja cara berinteraksi antara partai dan masyarakat pemegang kartu itu akan dimediasi lewat media sosial sehingga praktis dan dapat dipantau setiap saat. Dalam website resmi PSI sendiri disebutkan dengan cara pembelian kartu sakti inilah relasi timbal balik antara publik dan partai dapat dibangun dengan baik. Partai membutuhkan dana dan masyarakat butuh kinerja partai yang merepresentaikan kehendak mereka, bukan kehendak elit87. Sehingga dengan cara inilah masing-masing pihak dapat salaing menopang sehingga melahirkan apa yang diistilahkan ilmuwan politik sebagai party id (party identification)88. Sampai saat ini Grace Natalie mengungkapkan bahwa sekitar 600 ribu orang sudah memiliki kartu Sakti ini. Dana yang diperolah dari penjualan kartu sakti sendiri sampai saat ini mencapai Rp 2.484.555.88989. PSI sendiri menargetkan 1 juta orang akan membeli produk mereka ini dalam jangka waktu satu tahun. Harapannya di tahun 2019 PSI sudah bisa mengumpulkan dana 1 triliun rupiah, yang nantinya dipergunakan sebagian besar untuk kepentingan pemilu90. Terkait dengan kartu sakti ini sejatinya memang merupakan terobosan yang luar biasa, terlebih tidak hanya menggabungkan unsur populisme dimana partai ingin keluar dari struktur korup dan elitis tetapi juga menerapkan spirit zaman now yang berbasiskan pada teknologi dan mendukung keterbukaan. Nampak bahwa PSi mampu meramu semua tuntutan zaman tersebut dengan sangat baik. Hanya saja perlu diberikan catatan tersendiri mengenai kartu Sakti ini, dimana PSI mengklaim dengan memiliki kartu sakti ini maka dia dapat berkontibusi menentukan arah “berlayarnya” partai. Namun kartu ini memiliki kelemahan karena sebagaimana dinyatakan oleh Grace Natalie sendiri menyasar kelas menengah. Lalu pertanyaannya bagaimana masyarakat kelas bawah yang tidak memiliki kartu? Bagaimana dengan masyarakat yang mungkin tergolong kelas menengah namun tidak masuk dalam generasi milenial –sehingga notabene lebih “gaptek” soal mengoperasikan teknologi-? Termasuk juga bagaimana masyarakat secara umum yang tidak masuk ke dalam PSI tapi ingin memberikan masukan-masukan? Memang benar bahwa PSI telah membuka ruang dialog yang seluas-luasnya pada masyarakat saat ini. Tetapi apakah dnegan hadirnya kartu sakti mereka akan dinomerduakan? Patut diingat bahwa jika itu yang terjadi bisa-bisa peluang PSI untuk mendapatkan simpati yang lebih luas bisa tergerus karena dianggap kembali ke jalur yang eksklusif. Dimana hanya yang mampu “bayar” yang didengarkan suaranya. Menghadapi pertanyaan diatas nampaknya PSI harus mampu meyakinkan publik bahwa siapa saja yang bukan pemegang kartu sakti juga diberikan ruang untuk terus memberikan kritik, masukan, dan bahkan dimintai pendapatnya soal kebijakan yang kan diambil PSI. Sebenarnya hal ini sangat mungkin di era digital semacam ini. Misalkan bisa dibuat dua macam polling, dimana polling pertama menyasar anggota PSI termasuk juga pemegang kartu sakti, sedangkan publik juga tetap didengar pendapatnya lewat polling kedua. Dengan cara itu PSI justru semakin diuntungkan karena dinilai semakin banyak menyerap aspirasi publik sehingga simpati kepadanya bertambah. Lau bagaimana dengan pemegang kartu sakti yang tentunya mengharapkan yang “lebih” dibandingkan dengan orang yang tidak menyumbang? Pertama, dijelaskan dalam website PSI sendiri bahwa selain manfaat politik pemegang kartu sakti akan mendapatkan manfaat tambahan seperti community channel. Dimana misalnya disebutkan pemegang kartu dapat menawarkan keahlian dan produk/jasa kepada anggota komunitas PSI & memiliki kesempatan 86 Ibid https://teman.psi.id/kartusakti/ 88 Lihat lebih jauh mengenai partai id di: https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/instructors/setups/notes/party-identification.jsp 89 https://psi.id/berita/2018/01/21/rekrut-kader-psi-bermodal-kartu-sakti/ 90 https://psi.id/berita/2018/02/24/hadapi-pemilu-2019-psi-galang-dana-publik-rp-1-triliun/ 87 82 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 untuk membangun komunitas online di teman.psi.com91. Kira-kira fasilitas tambahan inilah yang bisa dioptimalkan sehingga mereka bisa tergerak untuk menyumbang. Kedua, sebagai penyumbang secara spiritual sejatinya ia sudah mendapat kepuasan tersendiri karena dirinya yang memiliki kelebihan dalam penghasilan mampu berkontribusi membangun Indonesia lebih baik. Jiwa filantropis semacam ini sejatinya juga tinggi di indonesia, sehingga mereka justru senang akan membesarkan partai yang dianggap memiliki komitmen tinggi untuk mewujudkan kedaulatan publik di bumi Indonesia. Ketiga, mengenai struktur partai. PSI sendiri berupaya membranding partainya sebagai “kendaraan yang terbuka”92. Maksudnya ialah berbeda dengan partai yang lain yang cenderung hierarkis dan elitis, maka dalam konteks PSI segela bentuk hierarkis dan elitisme dipangkas semaksimal mungkin. Hal ini sangat beralasan sebab sikap antipati masyarakat terhadap partai harus direspon dengan pembenahan yang radikal jika ingin menarik simpati masyarakat yang terlanjur benci dengan partai tersebut. Terlebih lagi bagi “generasi now” yang notabene sangat menentang segala bentuk struktur hierarkis, karena bayangan abad digital adalah kebebasan dan kesetaraan. Sebagaimana telah disinggung sebelumnya ada sejumlah langkah PSI untuk menciptakan partai yang tidak bercorak elitis dan hierarkis semaksimal mungkin. Pertama, melalui aspek pembiayaan partai. Sebagaimana dijelaskan sebelumnya dengan mengandalkan dana publik semsial lewat kartu sakti, harapannya tidak ada person atau lembaga tertentu yang mendapatkan keistimewaan dalam mengarahkan partai. Melalaui kartu sakti elitisme dapat direduksi dengan menghadirkan publik yang akan terus mengontrol dan berkontribusi terhadap setiap gerak gerik partai. Langkah kedua, ketiadaan tokoh sentral dalam partai tersebut. Hal ini berulangkali ditegaskan oleh Grace Natalie misalnya di berbagai ksempatan bahwa partainya memang meniadakan tokoh 93. Berbeda dengan partai lain yang mengistimewakan “darah biru” yang dimiliki seseorang -sehingga ia dapat menduduki posisi sentral dalam partai-, maka di dalam PSI tidak ada pengistimewaan berbasis “darah biru” atau modal yang besar94. Memang jika kita mencermati “muka-muka” anggota dan pengurus PSI yang seringkali menyapa publik, kita tidak akan dapatkan nama-nama tersebut terkait dengan latar belakang “darah biru” dari yang bersangkutan. Sebut saja Tsamara Amany, seorang pengurus PSI yang kini namanya cukup terkenal. Apakah Amany dikenal karena “darah biru” dalam dunia politik? Amany jelas berbeda dengan Gus Dur atau Megawati misalnya yang menjadi tokoh sedikit banyak karena “darah birunya”. Megawati karena ia merupakan puteri Soekarno, tokoh legenderis di Indonesia. Begitu pula dengan Gus Dur yang merupakan cucu dan anak dari tokoh legendaris NU Hasyim Asyari (kakeknya) dan Wahid Hasyim (ayahnya). Perlu ditegaskan bahwa bukan berarti tulisan ini ingin melecehkan Megawati ataupun Gus Dur, tetapi hanya ingin menegaskan bahwa mungkin tokoh seperti Gus Dur tidak akan terkenal seperti sekarang di tubuh NU jika tidak memiliki darah Kyai khos (sepuh/dituakan). Tren ini faktanya juga menurun pada anak-anak Gus Dur seperti Yenny Wahid yang kini menjadi tokoh baru. Seorang Yenny tidak akan menjadi Yenny jika tidak ada garis keturunan Gus Dur. Sangat mungkin ada kader NU lain yang mungkin juga secemerlang Yenny tetapi sulit untuk muncul ke permukaan karena tidak memiliki “darah biru” tersebut. Berbeda dengan sosok Gus Dur, Megawati, atau Yenny Wahid, sosok Amany dapat dikatakan “amatir” dalam dunia politik. Namun karena perjuangannya sendiri –yang disokong partai tentunya- maka namanya bisa terkenal seperti sekarang. Jadi poin yang menentukan karir di PSi adalah usahanya sendiri, sementara PSI sendiri memberikan ruang yang setara bagi anggotanya untuk maju. Sehingga tidak ada pengistimewaan karena soal “darah” tersebut. Begitu pula soal tokoh yang akan dicalonkan oleh PSI dalam pemilu, PSI tidak mempersiapkan tokoh tertentu yang digadang-gadang maju dalam pemilu tersebut. Suatu hal yang terbilang menarik karena di Indonesia sendiri ada 91 https://teman.psi.id/kartusakti/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xeYopMfaB7w 93 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xeYopMfaB7w 94 https://psi.id/berita/content/kenapa-psi/; https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=70&v=oQZHYvjbNK0 92 83 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 tren penciptaan partai karena digunakan oleh tokoh tetrentu demi kepentingan eletoralitas sang tokoh itu sendiri. Sebut saja Nasdem untuk mengusung Surya Paloh atau yang terbaru seperti Perindo, yang nantinya dipakai sebagai kendaraan politik Hary Tanoe menggapai kekuasaan. Sebagaimana dinyatakan oleh Grace Natalie, tokoh yang akan diusung PSI dalam pemilu dikembalikan pada publik itu sendiri. Sebagaimana kebiasaan PSI yang selalu membuat polling untuk menetapkan satu sikap politik tertentu yang akan diambil partai, PSI juga akan menjaring suara masyarakat untuk menetapkan mana tokoh potensial yang dapat didukung PSI untuk menjabat95. Tentunya tokoh tersebut sesuai dengan kriteria PSI yakni progresif adan populis. Langkah ketiga, melalui jalur perekrutan, sebagaimana dibahas pada pembahasan sebelumnya, PSI menetapkan usia maksimal untuk mendaftar anggota PSI dibawah 45 tahun. Jika ditilih dari sisi anti elitisme dan hierarkis sejatinya kebijakan pembatasan usia ini sangat rasional. Dapat dikatakan usia di bawah 45 tahun adalah usia muda, sedangkan anak muda cenderung membangun relasi secara lebih cair diantara sesamanya. Apalagi dalam konteks anak muda “zaman now” dimana spirit untuk berkolaborasi mereka sangat tinggi. Harapannya dengan motor penggerak partai di tangan “generasi now” itu sendiri maka corak hierarkis akan dapat direduksi semaksimal mungkin. Langkah keempat, melalui penggunaan bahasa yang khas. Secara organisatoris PSI tentu harus mengikuti standar baku yang diatur undang-undang. Sehingga tentu PSI juga memiliki struktur seperti bendahara, ketua umum, ketua DPP, ketua DPD, dan lain sebagainya. Sebagai organisasi modern terntu pembagian itu juga merupakan keniscayaan supaya tidak ada yang merangkap jabatan dan akhirnya justru menimbulkan kekeburan fungsi dan tugas seorang anggota tersebut. Akan tetapi tidak dapat dipungkiri bahwa struktur organisatoris ini menyimpan masalah karena mengesankan masih adanya hierarki tajam dalam tubuh partai baru tersebut. Tetapi nampaknya PSI tidak kekurangan ide untuk menghapus kesan hierarkis dari struktur organisatoris tersebut dengan istilah-istilah/penggunaan bahasa yang khas. Bisa dicermati dalam website PSI96 maupun dalam berbagai orasi yang dilakukan PSI di hadapan publik bahwa ketika mereka memanggil rekan-rekannya tidak dengan sebutan “ibu ketua”, “bapak bendahara” dan semacamnya yang mengesankan hierarki kuasa tetapi dengan bro dan sis97. Bahasa yang lebih egaliter dan juga pastinya sesuai dengan spirit “zaman now” yang gemar menciptakan perbendaharaan kata tersendiri. Mungkin terdengar sepele tetapi penggunaan bahasa yang lebih egaliter memiliki efek yang tidak kecil dalam membentuk relasi. Dengan menggunakan panggilan akrab bro dan sis maka kesan yang muncul ialah interaksi sesama teman, rekan seperjuangan. Bukan antara atasan dan bawahan. Sebuah ide yang menarik untuk menghapuskan hierarki yang ada. Post Scriptum: Menatap Peluang Baru Deepening Democracy di Abad Digital Otto Kirchheimer, seorang ilmuwan politik sekaligus anggota Institute of Social reseach (nantinya insititusi ini lebih dikenal dunia dengan istilah mazhab Franfkurt)98 mengemukakan sebuah tesis terkenal mengenai terbentuknya apa yang disebut sebagai partai “catch-all”. Kemunculan partai “catch all” sendiri tidak dapat dilepaskan dari transformasi yang melanda masyarakat eropa sehingga menyebabkan terjadi evolusi di tubuh partai 95 Grace sendiri menyebutkan untuk kepentingan ini PSI bisa bekerjasama dengan lembaga survei. Lihat: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xeYopMfaB7w 96 Dalam web PSI sendiri ketika mencermati halaman struktur pengurus pusat maka yang muncul pertama kali hanya gambar nama dan foto anggota PSI seperti Grace Natalie dan dengan panggilan bro atau sis saja. Barulah ketika mengklik salah satu gambar tersebut –misal Grace natalie- akan kita dapatkan posisi dirinya dalam partai. Terlihat jelas upaya membangun kesan egalitariandalam cara menyajikan struktur kepengurusan partai tersebut. Lihat: https://psi.id/pimpinan-pusat/ 97 Istilah bro dan sis ini juga dipakai oleh anggota PSI ketika menyapa publik. 98 David Ingram. 2014. Critical Theory to Structuralism: Philosophy, Politics and the Human Sciences. Abingdon: Routledge,hlm. 33 84 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 politik. Transfromasi yang dimaksud ialah masuknya masyarakat ke zaman kapitalisme lanjut, abad konsumerisme (mass consumption/consumerism), dan abad media99. Perubahan di level masyarakat tersebut tentunya berimplikasi pada banyak hal. Ideologi yang dahulu menjadi sentral dalam masyarakat –bahkan membilah mereka- menjadi semakin tidak relevan. Kini masyarakat semakin terhomogenisasi secara budaya –termasuk pemikiran-. Lebih lanjut dengan adanya media, mengubah sama sekali kultur masyarakat. Melalui media yang menjangkau masyarakat secara luas berbagai informasi –termasuk iklan- dapat disebarluaskan secara luas dan menembus batas-batas kelas100. Perubahan ini memiliki konsekuensi besar terhadap partai politik yang saat itu hadir di eropa –yakni partai massa-. Partai massa sendiri bercirikan dengan komitmennya pada satu golongan di masyarakat –misal kepentingan kaum buruh-, sangat idelogis, dan memiliki struktur organisasi yang sangat kompleks dan keanggotaan masif pula101. Wujud partai massa yang ideologis dan kompeks semacam itu memang sangat beralasan jika kita dapat menempatkannya sesuai konteks waktu dan zaman pada saat itu. Partai ini sendiri muncul dari perubahan di tingkat masyarakat dimana pada saat itu yang berjaya adalah partai kader yang sangat elitis dan top down. Masyarakat yang semakin politis dan muak terhadap kekuasaan negara yang didominasi elit mencoba mendobrak keadaan dengan membuat partai tandingan untuk “menghubungkan” negara dan masyarakat yang tadinya “terputus”102. Guna mensukseskan tuntutan masyarakat tersebut memang dibutuhkan bentuk partai yang spesifik. Struktur organisasi yang kompleks dibutuhkan untuk memastikan suara dari bawah dapat diteruskan hingga tingkat atas. Berbeda dengan partai kader pada saat itu yang lebih cair karena cuma diisi segelintir elit 103. Begitu pula dengan keanggotaan yang masif dan militan, sebab tanpa anggota yang masif dan militan tersebut partai tidak bisa hidup karena merekalah yang menjalankan dan membiayai kehidupan partai. Perlu diingat karena partai massa pada awalnya adalah partai wong cilik maka dibutuhkan keanggotaan yang banyak untuk memastikan pembiayaan tercukupi104. Berbeda dengan partai kader yang tdiak butuh bayak anggota karena kekaayaan mereka sudah mencukupi. Sebagaimana perubahan di masyarakat di masa lalu yang melahirkan partai massa, Otto Kirchheimer juga melihat perubahan ini kembali terjadi dalam konteks masyarakat yag berubah karena memasuki zaman konsumsi. Sebagaimana disinggung sebelumnya terjadi deideologisasi dan media menjadi sentral dalam kehidupan masyarakat. Keadaan tersebut pada akhirnya juga mengguncang eksistensi partai massa. Ketika massa semakin tidak ideologis, semakin terhomogenisasi, dan semakin “terkooptasi” dengan media maka eksistensi partai massa menjadi semakin tidak relevan. Partai hanya bisa memilih apakah dia bertahan dengan berbagai kesulitan yang akan dihadapinya – karena tentunya orang makin malah mendonasikan sumbangan partai misalnya- atau berubah mengikuti keadaan di masyarakat. Bagi Kirchheimer apa yang terjadi ternyata partai memilih pilihan kedua. Disinilah awal munculnya partai “catch all”. Sejatinya jika ditinjau dari sisi idealis atau tidak, partai “catch all” tidaklah ideal. Karena partai ini semakin tidak jelas idelogisnya dan semakin elitis. Elitis karena partai memilih berlogika seperti korporasi yang menggunakan media sebagai sarana mereka untuk mendulang suara. Disini elit (lebih spesitifk elit pusat) menjadi “bintang” media sementara anggota lainnya menjadi lebih tidak signifikan105. 99 Moshe Maor. 2005. Political Parties and Party Systems: Comparative Approaches and the British Experiece. London: Routledge,hlm. 112-113 100 Ibid 101 Robert Rohrschneider& Stephen Whitefield. 2012. The Strain of Representation: How Parties Represent Diverse Voters in Western and Eastern Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press,hlm.120; Paul F.G. Depla & Pieter W. Tops. 1995. Political Parties in the Digital Era: The Technological Challenge? Dalam Wim B. H. J. van de Donk, I. Th. M. Snellen & P. W. Tops (ed). Orwell in Athens: A Perspective on Informatization and Democracy. Amsterdam: IOS Press,hlm.155 102 John Pierre Entelis. 1974. Pluralism and Party Transformation in Lebanon: Al-Kataʼib, 1936-1970. Leiden: Brill,hlm. 101 103 Ibid 104 Ibid 105 Moshe Maor. 2005. Political Parties and Party Systems: Comparative Approaches and the British Experiece. London: Routledge,hlm. 112-113 85 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Pemaparan mengenai evolusi partai sebagaimana dikemukakan Kirchheimer diatas mempunyai relevansi jika dikaitkan dengan pembahasan paper ini yakni mengenai kemunculan PSI di belantika politik Indoensia. Sebagaimana dijelaskan dalam pembahasan saat ini demokratisasi Indonesia sedang mengalami masalah kemandekan. Adanya keterputusan sambungan antara negara dan masyarakat. Partai yang harusnya bisa menjadi penghubung justru larut dengan egonya sendiri dan tidak memikirkan kehendak masyarakat. Padahal di saat yang sama masyarakat juga mangalami transformasi dengan kehadiran teknologi canggih. Tranformasi yang serng diistilahkan “digitalisasi masyarakat” atau “zaman now” tersebut sebenarnya memiliki spirit positif bagi perpolitikan Indonesia karena spirit yang dikandungnya sangat bernuansa populis: masyarakat yang aktif dan anti terhadap elit. Analisis Kirchheimer kira-kira dapat dipakai sebagai renungan bersama, terkhusus bagi ilmuwan politik. Di Eropa ketika partai tidak menghiraukan apa yang terjadi di masyarakat maka mereka potensial tergulung sehingga mereka merubah dirinya. Keadaan serupa sangat mungkin juga terjadi di Indonesia terlebih di “zaman now” dimana sentimen anti partai dan anti elits secara umum semakin besar. Golput, calon independen, hingga munculnya berbagai gerakan sosial non parlementer itu harusnya dibaca sebagai semakin menguatnya kebencian masyarakat pada saluransaluran konvensional. Jika keterputusan ini terus dibiarkan bukan tidak mungkin akan muncul “benturan” yang semakin keras. Ambil contoh timur tengah, masyarakat yang semakin terdigitalisasi dan menginginkan perubahan tetapi sistem tidak meresponnya maka pilihannya sistem tumbang (seperti Mesir) atau rusak-dua-duanya (seperti di Suriah). Kehadiran PSI yang mengusung ideologi populis merupakan salah satu terobosan untuk mengatasi keterputusan antara negara dan masyarakat tersbeut, yang tentunya juga potensi meredam potensi benturan yang keras tersebut. Eksperimen PSI dengan populisme inilah yang menarik sebab di mata masyarakat ia menunjukkan bahwa partai ternyata bisa berubah. Sedangkan di mata partai lama dia menunjukkan bahwa sudah waktunya kita berubah jika tidak ingin tergulung oleh zaman. Hail dari eksperimen populisme ala PSI memang belum bisa kita saksikan secara nyata karena partai ini juga baru mulai bertarung pada pemilu 2019 ini. Tetapi jika mencermati kemampuan partai untuk lolos verifikasi KPU menunjukkan bahwa dalam waktu relatif singkat partai ini cukup bisa menjaring massa mereka tersendiri. Bahkan mengalahkan partai yang usianya lebih lama dari partai mereka seperti PBB yang digawangi oleh tokoh terkenal yakni Yusril Iza Mahendra. Tentunya capaian ini merupakan salah satu indikasi bahwa eksperiman awal PSI cukup berhasil. Tentu masih perlu diperhatikan lebih lanjut bagaimana kehadiran dan konsistensi PSI di masa mendatang. Jika eksperimen PSI ini berhasil dan posisinya menjadi seperti partai massa di masa lalu -sehingga mampu “mendisrupsi” struktur yang ada- tentu wajah politik di Indonesia akan sama sekali berbeda. Dimana ketersambungan antara negara dan rakyat bisa diajut kembali, dan suara rayat harus diperhitungkan dalam setiap kebijakan yang dibuat. Ketika hal tersebut dapat terealisasikan dengan baik tentunya menjadi pertanda yang baik bagi proses demokratisasi Indonesia ke depannya. 86 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 TRANSFORMATION OF MINORITIES IN THE POLITICAL DEMOCRACY M. Dian Hikmawan University of Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa e-mail : dionk_90@yahoo.com Majoritarianisme: Monologism in Consensual Democracy Debate The dominance of majority brings us to the tradition where the problem is solved simply by kategorasi pluralism domination. This dominance in terms of freedom include physical and non-physical. When we refer to an idealization in politics consensualdeliberative, deliberative democracy Habermas has not been able to answer the model of collective consensus (majority), which also agreed to be the domination of the minority, because generally we understand democracy as a fusion of ideas about the power of the people and the idea of rights individual guaranteed by the law. The purport is the result of individual discourse soveregnity so that the people understood as a collection of individuals (Danujaya, 2012: xvi). Model oppression and domination that took place in the social life is causing a gap, so that people in the social sphere is divided into majority and minority communities. Some cases in Indonesia describe things that are coercive and repressive. For example, in the book Human Rights Watch report of 2013 issued by the National Commission on Human Rights in Indonesia, the report provides an overview of how violence in the name of religion prevalent in Indonesia between religions majoritarian and minority, when you see the report of the instigators of equality in Indonesia, namely Equivalent Jakarta Institute released the results of their research are at least about 216 cases of attacks on religious minorities in 2010, 244 cases in 2011 and 264 cases in 2012. This data shows us bahwasannya least violent minorities on the basis of religious differences continue to increase every year. This means that there is something social phenomena experienced anomalous error AAU our daily lives in mengahdapi difference, especially in terms of more private that is religion. There are other interesting reports regarding issues of discrimination in matters of religion. From the data released by the Wahid Institute, the organization monitor issues of human rights violations in Jakarta, documenting bahwasannya least there had been about 92 cases of violation of freedom of religion and 184 events of religious intolerance in 2011, this event is an increase of 64 cases of violations of religious freedom and religious intolerance 134 events in 2010. the high rate of violence illustrates that violence against religious minorities in the category becomes very vulnerable in Indonesia. In some cases the majority and minorities, discrimination against minorities is not only true, or occurs in the form of violence or repressive course, But the discrimination that occurs through opportunity to contend for the minority. Ways of dialogue in resolving problems in the refinement. Because what happens is the domination of the majority against the minority. We can see in some cases, for example the first minority to blame and succumb to the situation which is constructed by the majority. In the court-even limited access to justice equivalent in getting narrowed with all the procedural rules. Should state apparatus as a mediator-was often participate stuck in the domination of the majority, in the end what happens is not only a space for dialogue that is closed but a form of discrimination against minority legal entity. The following example of a report written by Human Rights Watch: 87 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 ..... For example, Ahmadi an preacher in Sukadana, Campaka subdistrict, Cianjur, told Human Rights Watch that the police suggested that he is out of Sukadana because his presence could provoke anger among Muslims and may trigger violence .... In different places there are other events that provide an overview of the negligence of the state apparatus. ...... In Sampang, Madura, in February 2006, four police officers in the district Omben sign a waiver, asking Madura cleric issued a fatwa prohibiting Shia together. This indicates that the four police officers siding with the majority Sunni Shia minorities even when pitted intimidation and threats. Police Sampang resort, which oversees Omben sector, also plays suppress a Shiite cleric to leave their hometown ... The reason the apparatus that failed to protect religious minorities (in a matter of religion) of physical attacks vary. In some cases, the state apparatus is colluding with the attackers for reasons of religious, economic, or political; in other cases, they completely lack of clear instructions from their superiors or feel outnumbered by the militants. In all cases, it is the lack of police response reflects the failure of the police to enforce the law and arrest the perpetrators of criminal offenses. Some of the police officers involved even openly propose Shi'ism prohibited on the island of Madura. The statement clearly neglecting their responsibilities as law enforcement apparatus, but they are never held accountable. Monologisme majority against minorities occurs because of domination itself. There are indications that the use of space by the majority of procedural democracy in resolving a problem. When the dialogue between the majority and the minority was clogged the procedural democracy through consensus of the majority is always in force in resolving the problem. Then there is the domination of the majority again. Indications in the use of procedural democracy and misconceptions about the substance of democracy itself which makes the way of solving the problem becomes very monologue. Each group or identity in a democratic system must be given the same space or access, including space equal dialogue. Although similar dialogue spaces not guarantee the achievement of a fair decision, but at least begin a dialogue that is not dominated by the majority. to guarantee equality in the space of dialogue and awareness of democracy then when no consensus at least avoid the occurrence of violence (violence) and avoiding the imposition of the majority against the minority. Transformation of historicity as Political Processes Public domain can not be termed as something that the public without the active involvement of the community. Therefore, the public sphere must always be open access to every member of society. Liberalism is an ideological guarantee that every individual is free to express issues and opinions that are considered important and urgent for the government during the response does not injure another individual freedom. The habit of thinking that is built liberalism makes the particular experience of a group becomes irrelevant to talk about in public, let alone to be a demand. Hopes for the privilege of government as the dispensation of the bad luck which has long experienced will be seen as a break through right action other subjects. Sharing the experience of kinship only considered rational by members of the restricted group. As a result, injustice only group that experienced a problem and not a problem of collective society. Problem in the community ranges of the power resources and jobs is a problem individual. Moreover, liberalism also see that particular experience just about attributes. Someone put in the category of a particular group just because of external see that there is a suitable characteristics of individual categories (Hikmawan, 2017: 89). These individuals are members of the group as an aggregate, classification ignores the subjective experience of experiencing "An aggregate is a collection of individuals based on one or more attributes, the process of aggregate formation occurs from an outside perspective, and do not express the subjective point of experience social (Young, 2000: 89). The birth of the movements of the black race groups and feminist groups in Latin America, and gay groups in the period 1960 is proof that injustice beyond distribution problems occur. Members of these movements demanding justice on the United States government as it has for centuries should receive unfair treatment of people due to certain stereotypes that are subject to them. Bodily attributes justify by social practices that restrict self-determination and development (Hikmawan, 2017: 92). In general, these groups can be said 88 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 to suffer injustice. If we mentrandensesikan perspective and viewed from the perspective of classical Marxism, the struggle can be regarded as a struggle of the proletariat against the bourgeois culture because these groups is complicated access to achieve economic establishment. However, The view that blacks are criminals, women are internal household welfare committee, and gays are people with low moral level is the concrete conditions experienced by members of the group. Injustice abstract concept offered by Marxism obscures the real experience of member groups teropresi. The groups are formed not merely because both have certain attributes, but more because of the sense of camaraderie (Young, 2000: 44). The members of a social group are bonded to each other due to feelings of similarity will be experiences by the particular social response to the attributes possessed. Two people with the same attributes do not necessarily have the same experience if it is in the context of a different time and space. Different experiences will result in a different sense of belonging among other social groups. The difference is the mark that distinguishes a group with other social groups. Humans are born in the world that will never be absent by fluctuations and found himself living in a social condition and certain cultural norms. Before realizing it, social conditions are accepted as belonging to them have established ways of thinking and modes of expression of a person. Similarly, Young described how one can get involved in a group or social groups. Borrowing mindset regarding keterlemparan Martin Heidegger, one does not choose to enter into a social group, a person finds himself as part of a specific experience (Young, 2000: 46). Constitution of a social group in contrast with an organization that is certainly the reason and purpose of its establishment. Association established on the basis of conscious consent of its members. The vastly different circumstances show that the anthropological assumptions between social groups and associations across from (Young, 1990: 102). Association constitution is the result of individuals, social groups constitute the opposite individuals (Young, 1990: 48). Therefore the association members can not be referenced social experiences based on their respective associations. For example, the struggle against the practice of apartheid in South Africa, who was born on the fact that local residents are black mistreatment because of political segregation which is run by the white population (Hikmawan, 2017:. Explicitly, the movement said they want social change. Things Noteworthy of these examples is that the group of blacks in South Africa is a social group with experience be subordinated, whereas the struggle against apartheid as an association also involves the active participation of non blacks, one of which is Frederik Willem de Klerk - South Africa's president before the leadership Nelson Mandela. the placement of a group on the stereotypes used to justify subordination can also be revised. State that the position is determined based on relationships, interactions, and comparison also emphasized the multiplicity of social groups as well as the subject. Through a different angle, peresepsi and reaction to a social group will also vary. Liquidity of individual identity is also increasingly evident due to the fact that someone can be in more than one social group. ..... "The view that the group differences in the plural, cross, liquid, and can turn implies another criticism against the model of self-autonomy, the whole. In a complex society, a society with such a high diversity of our society, everyone has the identification plural group (Young, 1990: 48). The opportunity to redefine the position and meaning of the social groups will always be open because of the state of contingency foundation. However, although this study starts from the problem of the diversity of social identity in the community, the main problems lies in the whole political dimension. The experience of injustice is rooted in cultural imperialism, but that does not mean the state is a cultural problem. The following section will use the framework Kwame Anthony Appiah's mengamblangkan inequality issues towards social group appointed by Young as a whole political problems. Social identity according to Appiah consists first of all constituted of labels and social conceptions that are known by the public. "The availability of those terms in public discourse requires a common understanding of the majority of members of the public that there is such labels at once a kind of consensus of how to identify these labels to be applied at the relevant (Appiah 2005: 67). The labels are made they are categorized in a collective identity recognized different from the various aspects of the public. 89 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 In addition, the collective identity can not be considered to exist if there is nothing to identify themselves in that label. "The second element of the social identity of the internalization of the label as part of individual identity at least for some of which carry the label (Appiah 2005: 68). Accept yourself as part of a collective identity means constitute the few things of themselves according to the way that identity so different from the other. the last thing that constitute the social identity according to Appiah is how to behave properly towards that carry the label. .... "To treat someone as an" L "is doing something that is a part of him, not least because he is an" L "" because he is a "L" represents the internal specifications of the agent as a reason for his actions (Appiah 2005: 68) . " Though stereotypes are used as the basis should apply themselves to a collective identity is something that is only a rough conception and do not have clear boundaries. Ketidakjelasanan limits a collective identity are factors that make it easier to use as a weapon unilateral view of self-affirmation. The underlying logic is cultural imperialism, that is, when a social group to compare ourselves to affirm the universality of application of its norms so that menginferiorkan other social identity in public. Unfortunately, the parties assume that diinferiorkan identity is due to the social conditions can not resist. As a result, they inevitably incur the label along with the treatment that is considered the dominant group as it is proper for those who were inferior. This situation is clearly a political issue because it "comes from the fact that describe the treatment by others, and how the treatment of the other party will lead the successes and failures in one's life (Appiah 2005: 69). Transformation Between Approval and Struggle The deal is very central in the process of deliberative democracy. Process of discourse would not have a significant impact in justice if it can not result in a decision to solve the problem together. However, joint problems simply understood as the experience of the problems that are shared problems, problems that are equally experienced, either real or in analog. The viewing angle was eventually escorted to achieve the common good agreement regarding the rights of every individual. Have been described in the foregoing discussion that is too focused on reaching consensus on common rights has a tendency to ignore the various viewpoints and also ignore other problems in society. The discourse would involve exchange of ideas. Various claims of ideas about justice delivered to persuade others to agree with those claims. "Therefore, people are reasonable obliged to persuade others about the claims of justice hers and showed a willingness to dipersuasi also by others. (Young, 2000: 48). In case of plurality, reasonable enables all interests have the opportunity to be presented and considered its sustainability by countries. Competition interest to gain approval by the public in deliberative demokrsasi is commonplace. Therefore, Ideally there should be no threat to harm or eliminate those who disagree or challenge parties privilege or whose beliefs are dominating or oppressive or even wrong. (Young, 2000: 49). Liberal democracy had been a lot of criticism because it restricts reasonable poured only at issue in the realm of overlapping consensus. Therefore, Young filed a renewal in the understanding of deliberative democracy. The most important thing in democracy is not the final result of the approval, but the struggle. When in a society there are different social groups and injustice, democratic political system should be a process of struggle. Not in the view of the opposition to the opponent, the struggle is a process of communicative engagement between citizens. People of social position or different interests have to struggle to raise their issues because the other party may feel threatened by these issues or they think there are other issues that are more important. The democratic process will inevitably have to recognize and deal with the state of pluralism. Young agreed with Mouffe on agonistic pluralism as the basis of democracy today. He quoted Mouffe that democracy does not question their right to their own ideas ... ..didasarkan on the distinction between "enemy" (enemy) and "enemies" (adversary). In the context of the whole political community should be understood that the opposite should be considered not as an enemy to be destroyed but as adversaries whose existence legitimet and should be tolerated. We will fight against the ideas of theirs but we did not injure his right to maintain its existence (Mouffe, 1993: 4) .... 90 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Deliberative democracy is the path chosen transformative Young to defend each party in defending the issues and interests that are considered private. Communication in a democracy is a struggle for others involved in the debate on private but also social problems and their solutions. The actual effort is an attempt to involve other parties in clarifying and adjusting to their viewpoint. Deliberative democracy is conceived Young is the transformation of the private things become eligible for consideration as a public interest justice (Young, 2000: 51). Based on the present situation which marred the perspective of liberalism, the public sphere is the main thing that requires a transformation within the various sides to change its capacity so it can accommodate private matters. Civil Society and the Transformation of the Public Sphere The public domain is a variable that has a great power in deliberative democracy. With its function as a supervisor and controller of state policy, the public sphere is actually also serves as the main liaison between the people and power (Young, 2000: 173). Practice justice received by the people is very dependent on the opinions submitted by the public opinion. Public opinion is the result of the combination through the screening process and the synthesis of the various viewpoints in the information and communication network (Habermas, 1996: 360). Ideal public space is actually freedom for all individuals to be actively involved in the process of formulating public opinion. Missed consideration is that the filtration and synthesis of information is actually none other than the contestation of power in the community perspective. Although the formal availability of access for all parties are the same, the source of wealth, power, influence, and that more information would facilitate access for other parties (Young, 2000: 171). The hegemony of the dominant group in turn will have implications for the public spaces are no longer a single ideal fit. Experience injustice of a social group will not be reduced if there is no change in the constellation of relations in the public sphere. During the publicity in public space access has the priority and public spaces are considered single, mass communication only takes place in accordance streams with great force. The process in the public space will never stop even if there are those who do not participate actively. Although the formal availability of access for all parties are the same, the source of wealth, power, influence, and that more information would facilitate access for other parties (Young, 2000: 171). The hegemony of the dominant group in turn will have implications for the public spaces are no longer a single ideal fit. Experience injustice of a social group will not be reduced if there is no change in the constellation of relations in the public sphere. During the publicity in public space access has the priority and public spaces are considered single, mass communication only takes place in accordance streams with great force. The process in the public space will never stop even if there are those who do not participate actively. and that more information would facilitate access for other parties (Young, 2000: 171). The hegemony of the dominant group in turn will have implications for the public spaces are no longer a single ideal fit. Experience injustice of a social group will not be reduced if there is no change in the constellation of relations in the public sphere. During the publicity in public space access has the priority and public spaces are considered single, mass communication only takes place in accordance streams with great force. The process in the public space will never stop even if there are those who do not participate actively. and that more information would facilitate access for other parties (Young, 2000: 171). The hegemony of the dominant group in turn will have implications for the public spaces are no longer a single ideal fit. Experience injustice of a social group will not be reduced if there is no change in the constellation of relations in the public sphere. During the publicity in public space access has the priority and public spaces are considered single, mass communication only takes place in accordance streams with great force. The process in the public space will never stop even if there are those who do not participate actively. Experience injustice of a social group will not be reduced if there is no change in the constellation of relations in the public sphere. During the publicity in public space access has the priority and public spaces are considered single, mass communication only takes place in accordance streams with great force. The process in the public space will never stop even if there are those who do not participate actively. Experience injustice of a social group will not be reduced if there is no change in the constellation of relations in the public sphere. During the publicity in public space access has the priority and public spaces are considered single, mass communication only takes place in accordance streams with great force. The process in the public space will never stop even if there are those who do not participate actively. It received as public opinion will eventually leave the reps publicity. Ignorance of the existence of the information the real experience of other social groups will alienate those different viewpoints. Although normatively 91 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 all points of view should exchange ideas in the public sphere, the risk of a perspective not to be considered will always be there. The freedom to get in and out of engagement in the public sphere was also accompanied by the possibility to be removed from the communication process, although subtly. The formation of subaltern counterpublics are things that must be accepted as a counterpoint large flow of public space. Members of a social group that was not heard by the public to find another way to be able to discuss the issues, particularly those close to their lives, ... the counter-publics can provide a place and space for members of the group subordinated to raise the issues between them and discuss, formulate analysis and their positions, and to develop ways of aesthetic and discursive in conveying the perspective of their social, separated from the dominant discourse .... . Subaltern counter-publics also has an important function as a subordinate group members develop ideas, arguments, campaign, protest, intended to influence public debate in a wider scale, often with the goal of bringing legal or institutional changes(Young, 2000: 172) ...... Activities such resistance is a major contribution to the deliberative democracy. It is appropriate enable and promote diverse democratic discourse, opposition, forms of expression and debate. The tendency to accept that public space is a singularity runag or discourse must be expanded by the existence of civil societies. Subaltern counterpublics essentially the equivalent of which is accepted as the dominant public sphere, both are forms of civil society. The recognition of difference requires the recognition of the functions of civil society. "Civil society is enabling the emergence of a public space where new social differences can express thoughts and formulate their opinion (Young, 2000: 155). The alternative to voice calls for justice in a complex society is through civil society. Awareness of subjects with experience similar to formulate and articulate the experience is the first step in the process of fighting for social change. While we must feel humiliated and taken right view, in a liberal society (and sometimes in illiberal society) people who are disadvantaged or marginalized can find each other and form associations to improve their lives through mutual help and articulation of group consciousness. Although they are short of money, expertise, and social connections than others, the poor or marginalized can exploit certain resources are owned equally by all: time. (Young, 2000: 165). Pinning hopes for social change only on the authority of the state opens great opportunities for misappropriation of mistreatment. In the 18th century Montesquieu put forward the idea of separation of powers into three branches, namely the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government so that no party holds absolute power. In a democracy needs to be made explicit the role of the main branches of state power, ie the people. The popular movements into the control and oversight of government in a broader spectrum than just the daily activities of the country has been run properly according to the rules. The existence of the judiciary only to consider that the activities of the executive has been as determined by the legislature and not by the people. Only the aspirations of the people themselves were adequate to oversee that state run according to the needs of the people. In addition to the weaknesses in the methodology of observation and analysis of the government to the needs of the people, there will always be the threat of misuse of power. The separation of powers does not rule out the possibility that it can be done collusion betweenindividual holders of the three powers. Abuse of power to be systematic and justification can be made legally. Vigilance of the people against the government's actions is one way to make the country and sets of rules is still oriented to the people. In a society with a free public space that examines the holder and the institutions of power, it will be difficult for them to act for the benefit of yourself by taking part to others. Accountability is based on civil public space can help make gestures rulers remain within the law and honesty. (Young, 2000: 175). The pressure on the government through civil society institutions in the public sphere is a reminder that in a democracy it is assumed that the state's power comes from the people. The diversity of civil society is a marker for the institution and the people themselves will challenge the state of life that is not built on the basis of homogeneity. Communication between civil society activities in the public sphere is the underlying communicative society. The process of communication between social groups can change the way of thinking of a group against other groups state that the victim of the practice of equality of distribution. Contestation of interest include the data that other social groups have been marginalized. The new knowledge can change the content of public opinion and pressure on the urgency of the social situation that requires state policies. Deliberative democracy is not able to separate the roles of the people and the government. Synergies are both present 92 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 in the communication work. Without civil society, decentralized communication in the public space will become irregular network. Identification of the problems that exist in society proposed by civil society representation in the government. Therefore, the system of democratic government must be transformed according to the diversity of its citizens. Bibliography Appiah, Kwame Anthony. 2005, The Ethics of Identity. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Danandjaja, James. 2003. Diskriminasi Terhadap Minoritas Masih Merupakan Masalah Aktual Di Indonesia Sehingga Perlu Di Tanggulangi Segera. Depok: Universitas Indonesia. Danujaya, Budiarto. 2012 Demokrasi Disensus. Gramedia. Habermas, Jurgen, 1996, Between Facts and Norms. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. ________. 1995. "Reconciliation Through the Public Use of Reason: Remarks on John Rawls's Political Liberalism" dalam The Journal of Philosophy, XXCII,3. Human Rigths Watch. 2013, In Religion's Name ; Abuses against Religious Minorities in Indonesia. United States of America. Hikmawan, M Dian. 2017. Politik Perbedaan: Minoritas dalam Implementasi Kebijakan. Journal of Indonesian Public Administration and Governance Studies (JIPAGS). Vol 1. No 1. hal (88-98). Iris Marion Young, 2000, Inclusion and Democracy. New York: Oxford University Press. ________. 1990. Justice and The Politics of Difference. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ________. 1996. "Communication and The Other: Beyond Deliberative Democracy" dalam Democracy and Difference: Contesting the Boundaries of The Political ed. Seyla Benhabib. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Mouffe, Chantal, 1993, The Return of The Political, London: Verso, 93 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 ISLAM AND DEMOKRATIZATION IN INDONESIA (CONCEPTION AND MOVEMENT) Syafhendri1 Setyo Utomo2 1 2 Islam University Riau Islam University Riau ; setyoutomo993@gmail.com Abstract The success of Indonesia through the process of political transition with a relatively peaceful way, has brought the nation of Indonesia into one of the new powers in the calculation for the growth of democracy in the countries of the world. Reform 98 has marked the turn of the political system from authoritarianism to a democratic system of government. The role of Islamic groups in guarding the transition process and encouraging democratization in Indonesia is enormous. NU and Muhammadiyah as the largest mass organization of Islam in Indonesia, became the representation of Islam demanding the ongoing system of democracy in the practice of life of nation and state. At the same time, NU and Muhammadiyah leaders and activists continue to consistently disseminate ideas and ideas of democratization and build critical community groups to control the course of government The conformity of Islam with the practice of democracy in Indonesia can not be separated from the factors of Islamic values and teachings that emphasize the spirit of democracy in the context of nation and state. As the spirit of As Shura (musyawarah), al-is (justice), al-musawa (equality), al-tawazun (tolerance) al-amanah (can be believed) and the other is the Islamic doctrine in the context of the life of nation and state. From this condition (Countries) Islam and the Indonesian nation worthy of pride, because Indonesia with the majority Muslim population can be made a model for the growth of democracy for the countries of the world. INTRODUCTION The democratization process that has taken place in various countries of the world including in the Middle East, has placed Indonesia as the ideal model of democracy for the world's Islamic countries. Post reform 98 Indonesia has been transformed into a stable democratic country, and experiencing significant economic growth. Prior to the reform process 98, Turkey was often regarded as the ideal model of Muslim democracy. Although the practice of democracy in Turkey is still dominated by military forces in political practice, but at that time the experts still regard Turkey as the most democratic Muslim country in the world. This view began to shift after Indonesia experienced a process of democratic transition from the authoritarian regime of the New Order to a democratic reformation government. This recognition came directly from the United States which declared Indonesia as the only Muslim-majority country with a free country status. Since then, many world leaders have praised the rise of democracy in Indonesia. US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton called Indonesia a role model of democracy for the Muslim world. While giving a speech at the State Palace, Clinton said "Indonesia is a model of how Islam, democracy, modernity and women's rights can grow together and harmonize in a country "(19/02/2009). (Kompas, 19/02/2009). In fact, President Obama in his latest speech at the UN General Assembly (Tuesday, 20/09/2016) praised Indonesia's democracy as a good example for the democratic model of the world. Obama stated "Indonesia has successfully made the people as the holder of sovereignty". (Detiknews, 21 September 2016). This is in line with the rise of the widespread democracy movement in most of the Islamic countries of the Middle East. 94 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Obama's and Hillary's view that Indonesia is a good example of democracy for Islamic countries is wellfounded: First, Indonesia is the largest Muslim-majority country in the world that has undergone a political transition from an authoritarian system to a democratic government. Second, Indonesia has maintained political stability and Third, Indonesia has shown stable economic performance. As Joachin Von Amsberg (World Bank Country Director for Indonesia) pointed out, Indonesia has recorded good economic growth, after China and India (Kompas.Com. 10/07/2009). This shows the achievement of good and proud democracy, for the effort of democratization in Indonesia Principles of Democracy In Islam Islam as a religion of rahmatanlilalamin (grace for the whole of nature) in which to teach the values of nation and state, must be able to provide real solutions to every problem that occurs in society. So that the presence of Islam in the hope really able to give serenity and peace not only for individuals, but for the collective life of nation and state This is because Islam has the noble ideals to liberate mankind from all forms of arbitrariness and injustice. Islamic values that rely on the principles of justice and humanity want to form a noble civilization, which aims to humanize humans so that there is a regular social life that recognizes every individual's rights and common interests. In Islam many sources and teachings that teach the practice of democracy in the life of nation and state, even the practice of democracy itself has lasted since the era of leadership of the Prophet Muhammad, to the reign of khulafaurrasyidin. Where at the time of khulafaurrasyidin in the form of shura (consultative) which is known as ahi halli wal'aqdi which has a function resembles a team of formats in charge of choosing the head of state or caliph. Here it is very clear in the early days of Islamic rule the practice of democracy has been implemented in the state system. The principles of democracy in Islam are as follows: 1. Shura That is musyawarah. The definition of shura here is a principle about the decision-making procedure explicitly affirmed in the Qur'an Surat (QS) As Shura: 38 and QS. Ali Imran: 159, which in the verse clearly suggests Muslims to maintain the method of deliberation in the decision-making process. The principle of deliberation here affirmed in the holy book of the Qur'an reflects the attitude of Islamic caution, that any decision-making and process of power must involve public-people. This means that every right of the community can be jointly guarded in every policy formulation. 2. Al-'Adalah Al-is or the principle of justice here has the understanding, the importance of upholding justice in a governmental practice. So the function of government in Islam one of them is the function of justice, where every power or government must guarantee the upholding of justice in society. Even the message about the importance of justice enforcement in the practice of government in direct message by Allah SWT in His word, such as in QS. An-Nahl: 90, QS. As-Syuro: 15, QS. Al-Maidah: 8 3. Al-Musawah Which means equality. The principle of equality in Islam here has the sense that, no one feels superior to the other, so as to impose his will with arbitrary. So that in Islam is not justified every power to practice system that hegemony for the society. So Islam rejects the system of authoritarian and exploitative government, because it is not in line with the principle of Al-Musawa 4. At-Tawazun Understanding tawazun here is the importance of the spirit of tolerance in the practice of life of nation and state. Where Islam really appreciates the differences that exist in the midst of society, because it is a sunnatullah (the will of Allah SWT), where diversity is a necessity in life that must be accepted by every Muslim. The diversity here is very complex, ranging from tribe, language, beliefs and so on. The meaning of tolerance here is very important in the practice of democratic life in Indonesia, because the condition of the pluralistic Indonesian society, whether by tribe, language, culture, customs, belief / religion until various political ideology. 95 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 5. Al-Amanah It is the attitude of fulfillment of trust that someone gives to others. So every trust or trust given to someone must be on guard well, no exception trust in government. In the context of nation and state, leaders or governments that have the mandate of the people to run the government must maintain the trust of the people with full sense of responsibility in carrying out the goals of government. The issue of trust is related to justice, as affirmed by Allah SWT in QS. AnNisa ': 58 6. Al-Masuliyah That is, responsibility. Understanding the responsibility in the exercise of power has a double consequence of the mandate that must be accountable to Allah SWT in the hereafter as well as mandate that must be accountable to the public, the wider community. So the burden of accountability here is meaningful in, because it deals with the lives of many people. 7. Al-Hurriyah It is the spirit of freedom. That is, that every individual, every citizen is given the right and freedom to express his opinion. As long as it is done in a wise manner, taking into account the principles of akhlakul karimah (good attitudes and ordinances) and in order to amar ma'ruf nahy munkar (seeking good and preventing on munkar), then there is no reason for the authorities to prevent it . Even the ones that must be aware of is when there is no party to control over the implementation of power. Because each power has the potential to abuse the power, so in need of a control mechanism in the administration of a democratic government. Of the seven principles of democracy in Islam illustrates, that Islam is very encouraging the process of democratization in every governance in the life of nation and state. (Umar, Nasarudin Journal of Communication for Islamic Higher Education, 2002) "Democracy and Deliberation: An Analytical Review". The Role of Islam in Encouraging Democratization in Indonesia Islam as the majority religion in Indonesia, has played an important role in encouraging the democratization process in Indonesia. The existence of NU and Muhammadiyah as representatives of the largest Islamic organizations in Indonesia is undoubtedly in an effort to strengthen civil society to guard the democratization process. The process of escorting democratization is not only shown by the figures of both organizations, but institutionally in NU and Muhammadiyah. The reforming wave of 98 demanding a democratic government demonstrates the magnitude of NU and Muhammadiyah's role in guarding the transition process in Indonesia, from authoritarian rule under the Soeharto regime to a more democratic system of government. The presence of Gusdur (Abdurrahman Wahid) as the Chairman of PBNU and Amien Rais who served as chairman of PP. Muhammadiyah at that time with the student movement 98 has raised public awareness in demanding the running of democratic government. So the process of the current transition of power from totalitarian rule under the Soeharto regime to a democratic reformation government can go smoothly. Efforts to strengthen democratization also continue to do when Gusdur entered the government, where in the 1999 election Gusdur elected as President and Amien Rais occupied as chairman of the MPR RI. Gusdur's policy of revoking the dual function of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Indonesia (TNI) which restores the military to the defense function of the Tengarai as the basic foundation for democratization can actually be realized in the practice of national and state life. With the return of military power to the State's defense function, civil society groups again get their role in voicing and participate in determining State policy. Even since the reformation of various public figures and community groups have established political parties, as a sign of the lack of space for democratization, in which every society has the same political right to vote and to be elected, both executive and legislative. The freedom to establish this political party was unprecedented under the rule of the new order in power for 32 years, since the existence of political parties is restricted and controlled by the State, ie only 3 political parties are allowed PPP, PDI and Golongan Karya all in control by Soeharto. 96 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 From the above conditions shows the great commitment of Islamic figures to realize the efforts of democratization actually run in the government system in the reform era. Even the effort of Gusdur as the president of Indonesia at that time to realize democratization in Indonesia must be paid expensive because Gusdur must lose his power as President of RI due to the democratization process that emphasizes freedom in politics. Political power in parliament at that time succeeded in political propaganda that led to pelengseran Abdurrahman Wahid from the chair of the President of the Republic of Indonesia. Although Gusdur must lose his power as president, but the process of democratization in Indonesia continues to run until now, even has made significant progress in the process of nation and state. So from here Islamic figures such as Gusdur, Amien Rais, Nurkholis Madjid can be said as a reformer in the effort to democratize the political system and governance system in Indonesia. At the same time activists, Individuals and Islamic civil society groups in NU and Muhammadiyah, undertook the same effort to contribute to enlighten the ummah by promoting democratic ideas among Muslims and maintaining the independence of civil society as the main pillar supporting the balance of democratic countries. So many critical groups emerged, both at the central level and in the region as a new era of awareness building community to participate in controlling the running of government. The ideas and ideas of democratization which have been built by reforming figures such as Gusdur, Amien Rais and Nurcholis Madjid against the young activists of the two largest Islamic organizations have led to a formidable movement movement for the sustainability of the democratization process in the next generation. Young Islamic activists continue what the reformers have pioneered in building Islamic legitimacy of democratic ideas, but in a new social movement format that fits the contemporary context. That is a social movement that no longer emphasizes the struggle of political ideology, but a diverse identity. No longer emphasize the interests of organized large groups, such as political parties, but the interests and rights of individual citizens, no longer rely on state support, but rely on self-reliance and autonomy of civil society. The future of democracy in Indonesia will be largely determined by the efforts of Muslims in developing and maintaining the consolidation of democracy both at the level of consciousness and democratic practices at two levels: the state and society. Discourse Conception of Islam and Democracy: Perception And Discourse Movement and efforts of democratization in Indonesia certainly can not be separated from the global social-political context that occurs in the world's hemispheres. Efforts to demand democratization in the system of governance in Indonesia inspired waves of democratization that took place in the western world in the decade of the 70s to the 90's, namely in America, both Central America, South America and Latin America and Eastern Europe. Where this condition by Samuel P Huntington is called the third wave of democracy (Samuel P. Huntington, The Third Wave, 1991). Discourses on the appropriateness of Islam and democracy in a global political context were first questioned by Huntington who questioned the absence of democratic practices among Islamic countries. Until Huntington came to read that the practice of democratization in the Islamic State occurred only in the African country of Africa. Yet according to Huntington since the 70s to 90s, democratic processes are taking place in parts of authoritarian countries such as Central America, South America and Latin America and the regions of Eastern Europe, the former communist powers. Furthermore, Huntington states, In addition to Mali, in Muslim countries, a small part is semi-democratic, in fact most of them are countries that practice authoritarianism, until it is classified as the most repressive country. From this condition encourage Huntington to further trace the root of the problem to the source of the teachings of Islam itself. Until Huntington came to the conclusion that Islam and its traditions did not have a doctrine in line with the spirit of democracy. (and Samual P. Huntington, The clash of civilizations and the remake of world order, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997) Huntington's theory of negative views on the appropriateness of the concept of Islam and democracy gave birth to the counter-pros within intellectual circles, both Western scholars and Islam. The experts, both from the West and Islam themselves, have rejected Huntington's apriori view of the spirit of Islam in democracy. Like John L Esposito and Voll, a western scholar who dismisses Huntington's view by stating that democracy is not a monopoly of 97 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 American or Western culture, but also in other cultures, including in Islam (John L. Esposito and John Obert Voll, Islam and democracy , UK: Oxford University Press, 1996, p 21) According to Esposito and Voll, a moderate understanding of Islam that understands Islam substantially and contextually, will find a match between Islam and democracy. Both convey the principles of Islamic teachings on musyawarah (as-syura), mufakat (ijma ') as well as rational and independent thinking (ijtihad). (John L. Esposito and John Obert Voll, Islam and democracy, p. 25). According to both, these teachings are values in Islam that are in line with the spirit of democracy. Furthermore Esposito and Voll's views are in line with Robert Hefner's view of democracy in Indonesia which argues that a pluralist and civilian understanding of Islam precisely affirms the importance of democracy and rejects the concept of a monolithic Islamic state (Robert W. Hefner, Civil Islam: Muslims and democratization in Indonesia, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2000) Conclussion Indonesia The country with the largest Muslim majority in the world has successfully passed the process of political transition from an authoritarian regime to a democratic system of government. Even Indonesia has shown as a stable democratic country with good economic growth. This can not be separated from the role of Islam as a majority religion that continues to consistently encourage democratization efforts. NU and Muhammadiyah as the largest mass organization of Islam in Indonesia, became the representation of Islam demanding the ongoing system of democracy in the practice of life of nation and state. At the same time, this condition has shifted the public perception, especially the western world that looked negatively towards the existence of Islam which is considered not in line with democracy. Indonesia is an answer, that Islam and the practice of democratic life can go hand in hand Keyword: Islam, Democratization, Indonesia Reference [1] Umar, Nasarudin. Journal of Communication for Islamic Universities, 2002) "Democracy and Deliberation: An Analytical Review" [2] Samuel P. Huntington, The Third Wave, 1991 and Samual P. Huntington, The clash of civilizations and the remaking of the world order, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997 [3] Samuel P. Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late 20th Century, USA: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991 [4] John L. Esposito and John Obert Voll, Islam and democracy, UK: Oxford University Press, 1996, p. 21 [5] Robert W. Hefner, Civil Islam: Muslims and democratization in Indonesia, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2000 98 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 DEMOCRATIC MODEL ON DECISION-MAKING AT DELIBERATIONS OF DEVELOPMENT PLANNING 1 Ahmad Mustanir 2 Nur Justira 3 Kamarudin Selang 4 Andi Ilham Muchtar 1 Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Social dan Ilmu Politik Muhammadiyah Rappang; ahmadmustanir74@gmail.com 2 Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Social dan Ilmu Politik Muhammadiyah Rappang ; stisipm_sidrap@yahoo.co.id 3 Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Social dan Ilmu Politik Muhammadiyah Rappang; kamaruddinsellang@yahoo.co.id 4 Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Social dan Ilmu Politik Muhammadiyah Rappang; andiilhammuchtar40@ymail.com Abstract This research is essential to ascertain democratic model on decision-making at deliberations of development planning. Based on the observation, suggested programs from deliberations of development planningat Tellu Limpoe district, Sidenreng Rappang regency sometimes were not realized. As a result, the attendance of invited people at next deliberations of development planning was small. The lack of people's attendance caused the dominance of district government on decision-making. Besides, one of the most complicated characteristics on decision-making process at deliberations of development planningwas uncertainty where there is no evidence of what would happen next on program establishment. This problematic characteristic can be solved through observation, questionnaire, interview and literary study which is related to this field. This research's model is descriptive qualitative. The result of the research shows that democratic model on decision-making consisted of liberal democracy with grade 65,8% which was considered most influential by the respondents, guided democracy with grade 38,4% which was considered least influential by the respondents, social democracy with grade 42,8% and was considered influential enough, participative democracy with grade 43,4% and also was considered influential enough, constitutional democracy with grade 62,8% which was considered highly influential on decision-making. Keywords: democratic model, deliberations of development planning, decision-making INTRODUCTION Deliberation of development planning as a method to make the community contributing on decision making or policy related to regional development planning. Decision making is an election among several alternatives problem solving. The decision of the development plan itself cannot be separated from several factors that influence it, including dealing with the environment, which one of its most difficult characteristic in decision making is uncertainty. This uncertainty also occurs in the deliberation of the development plan in the sub-district Tellu Limpoe where the proposed community development program in sub-district Tellu Limpoe sometimes are not realized so the people that invited into the next deliberation of development planning is less who attended. Therefore decision making on the deliberation of development planning in sub-district Tellu Limpoe finally determined by the local 99 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 government to be a recommendation to the district level. For that then the form of the decision-making is very important to help decision makers in making decisions. According to Sklar(Zubaidi & Kaelani, 2007), there is five of democratic model on decision making that is : 1) Liberal Democracy, where is the government limited by the law and free elections held in a routine; 2) Guided Democracy, where the leaders believe that all their actions are trusted by the people but reject the competitive elections because they are perceived it as an obstacle to occupy power; 3) Social Democracy, a democracy that cares for justice and egalitarianism as a terms for obtaining political confidence; 4) Participative Democracy, namely the suppression of reciprocal relationships between the rulers and ruled; 5) Constitutional Democracy, the emphasis on special protection for cultural groups that emphasize close cooperation among the elite who represent them for the main society. Deliberations of development planning are an open multi-stakeholder forums that together identify and decide the community development policy priorities(Mustanir & Razak, Nilai Sosial Budaya Pada Partisipasi Masyarakat Etnik Towani Tolotang Dalam Musyawarah Rencana Pembangunan, 2017)(Mustanir, Barisan, & Hamid, Participatory Rural Appraisal As The Participatory Planning Method Of Development Planning, 2017)(LGSP, 2017). According to Sumpeno (Mustanir, Abadi, & A, Edvances in Sosial Science, Education and Humanities Research, 2017) Deliberation of development planning is a joint community development planning that is a guide or model of village development that focuses on community participation in the overall development process(Mustanir & Abadi, Partisipasi Masyarakat Dalam Musyawarah Perencanaan Pembangunan di Kelurahan Kanyuara Kecamatan Watang Sidenreng Kabupaten Sidenreng Rappang, 2017). According to (Setyanto, 2008)The sub-district deliberation of development planning consultation is an annual forum of stakeholders at sub-district level to get advice on priority development activities in related sub-districts based on advice from the village, also accepting on the cross- village activity plan of the concerned sub-district. The advice as well used for basic preparation of sub-district development planning that will be submitted to the regional work unit (RWO) as the basis for preparation of work plan of the regional work unit of regency/city in the next year. Deliberation of development plans is a planning mechanism, an existing planning institution in the region and as a mechanism in bringing the advice / needs of the community to what will be programmed by the government. Planning according to Apter (Ahmad, 2011)relates to the public decision-making process and the preparation of public policies including in relation to democratic processes. So if only rely on the main tasks and functions alone, then the essence of the concept of planning will shift. The result from deliberation of sub-district development planning is a sub-district development plan. In government regulation number 8/2008 article 18 paragraph (4) mentions that “deliberation of development plan of local government work plan of city / regency is implemented for integration of inter-RWO design and inter-district development plan. While in government regulation number 19/2008 about sub-district article 29 paragraph (1) mentions "in the framework of administration in the sub-district, compiled development planning as a continuation of the results of village development planning consultation. Therefore the sub-district development plan is an annual plan document and the result of synchronization and harmonization of proposals of development activities formulated at the deliberation of the village development plan. So the sub-district development plan is part of the preparation of the regional development work plan, the program of activities contained in the sub-district development plan is part of the obligatory and the regional government's obligatory affairs and authorities. There is a comparation between “sub-district development plan” and “sub-district regional work unit (RWU) work plan”. Government regulation number 19/2008 article 30, mentions that “ sub-district as a regional work unit to formulate a regional budget plan of regional work unit in accordance with laws and regulations. While work plan of RWU is “ planning document of regional work unit for a 1 (one) year period”. As a RWU planning document then the program substance that included on RWU work plan is in accordance with the affairs of the authority inherent in the RWU organization concerned. In a sub-district, Government regulation number 19/2008 explain that sub-district head task is carrying out public duties in the sub-district (article 15), and exercise the authority of the government 100 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 delegated by regents/mayors to handle some matter of regional autonomy (article 16). By it, the work plan of subdistrict RWU will contain programs and activities to carry out their duties and authority as RWU. On Government regulation number 8/2008 article 1, the strategic plan of regional work unit is a preparation document of regional work unit for a 5 (five) year period, strategic plan of regional work unit. The regional work unit strategic plan has been developed by the head of the regional work unit with reference to the regional medium-term development plan. On article 25, mentioned that regional work unit strategy plan contains the vision, mission, goals, strategies, policies, program and activities in accordance with their duties and functions. This article can be interpreted that the substance of the regional work unit, including the strategic plan of sub-district regional work unit, only contains various aspect of the plan related to functions, task, and authority of the sub-district as one of the regional work unit. The general purpose of Sub-district Musrenbang is to urge society to have an active role and participate together with government during decision formulation and decision making in preparation for annual development planning in sub-district level. Whilst specifically, the purposes of Sub-district Musrenbang are: a) Discussing and approving the result of Musrenbang directed from urban communities which are the main priority of development activities in sub-district; b) Coordinating, conforming, and clarifying proposal from sub-district; c) Synchronizing planning in sub-district; d) Clarifying the priority of sub-district’s development is consistent with the function of Satuan Kerja Perangkat Daerah (SKPD); e) Assigning the priority of activities that will be held by sub-district’s SKPD and activities that will be proposed to SKPD Forum/Sub-district Musrenbang RESEARCH METHOD This research will be hold at Sub-district (kecamatan) Tellu Limpoe, District (kabupaten) Sidenreng Rappang. The type of research used will be Descriptive Quantitative which is (Ahmad, Metode Penelitian Administrasi Publik Teori dan Aplikasi, 2015)a research on data collected and stated in numbers. According to Jamaluddin Ahmad (Sellang, 2016), The design of quantitative research is composed of selection of subjects in which the information or data are collected, techniques used in collecting data, procedures taken in collecting data, and treatment. The design of quantitative research also accentuates variables as the object of the research and those objects are defined in each operational variable and outward understanding. Examination will then determine the next step of research, such as techniques in analyzing data and statistic formula that will be used. Techniques used in collecting data in this research are, observation, interview, questionnaire, and library research (J.W, 2013). Techniques used in analyzing data are grouping data based on variables and types of respondent, tabulating data based on variable from each respondent, presenting data from each variable being researched, and calculating the answer of research problems. Measurement scale used as the matrix in determining the length of interval in measuring instruments in order to get quantitative data when used. Measurement scale used is Scale Likert (Sugiyono, 2015). RESULT AND DISCUSSION Democratic model used in decision making in Musrenbang at sub-district Tellu Limpoe. a. Liberal Democracy Respondents’ perception of decision taken based on laws and considering applicable rules in Musrenbang at subdistrict Tellu Limpoe with average percentage of 65.8% is categorized as influential, thus Liberal Democracy according to respondents is influential in decision making in Musrenbang at sub-district Tellu Limpoe. b. Guided Democracy Respondents’ perception of decision taken based on trust among leader and its member in Musrenbang at sub-district Tellu Limpoe with average percentage of 38.4% is categorized as less influential, thus Guided Democracy according to respondents is less influential in decision making in Musrenbang at sub-district Tellu Limpoe. 101 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 c. Social Democracy Respondents’ perception of decision taken based on sense of caring to society in Musrenbang at sub-district Tellu Limpoe with average percentage of 42.8% is categorized as quite influential, thus Social Democracy according to respondents is quite influential in decision making in Musrenbang at sub-district Tellu Limpoe. d. Participation Democracy Respondents’ perception of decision taken based on consideration of proposal made by society in Musrenbang at subdistrict Tellu Limpoe with average percentage of 43.4% is categorized as quite influential, thus Participation Democracy according to respondents is quite influential in decision making in Musrenbang at sub-district Tellu Limpoe. e. Constitutional Democracy Respondents’ perception of decision taken based on cooperation between stakeholders with average percentage of 62.8% is categorized as influential, thus Constitutional Democracy according to respondents is influential in decision making in Musrenbang at sub-district Tellu Limpoe. The next is final recapitulation of democratic model in decision making that can be seen from the figure as follows: Figure 1 Recapitulation of democratic model in decision making in Musrenbang at sub-district Tellu Limpoe Indicator Liberal Democracy Guided Democracy Social Democracy Participation Democracy Constitutional Democracy Total Percentage % 65.8 38.4 42.8 43.4 62.8 50.64 CONCLUSION Democratic model in decision making is consisted of Liberal Democracy with 65.8% which by respondents is influential in decision making at sub-district Tellu Limpoe, Guided Democracy with 38.4% which by respondents is less influential in decision making at sub-district Tellu Limpoe, Social Democracy with 42.8% which by respondents is quite influential in decision making at sub-district Tellu Limpoe, Participation Democracy with 43.4% which by respondents is quite influential in decision making at sub-district Tellu Limpoe, and Constitutional Democracy with 62.8% which by respondents is influential in decision making at sub-district Tellu Limpoe. 102 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 REFERENCES Ahmad, J. (2011). Prilaku Birokrasi dan Pengambilan Keputusan (Vol. I). Makassar: Universitas Negeri Makassar. Ahmad, J. (2015). Metode Penelitian Administrasi Publik Teori dan Aplikasi. Yogyakarta: Gava Media. J.W, C. (2013). Research Design Pendekatan Kualitatif, Kuantitatif dan Mixed. (A. Fawaid, Ed.) Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar. LGSP. (2017). Good Governance Brief Musrenbang as a Key Driver In Effective Participatory Budgeting Key Issues and Perspectives for Improvements. Mustanir, A., & Abadi, P. (2017). Partisipasi Masyarakat Dalam Musyawarah Perencanaan Pembangunan di Kelurahan Kanyuara Kecamatan Watang Sidenreng Kabupaten Sidenreng Rappang. Jurnal Politik Profetik, V(2), 247-261. Retrieved from http://journal.uin-alauddin.ac.id/index.php/jpp/article/viewFile/4347/3986 Mustanir, A., & Razak, M. R. (2017). Nilai Sosial Budaya Pada Partisipasi Masyarakat Etnik Towani Tolotang Dalam Musyawarah Rencana Pembangunan. Konferensi Nasional Ke-6 Asosiasi Program Pascasarjana Perguruan Tinggi Muhammadiyah Aisyiyah (APPPTMA).II, pp. 1-7. Rappang: Program Pascasarjana Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta. Retrieved from http://asosiasipascaptm.or.id/publikasi/prosiding-konferensi-nasional-appptma-ke-6 Mustanir, A., Abadi, P., & A, N. (2017). Participation of Ethnic Community Towani Tolotang in Deliberation of Development Plan. International Conference on Ethics in Governance (ICONEG 2016).84, pp. 356-359. Makassar: Atlantis Press. doi:10.2991/iconeg-16.2017.79 Mustanir, A., Barisan, & Hamid, H. (2017). Participatory Rural Appraisal As The Participatory Planning Method Of Development Planning. Indonesian Association for Public Administration (IAPA) International Conference Towards Open Government: Finding the Whole Government Approach (pp. 77-84). Surabaya: The Faculty of Social and Political Science University Airlangga. Retrieved from http://conference.unair.ac.id/index.php/IAPA/iapa2017 Sellang, K. (2016). Administrasi dan Pelayanan Publik Antara Teori dan Aplikasi. Yogyakarta: Ombak. Setyanto, W. P. (2008). Panduan Penyelenggaraan Musyawarah Perencanaan Pembangunan Kecamatan. Jakarta: Perpustakaan Nasional: Katalog Dalam Terbitan (KDT). Sugiyono. (2015). Metode Penelitian Kombinasi (Mixed Methods). Bandung: Alfabeta. Zubaidi, P. D., & Kaelani, D. (2007). Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan untuk Perguruan Tinggi. Yogyakarta: Paradigma. Documents PP No 8 Tahun 2008 tentang Musyawarah Perencanaan Pembangunan. PP No 19 Tahun 2008 tentang Kecamatan. 103 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 IMPLEMENTATION OF GENERAL GOVERNMENT AFFAIRS BY THE HEAD OF SUB-DISTRICTSIN CENTRAL KALIMANTAN 1 2 Jhon Retei Alfri Sandi Anyualatha Haridison 1 2 Palangkaraya University Palangkaraya University; a.haridison@fisip.upr.ac.id Abstract General government affairs are government affairs which are the authority of the President as head of government. The Governoranddistricthead (bupati/ walikota) has the responsibility of implementing the area from APBN funds. At the district level the Regent / Mayor delegates the implementation to the sub-districtshead (Camat).The purpose of research to know and analyze the implementation of general government affairs andalso constraints with the model of interactive data analysis qualitatively. Data collection techniques: interviews, documentation and observation.The results indicate: General government affairs in the sub-district have not been implemented perfectly (imperfect implementation), implementation gaps occur due to the capacity difference (implementation capacity) shown: lack of clear program activities, minimal budget; Affairs are seen as attributive tasks rather than delegates; The district governments through National Unity and District Police Agency (Kesbangpol) directly implement; Sub-districtsas program object, participation is limited to facilitation of place, mobilization of participants; There is no budget from APBN. Inhibiting factors: unavailable and unified resources needed, inadequate understanding, low interdependence, unspecified tasks and communication and coordination are not yet optimal. Keywords: implementation, general government affairs, delegatingof implementation, implementation gap, implementation capacity. affairs, sub-district, imperfect BACKGROUND The logical consequence of choosing a decentralized unitary state is the division of the authority of affairs between levels of government. In essence all government affairs are in the central government of the President as the holder of governmental power as regulated in Article 4 paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution of the 4th amendment. However, such government affairs may be delegated or delegated to lower levels of government through legislation based on the principle and criteria for the division of certain powers. Principles of power relations, the Central Government regulates the relations set forth in the legislation, the final responsibility for the administration of affairs submitted to the Regions is the responsibility of the central government. Based on the provisions of Law Number 23/2014 on Regional Government Article 9, the classification of Government Affairs consists of the Affairs of the Absolute Government, Concurrent Government Affairs and General Government Affairs. The Governmental Affairs of the Absolute is a government affair entirely the authority of the Central Government. Where the implementation of government affairs is carried out by the Central Government itself, or delegate authority to the vertical institution in the region or the Governor as the representative of the central 104 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 government based on the principle of deconcentration106. Concurrent Government Affairs is a government affair that is shared between the Central Government and the Provincial and Regency / Municipal Governments, where the authority of the regional government affairs is governed by the Obligatory Affairs and Preferred Government Affairs. Government Affairs Compulsory consists of government affairs relating to basic services, Governmental Affairs Mandatory not related tothe basic services107. General Government Affairs as the Government responsibilitiesin which becomes the authority of the President asthe head of government assisted by Governor, Regent / Mayor and Vertical Institution in their respective working areas with APBN funds108. Regents / mayors in carrying out general government affairs in the Sub-District delegate the implementation to the Camat109. The affairs of the absolute government are directed to the implementation of the functions of the Government in relation to the national interest concerning the areas of defense, security, justice, fiscal and monetary affairs, foreign relations and religion. Concurrent government affairs are directed at the implementation of government service functions at all levels of government based on the principle of decentralization in the framework of the implementation of development in order to realize the welfare and prosperity of society. General government affairsare directed at the realization of the function of the Government in developing national insight, unity and unity for the establishment of NKRI. These three classifications of government affairs should be implemented optimally by all levels of government based on their respective duties and responsibilities. However, in the era of reform with the system of "Wide Autonomy" the dominant role of local government as autonomous region becomes very large, while the implementation of functions of affairs concerning the national interest (aabsolutegovernmentaffairs) and especially general government affairs which is the responsibility of local government officials less a priority opinion because it may be viewed as the responsibility or government affairs. In sub-district areas, the provisions of Law Number 23/2014 on Regional Government Article 25 paragraph (6) to place the sub-district head as the head of the sub-district government to carry out general government affairs in his working area. The Administration of General Government Affairs shall be implemented after the implementation of the Regent / Mayor has been transferred to the State Budget (APBN). Article 225 paragraph (1) reaffirmed The Head of Sub-district has the duty to conduct General Government Affairs as stipulated in Article 25 paragraph (6). To that end, how is the implementation of General government affairs in the sub-district by the Camat? What are the implementation constraints? RESEARCH METHODS Finding the answer to the problem, used descriptive qualitative research type. Data were collected using interview technique, documentation and observation and analyzed by qualitative data analysis of interactive analysis model from Miles and Huberman. Data is collected from 2 (two) districts. One sub-district in the PulangPisau is the sub-district of Central Kahayan andin Palangka Raya City is Bukit Batu Sub-district. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK The implementation of decentralization requires the division of governmental affairs between the Government and the Autonomous Region. The division of government affairs is based on the idea that there is always a full range of government affairs or remains the authority of the Government in particular concerning the nation's survival and the integrity of the state. And affairs that can be submitted to the Region in order to carry out governmental affairs suitable implemented by local government according to the needs and interests of local communities (Sunindhia, YM 1996). 106 See Law Number 23/2014 on Regional Government Article 9 and 10. See Law Number 23/2014 on Regional Government Article 12. 108 See Law Number 23/2014 on Regional Government Article9 paragraph(5), Article25 paragraph(1). 109 See Law Number 23/2014 on Regional Government Article25 paragraph(5) 107 105 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 The consequences of the choice of execution of affairs at the local level are known (i) Administrative Local Government Affairs and (ii) Local Government Affairs Autonomous or domestic affairs (in Sunindhia, YM 1996). Principles of governance are applied (i) expertise and (ii) territorial principles110. Based on the principle of expertise in the duties and authorityexecution, The President as thehighestchiefexecutivedelegates the implementation of tasks to the department / non department. Given the vastness of the state, it is also used by the territorial principle in which the tasks and authorities of governance are decentralized to territory (area) with decentralization and deconcentration system that is transformed into autonomous regions and administrative regions111. In the New Order era, the implementation of general affairs was very strong, which placed the dominant regional head as the head of the region, while the Autonomous Local Government Affairs were seen as complementary. In the era of reform with broad autonomy, the Role of Administrative Governance (Governance) Governors, Regents / Mayors and Headsubdistricttend to be only governors and the role of autonomous regional head is relatively dominant. In the era of reform with broad autonomy every Regional Leaders at all levels of government is given the responsibility of holding the Government Affairs of the Absolute, Concurrent Government Affairs and General Governments affairs with Vertical Institutions in the Region. BayuSurianingrat (1992) says that general government affairs are: "government affairs covering areas of tranquility and order, politics, coordination, oversight and other governmental affairs not included in the duties of any agency and excluding regional households" 112. Governance in the general sense consists of the administration of the affairs of the Region and the rest of the affairs which are not Regions which are usually called Central affairs, National affairs or general affairs113. Above is a policy that must be implemented in order to have the desired impact or goal. Van Meter and Van Horn formulate policy implementation as an act by individuals or government or private officials directed towards achieving the goals already adopted in previous policy decisions (Wahab 1997:11). There are many theories about policy implementation models. From many models, the models of Brian W. Hogwood and Lewis A Gunn (1978) are relatively relevant to the problems of the top down approach model with the criteria of requirements including (i) The external conditions faced by the Implementing Agency will not cause disturbance / serious obstacles; (ii) adequate time and resources are available; (iii) The combination of required resources is truly available; (iv) The policy to be implemented is based on a reliable causal relationship; (v) The relationship of causality is immediate and there are few links; (vi) The interdependence relationship must be small; (vii) A deep understanding and agreement on goals; (vii) Tasks are detailed and placed in the proper order; (viii) Perfect communication and coordination (Wahab 1997: 10). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Implementation of the policy is a process of implementing the policy decisions both in the form of laws, government regulations, court decisions, executive orders and others. In the implementation of local government, the Government has established a policy regulating the power or authority between the central government and the subordinate levels of government currently governed by Law Number23/2014 on Regional Government. Authority Delegation The provisions of Law Number 23/2014 regarding Regional Government Article 25 paragraph (6) and paragraph (5) and Article 225 paragraph (1) letter a concerning the implementation of General government affairs in the sub-district by the Head of Sub-district, the ideal must be implemented by the Regent / well. The reality is in Bukit Batu sub-district, Palangka Raya City and Kahayan Tengah sub-district, PulangPisau, General government affairs is carried out by Camat as part of work unit of autonomous regional government apparatus of sub-district level which performs task and attribute function as stipulated in Article 225 paragraph (1). Implementation of General government affairs by the Camat involves 7 (seven) task areas as stipulated in Article 25 paragraph (1), in Bukit Batu sub-district, Palangkaraya city, implemented without detailed regulation on 110 TjahyaSupriatna. 1996. SistemAdministrasiPemerintahan di Daerah. Jakarta: Bumi Aksara, p.99. Ibid., p. 100. 112 BayuSurianingrat.1992. PemerintahanAdministrasiDesadanKelurahan.Jakarta: RinekeCiptap. 4. 113 Ibid.,p. 23. 111 106 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 the decision to delegate some of the authority of the Mayor to the Camat according to Mayor of Palangka Raya Number24/2014. Palangka Raya Perwalikota more regulate the implementation of tasks Affairs of the Government of Concurrent which is the task of the Mayor of Palangka Raya as head of autonomous regional government to be technically executed operational field by the sub-district as a line element of the Government of Palangkaraya City. View table: Table 1 Authority Delegated by the Mayor of Palangka Raya to the Head of Sub-district According to Regional Law Number24/2014. Regulation of Mayor of Palangka Raya No.24 of2014. (1) Fostering the achievement of Ruraland Urban UN acceptance targets (PBB-P2) in subdistrict. (2) Recommendation of Micro Traditional Medicine Business License withPublic Health Office in Palangka Raya. (3) Recommendation of Location of Land Acquisition Activity of Crop Farming Area with Pembina of Agriculture, Fisheryand Livestock Office of Palangka Raya City. (4) Waste Management through: a. Waste transport from temporary dumping (TPS) tol and fill (TPA) b. Landac quisition and construction of integrated was the management site (TPST). c. Management of 3 R program (reduse, reuse, recycle) withcoaching of Market and Sanitation Office of Palangka RayaCity. (5) Library Services with Patrons Service Office, Archives and Documentation Palangka Raya City. (6) Administrator and Land Facilitation Facilitatorwiththe General Government Administration coach. (7) Building Supervision and Reporting, billboard, Place of Business which has not have Permit with City Planning, Building andSecurity Builder Coordinator of Palangka RayaCity. (8) Facilitation of Administration Boundaries Inter District witht hecoach of the Administration Division of the General Administration of the City Secretary of Palangka Raya. (9) Facilitation of elections and inauguration of Custom Chief(Damang) andSecretary of Damang Customary Chief in District with Dayak Customary Councilin Palangka Raya City. (10) Establishment and inauguration of youth group managemen twiths ocial service supervisor. (11) Data collection and compilation of sub-district monograph and the potential of sub-district with the supervisor of Administration Division of General Government of City Secretary of Palangka Raya. (12) Identification, inventory and mapping and security asset of City Governmentat sub-district level with a supervisor of the Regional Financial and Asset Management Boarding Palangka Raya. (13) Earlyhandling of social problems with Social Official Governmentin Palangka Raya. (14) Coordinate the early response of natural disasters and reporting of fire / disasterevent data collection with Social Official Governmentin Palangka Raya. (15) The first counter measure of forest fires with Forestry and Estate Crops Authority of Palangka Raya City. (16) Collection of market levies with Patron of Market and Sanitation Office of Palangka Raya City. (17) Collection of market block with the Patron of Market and Sanitation Office of Palangka Raya City. Although the Camat does not normally accept the delegation of authority over the implementation of General Government affairs firmly to the Perwalikota, but the Camat with the potential and the resources owned still strive to implement / resolve issues related to general government affairs in its working area such as fostering harmony between communities, handling disputes / management conflicts natural resources and economic resources concerning the location of quarry miner C (sand, stone and sand sirconetc), coordination of task implementation among government agencies in the sub-district, development of democratic life and carry out some matters that do not 107 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 become regional authority. Implementation of general governmentaffairs is certainly implemented according to the capacity and capacity of sub-district government. It is not stipulated that the General Government Affairs of the Regulations of the Mayor of Palangka Raya have an impact on the uncertainty for the Camat to carry out the affairs. Sub-district heads according to delegated authority tend to prioritize the affairs that are his responsibility. Unregulated matters in Perwali, will only be carried out if necessary and urgently resolved. This condition certainly causes General government affairs in the sub-district is also not running well because the internal conditions faced by the district government concerning authority. This situation can certainly create obstacles for the execution of the task. So it is precisely the requirements of Brian W. Hogwood and Lewis A Gunn (1978) that the external conditions faced by the Implementing Agency should not cause serious disruption (Wahab 1997: 10). The camat is authoritatively unable to carry out the tasks directly without any delegated authority authority. Different position of sub-district head on the enactment of Law Number5/1974 which has attributive authority (see Articles 80 and 81) in which every person who is inaugurated as head of the region in itself automatically attaches the authority. The new local government law establishes the authority of the Camat is delegate, meaning that the new Sub-district has authority if there are active actions of the regents / mayors to delegate some of their authority (Wasistiono, 2009). Assessing the existence of the nature of government, both task and authority are two sides of the currency that cannot be separated. Assignment as work related to status to be fulfilled by a person, while authority is legitimate power (institutionalized power) which becomes the ability to make someone or someone else to do or not to do something according to the desire that is directed to the achievement the common goal of the sub-district administration. The Camat's attitude lacks priority programs related to the implementation of General government affairs and performs the service tasks as they are quite understandable because of the limitations of authority and resources. In Kahayan Tengah Sub-district of PulangPisau District, the delegation of authority of affairs by the Regent to the Camat is procedurally regulated and stipulated in the Regent Regulation of PulangPisau Number11/2009, including the General Government Affairs. There are several General Government Affairs which are accommodated namely the affairs of the Governmental Sector which includes (i) Development of the state ideology and national unity; (ii) Coordinate the efforts to organize peace and public order; (iii) Implementation of coordination and guidance of the Civil Service Police Unit and Community Protection (LINMAS) in its working area; (iv) Facilitating the harmony of inter-religious life; (v) To lead the implementation of government activities at the sub-district level; (vi) Coordinating the activities of UPTD / government agencies in their working areas, in addition to other areas. The authority for the implementation of General Government Affairs has been stipulated in the Regent Regulation of PulangPisau Number11/2009 in more detail, but the implementation of General government affairs in the sub-district by the Camat is also not well implemented, because the Sub District government does not have sufficient budget. The Central Kahayan Subdistrict Chief only performs the main tasks and functions of the community service in accordance with the authority and budget capacity. Sub-district governments tend to be less empowered and responsive to the phenomenon of their community (including the implementation of General government affairs), because they are less able to accommodate various proposals and inputs submitted to the Village Developmentdeliberation/“Musyawarah Perencanaan Pembangunan” (Musrenbang) at the regional development work plan/ “rencanakerjapembangunandaerah” (RKPD) of PulangPisauRegencyand funding these programs. In procedural terms, Kahayan Tengah District Government has accommodated various work programs of village / kelurahan government in proposed sub-district government work and has submitted to the district government through Musrenbangin regional, but only a few district work programs are accommodated by unit of regional apparatus organization/ “Satuan Organisasi Perangkat Daerah” (SOPD) for each budget year. The Central Kahayan District Government is relatively assisted by the village fund policy by all central villages in Kahayan Tengah sub-district that allocates substantial budgets to the government, so as to help the Sub District government overcome various governance, development and social problems in its sub-district work area that has not been accommodated. District government in the era of Law Number6/2014 on the Village is more domiciled as coordinator, supervisor, motivator for the village government in the implementation of duties and functions. The programs of governance, development, social affairs as well as the work program of general government which has 108 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 been requested for implementation and financing from sub-district or regency / municipality governments and only a few of which are accommodated in RKPD can be implemented by the village government without going through long-term political debates of regional heads, DPRD and SOPD. Quite ironic that happened, should the policy delegation of authority from the Regent / Mayor to the Camat is not only a necessity but rather as a necessity in creating the effectiveness and efficiency of governance as well as improving the quality of public services in the region. The delegation of authority is an effort to bring services closer to the community and empower the Sub District in order to support the implementation of regional autonomy mechanism (Wasistiono, 2009). Therefore, it is important that the political will of the regional leaders to implement all the stipulated provisions which are not only authoritative but also budgetary support. It is true that experts say that: The delegation of some administrative authority from the regent / mayor to the Camat can only be carried out and run smoothly if it meets the following four requirements: (i) the political will of the regent / mayor to delegate some of the government's authority to the Camat; (ii) the political ability of the regency Heador Mayor and DPRD to make the Sub District a community service center for easy, cheap and quick service types; (iii) the high tolerance of the regional technical agencies / bodies / technical institutions to delegate some of the technical authority that can be exercised by the Camat through the decision of the regional head; (iv) the existence of budgetary and personnel support to exercise delegated authority (Wasistiono, 2002). It appears that the political wishes of top level government (districts / municipalities and technical SOPD) are still not accommodating and responsive to the implementation of sub-district government affairs. The Sub District government is seen as a complementary SOPD of local government organizations as well as legislation and is located at the 2nd or 3rd level or below in the program and budget policy priorities. The dilemma of the implementation of General government affairs in the sub-district by the Camat also occurs because the technical SOPD and the National Unity and Politics Bureau of the districts are more dominant in dealing directly with the problems of Public Administration at the district level and accommodating activities at the sub-district level. The dominant role of district / city SOPD is because the district / city government accommodates and allocates the budget for the implementation of general government affairs to this SOPD. As a result, sub-district governments received more technical SOPD and Kesbangpol programs and facilitated the implementation of activities in their working areas. Actually the sub-district government has the ability to implement certain programs with the guidance and support of Kesbangpol, but the reality of Kesbangpol party is more to make the district government as a facilitation of activities. In this case it is evident that imperfect communication and coordination have an impact on imperfect policy implementation as revealed by Brian W. Hogwood and Lewis A Gunn (1978) in Wahab 1997: 10). And low tolerance of the local technical agency / agency / technical agency to delegate some technical authority that can be exercised by the Camat and the support of budget and personnel in exercising delegated authority (Wasistiono,2002). The focus of the administration of general governmentaffairs is technically more dominantly handled by the kabupaten / kota technical institutions. To that end, the district technical agency is allocated a certain amount of budget for the implementation of the activity as the table below: Table 2. Budget of SOPD NationalUnity and PoliticsOfficialin Regional Palangka Raya City Year 2016-2017 Year BTL BL Total 2016 2,714,800,605 5.377.513.042 8,092,313,647 2017 3,044.294.530 5.292.171.060 8,336,465,590 Source: LPPD Palangka Raya City, 2016 and APBD Palangka Raya 2017. Year Pulang Pisau RegencyYear 2016-2017 ShoppingType Total BTL BL 109 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 2014 1.816.860.972 2015 1.734.474.043 2016 1.852.848.846 Source: LPPD Pulang PisauDistrict, 2014-2016 2,113,000,000 1.860.000.000 2,865,000,000 3,929,860,972 3.598.474.043 4,717,848,846 Related to 7 (seven) areas of governmenttaskaffairsin coaching done in general by NationalUnity and PoliticsOfficial/ “Dinas Kesatuan Bangsa dan Politik” (Kesbangpol)district / city. Kesbangpol district / city will bethe leadingsectors implementation of the tasks. The government subdistrictacts as a facilitator of the technical SOPD program of the district/cityKesbangpol or acts only on certain things that they can do such as coaching the young generation by applying flags / counselors in schools, attending meetings or concert events / citizenship, apple flag / celebration of RI anniversary, facilitation / mediation of social tensions between citizens and citizens with the district / municipality government related to mining activities of minerals C, community gold mining and others. District Government Budget Allocation The Bukit Batu sub-district government does not receive funding from APBN for the implementation of General Government Affairs as stipulated in Article 25 paragraph (5) of Law Number23/2014. QuitesimilarwiththeDistrict ofKahayan TengahandPulangPisau. The source of pure sub-district funds comes from APBD Kota / Kabupaten (SOPD funds of sub-district government). Bukit Batu District Government receives Palangkaraya Municipal Budgets Rp 7 - 8 billion on average per year with 4 - 6 billion used for indirect spending activities (BTL) as the following table: Table 3. Government Budget of Bukit Batu Sub-district 3 Years Oldest Budget BTL BL Total Realization 2015 6,091,520,571 1.995.767.729 8,087,288,000 7,743,340,211 2016 5,568,051,930 3.247.460.000 8,816,111,930 8,359,093,299 2017 4,640.007.435 2,423,013,130 7,063,020,565 5.482.887.343 * 2018 4,756,007,620 2,947,460,006 7703.467.626 ---Source: * As of September 2017. LPPD 2015, 2016 and APBD Palangka Raya City 2017 ear The direct expenditure budget (BL) managed by the Bukit Batu District Government includes for the activities or program (i) the operational fund of the kelurahan of 75 million per kelurahan from 7 villages; (ii) The operational fund of the Sub District government is used for: ATK, levy of honorarium, official travel, electricity, tel, internet etc. Based on the budget allocation, the amount of funds allocated is still inadequate compared to the workload, the scope of service, the real condition that must be resolved by the sub-district government in the community. There are still many programs that cannot be accommodated in planning and budgeting, so it cannot be implemented properly. Sub-district governments tend to accommodate the financing of programs under the authority and basicworkspurpose (tupoksi) of sub-district governments. While the workload that is not clearly stated on various rules or decisions, only carried out when the community is needed. The allocation of funds is of course very limited compared to the burden of duties and functions of the subdistrict head, so that the General government affairs are only carried out when needed and less well-programmed as described previously. Brian W. Hogwood and Lewis A Gunn (1978) affirm that the requirements for successful implementation of the policy are available enough time and resources (Wahab, 1997:10). In Sub District Kahayan Tengah KabupatenPulangthe budget allocation of district APBD for SOPD Sub District is relatively lower. The sub-district government budget for the last 3 (three) years is only 1.5-2.5 billion, of which 1-1.5 billion is used for indirect spending (BTL) and direct expenditure (BL) of 400 million - 700 million as shown in the following table: 110 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Table 4.Government Budget of Kahayan Tengah Sub-district 3 Years. Budget BTL BL Total 2014 1,280,391,004 406,000,000 1.686.391.004 2016 1,280,391,004 406,000,000 1.686.391.004 2017 1.588.758.614 727.7 million 2,194,758,614 2018 1.588.758.614 728,000,000 2,316,758,614 Source: Processed Data (LPPD Pulang Pisau District, 2014, 2016) Year Realization 1.563.171.987 1.563.171.987 - This budget allocation is certainly far from being expected to support the implementation of the main duties and functions of the district government. The lack of budget leads to weak responsiveness and lack of creativity and effectiveness in the implementation of basic tasks and functions well. Although the Bupati has delegated some of the authorities in a wider and more detailed manner to the sub-district government through the Regent Rule of PulangPisau Number11/2009 and the Camat has the authority to implement. However, the implementation of General government affairs in the sub-district by the Camatcan not be implemented well, because the sub-district government does not have sufficient budget. The minimum budget allocated to sub-district government is very influential on the quality of duties and functions of Camat, whereas Camat has a strategic position and as the tip tombang service to the village / kelurahan community. Where Camat is other than as a tool of the autonomous regional government which gets the delegation of authority from regents / mayors for public service affairs, also carries out the administration of general duties of government (Mardani, 2011:549). The Camat should have a clear authority over the duties it carries with the delegation of authority from the regent / mayor, also must have sufficient funding allocation for the implementation of the main tasks and functions, including the task of organizing. The sub-district head is not only submitted to the task duty of authority and a stack of responsibilities, but is not followed by a reasonable budget allocation for the implementation of the task. In Kahayan Tengah subdistrictit is proven that the budget managed by sub-district governments is relatively small compared to the village government budget. If the village government in the country currently manages the village fund (DD) and the allocation of village funds (ADD) at least 1 billion, including the working area villages of Kahayan Tengah District, the sub-district government alone only manages 400-700 million operational funds. Implementation Constraints Not specified in the detail of the General Government Affairs and expressly authorized by the regents / mayors and not specifically allocated funds for these activities, occurred because ..... Whether misunderstanding (interpretation of the provisions of legislation), lack of management sensitivity, limitations budget, urgency of affairs or political will of officials or because of other matters .........? In the case of the research sites, these matters are likely to be the underlying causes of the lack of implementation of the General government affairs in the Sub District by the Camat with either or perfected implementation of the policy. Mayor / regent does not delegate part of its authority to the Head of Sub-district related to the implementation of General government affairs in detail and firmly, because in their understanding General Government Affairs is an affair directly attached to the main tasks and functions of the district government or attributive affairs as the provisions of article 225 paragraph (1) a. Therefore, without specifying the details of the mayor's or regent's regulation on delegation as the authority of the mayor / regent, the Sub District government automatically hurts and provides services related to the affairs of the general government. Whereas the provision of Article 225 paragraph (1) a itself states that: "The sub-district head referred to in Article 224 paragraph (1) has the duty: to carry out general government affairs as referred to in Article 25 paragraph (6)". Article 25 paragraph (6) states: "The regent / mayor in carrying out general government affairs as referred to in paragraph (2) at the sub-district level shall delegate its implementation to the Camat". 111 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 In the case of the lack of budget allocated to SOPD Sub District and the absence of APBN funds for the implementation of General Government Affairs activities in the sub-districts, municipalities also consider that the Camat is considered capable of managing the amount of budget set forth in the SOPD budget of the sub-district government. No matter how much of the budget is provided, the sub-district government will be able to manage the budget to provide services to the public, even if the service is minimal or perfunctory. Sub-district government (Camat) is trusted by regents / mayors have a strategy to overcome the phenomena of service faced with a predetermined budget. Limitations of local budgets and the burden of responsibility for the realization of the welfare of the community (mandatory affairs related to basic services and not related to basic services), accommodation of constituents' interests, success teams and others as the impact of local direct election have created powerlessness and causing the political budget of the regional head to prioritize certain programs in the strategic SOPDs. As a result, budget allocations to Sub District and SOPD governments are seen as less strategic and very minimal. Regional heads and DPRDs are more likely to allocate budgets and provide budget support to SOPD that contribute more local revenue (PAD) and to SOPD that handle mandatory local government affairs related to basic services (education, health, public works andsocial) while the spatial planning affairs, public housing and settlement areas, tranquility, order and protection of the community as the affairs of wajiba related to basic services lack priority. Whereas, thegeneral government affairs as the basic businessmatters should be implemented by all regional heads or leaders of local government units that deal directly with the community. The President as head of government is responsible for carrying out general government affairs. Governor, Regent / Mayor assisted by Vertical Institution as part of system of government of unitary state of Republic of Indonesia executing general government affair in their respective working region with APBN fund as well as government unit under it. General Government Affairs is a fundamental business that has functions as important as Concurrent Government Affairs or the Governmental Affairs of the Absolute. These three classifications of government affairs should be implemented optimally by all levels of government based on their respective duties and responsibilities. Given all the implementation of state government affairs in the unitary state system is an integral entity and is an integral component in the framework of the implementation of state governance, the realization of the welfare of society, the establishment of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. Because it is very important it is Law Number23/2014 on Regional Government places as one of the classifications of the three classifications of government affairs as stipulated in Article 9 paragraph (1). Conditions of the nation with various threats of disintegration, radicalism, terrorism, narcotics, intolerance weakening nationalism spirit (“BhinnekaTunggal Ika”), and others, require reinforcement and awareness on all components of the nation. Attention to the implementation of General government affairs in the region by the Regional Leaders and Vertical Technical Institution Leaders of course becomes very important. Every unit of government at all levels must continuously conduct guidance, supervision and control so that life of nation, state and society run well and smoothly. Differences in perspective that cause less optimal implementation of General government affairs in the district should be minimized. Based on field data can be formulated analysis of the perspective of local government in the implementation of General government affairs in the Sub District as the following chart: Chart 1.Implementation of General government affairs in the Sub District. 112 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 The practice of delegation in the authority of the Mayor and Regent that has been stipulated in the Regulation of Mayor and Regent Regulation of reality has not been fully accommodated all the General Government Affairs as stipulated in Article 25 paragraph (1) Local Government Act Number23/2014. In Kota Palangka Raya, some of the authority of the Mayor to the Camat only accommodates 1 (one) area of affairs. While in KabupatenPulangPisau, although it regulates relative many fields of affairs that delegated, but concerning the field of Public Affairs there are only ± 4 (four) areas of affairs that are relatively more relevant under Article 25 paragraph (1) Local Government Act Number23/2014as explained in the table: Table 4. Comparison of Government Affairs that has been Delegated to the Subdistrict Head in Bukit Batu Subdistrict and Kahayan Tengah Sub-district N o 1 2 3 4 Palangka Raya City Perwali 24/2014 General GovernmentAffairs Development of nationalinsightandnationalresiliencein order tostrengthenthepractice of Pancasila, theimplementation of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, thepreservation of Bhinneka Tunggal Ika andmaintainingandmaintainingtheintegrity of theUnitary Republic of Indonesia (NKRI); Coachingunityandnationalunity; Fosteringharmonybetweentribesandintracuces, religiouspeople, racesandothergroupsin order torealizelocal, regional andnationalsecuritystability ; Handling of socialconflictsinaccordancewiththeprovisions of thelawsandregulations; Pulang Pisau Regulation11/2009 - - - Facilitatingtheharmony of lifeamongreligiouspeople. Earlyhandling of socialproblems Facilitatesocial handlingactivities. * problem 113 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 5 6 7 with Pembina Dinas Sosial Kota Palangka Raya.* Coordinatetheexecution of dutiesamonggovernmentagenciesintheprovincialandregency / municipalareastosolvetheproblemsthatarisebytakingintoacc ounttheprinciples of democracy, human rights, equity, justice, regional diversityinaccordancewiththeprovisions of thelegislation Development of democraticlifebased on Pancasila - Implementation of allGovernmentAffairswhichis not a regional authorityand not implementedby a Vertical Agency. Coordinatingactivities of UPTD /governmentagenciesintheirwork ingareas. Development of thestateideologyandunity of thenation. - The rest of the field of delegated Mayor affairsor Regent govern more dominant about the authority related to licensing, government, economy and mining, education and health, social and welfare and others. The non-stipulation of the General government affairs to delegate some of the authority of the Regent / Mayor to the District Heads explicitly to the regent / mayor regulation related to the delegation of some of the regents / mayors' authority to the Head of Sub-district, has an impact on the less priority of the program of Public Administration in the Sub District. This happens because the budget allocation for sub-district governments set in the district RKA-SKPD is relatively minimal. Lack of policy priority in the field of Public Affairs implementation is something that is not intentional or planned, but because of the external conditions encountered. This condition can be overcome if there is a strong political desire from the main official namely Regent / Mayor and DPRD to really allocate in real budget based on the needs and duties and functions delegated to the Camat as well as the main task of the Camat as an attributive task. It appears that the Mayor and the Head of district, although delegated a number of authorities to the sub-district head, but the authority is not followed by adequate budget allocation for the activities of the assigned tasks, so that the Sub District government has not been able to perform their duties and functions properly and responsibly. It is therefore quite correct to say that Brian W. Hogwood and Lewis A. Gunn (in Wahab 1997:71) that to implement a perfec implementation requires a favorable external conditions, sufficient resources are needed, including the political desire of the regional head to actually carry out the responsibilities already imposed by the law in the form of allocating the budget and delegating some powers according to the capacity of the budget and the burden of the task. The Head of district/ Mayor must formulate clearly the purpose and objectives of the delegation of some of the authority submitted to the Camat, what kind of affairs the Camat can perform, the standard of the budget submitted to carry out the affairs, the sources of funding activities and others. The District Heads themselves must also be able to understand the various responsibilities and obligations to be able to perform the tasks that delegated well. The task of implementing General government affairs in the sub-districts should also be considered as the main task of the autonomous regional government apparatus (including the Head of SubDistrict). The task of Public Administration is the duty and responsibility of the Central Government, the autonomous regional government. Based on district / city government budget data on average over 1 trillion more as the following table: Table 5.District of Pulang Pisau and City of Palangka Raya State Budget on 2015-2016 APBD Income Directly Shopping Indirect Regional Financing Reception Spending 114 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 2015 1,040.448.839.067 452.214.040.818 646.008.481.248 67.773.683.000 10,000,000,000 2016 1.122.153.114.464 606.701.446.517 606.797.957.055 103.670.682.417 12.324.393.310 2017 1.089.449.531.338 607.102.234.982 532.465.661.995 71.967.579.001 21.843.195.362 Source: LPPD Palangka Raya City in2015, 2016 and APBD Palangka Raya, 2017. IndirectShopping (BTL) 2015 Pure 440.957.964.209 371.555.705.607 Change 585.185.273.746 391.494.724.925 2016 Pure 573.074.276.915 457.788.944.541 Change 591.224.003.359 457,540,049,660 2017 Pure 525.864.008.146 462.110.068.000 Change 570.186.458.591 473.455.076.110 Source: LPPD Pulang Pisau District, 2015-2016 and APBD 2017 Year Category LiveShopping (BL) Total Budget 812.513.669.819 976.679.998.671 1.030.863.221.456 1,048,764,953,020 987.974.076.146 1,043,641,534,701 The amount of regional budget as the above table is used for the organization of local government equipment that is relatively obese 35 SOPD Palangka Raya City as the Regional Regulation 11/2016 (see table 14) and 38 SOPD PulangPisauDistrictas regulation of Regency of PulangPisauNumber 4/2016. Number of local government organization compared to regional finance capacity as stated in APBD Palangka Raya City and Regency APBD PulangPisau table), power support the potential for local revenue (PAD), which has not been optimum and regional expenditures that are relatively burdened by Indirect Expenditure (BTL), become the underlying factor for the policy of the district / municipality governments to allocate inadequate budgets for sub-district government activities. The Sub District government is considered to be a second class SOPD and lacks a strategic position in the implementation of city / district government activities due to its position in the sub-district, although constitutionally as part of the local government-level SOPD element and is the spearhead of government service after the village / kelurahan. General government affairs in regencies / municipalities are not only the matters that become the absolute dutyof technical SOPD or Kesbangpol regency / city, but also have decentralized handling and financing to subdistrict government. SubDistrict as the spearhead of public services and is an organization directly facing the social life of the community should be actively involved in various activities of the administration of Public Affairs in its territory. Sub District is not only the object of Kesbangpol program, but becomes an important partner in the implementation of public services related to the implementation of General government affairs. In the implementation of General government affairs in the sub-district, the integration of resources has not been optimal yet. The district / municipal governments through BadanKesatuanBangsadanPolitik, Autonomous Local Government Agencies/ “Satuan Kerja Perangkat Daerah” (SKPD) and Vertical Institutions in the regions tend to make their own program planning. The proposed work program through Musrenbanghas not been well accommodated in SKPD program activities of regency / city. The integration of resources according to Brian W. Hogwood and Lewis A. Gunn (1978 in Wahab 1997:77) is very important. Integrity can only be created properly when built a communication and coordination perfectly as a unity of government institutions that provide government services to the public. In the implementation of General government affairs in the subdistrict, the integration of resources has not been carried out optimally; Some sources are self-supporting and not mutually supportive. District / municipal governments through Kesbangpol, SKPD and Vertical Institutions in the regions tend to formulate their own program plans. The proposed work program through Musrenbangdesa / kelurahan, MusrenbangSub District has not been well accommodated in the program of SKPD Districtor Kesbangpol ofKabupaten / Kota, so the SubDistrictgovernment has not been able to answer the problems faced by the community well. Coordination that is relatively well implemented is the coordination between Camat and Sub DistrictForkopimda elements. Camat with elements of Police Sector (Polsek) and Koramilare able to build synergy of policies and programs well, with mutual support and filling with each other. While coordination and synchronization between Regional Vertical Institution and SKPD has not been run effectively due to many technical constraints implementation. The communication that must be built is of course not just the Camat know that the technical SKPD 115 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 or Vertical Institution organizes program activities in its territory or concerns about communicating information or forming appropriate administrative structures, but concerning the more basic problem that is the practice of the exercise of power or authority (Wahab 1997:77) seriously and concretely, not formal terms on paper or political bases. Chart 2. Pattern of Implementation of General Government Affairs in the Sub District Implementation of Public Administration in the sub-district has not been running perfectly, due to the duality of the foundation that creates blurring and multi-interpretation of policy implementation as stipulated in Law Number 23 Year 2014. Arrangement of Article 25 paragraph (1) and paragraph (6), Article 225 paragraph (1) on field practice interpreted and implemented by regency / municipality head by placing the implementation of General government affairs in Sub District as the duty of attribute of sub-district government regardless of the need to stipulate regulation related to the delegation of some authority from regents / mayors to Camat as regulated in Article 225 paragraph (1 ) letter a. Therefore Public Affairs Affairs remains the authority of the district / municipality governments by granting greater budget allocations to the National Unity and Political Entity in Regency / City Budgets, and General government affairs undertaken by the District Government are the main tasks of sub-district governments, on the routine budget of the Sub District government as set forth in the district / city APBD. The provisions of Law Number23/2014regarding the implementation of General government affairs have been clearly regulated as Article 9 paragraph (1) and paragraph (3), Article 25 paragraph (1) and paragraph (6), Article 225 paragraph (1) letter a. Only at the level of policy implementation of parties with authority authority has not shown perfect compliance to implement especially the Regent / Mayor as responsible for the implementation of General Government Affairs in the district / city. Yet according to Brian W. Hogwood and Lewis A. Gunn (1978 in Wahab 1997: 78) the successful implementation of the wisdom of one is determined by the desire of the parties who have the authority of power to be able to demand and obtain complete compliance. Regents / Mayors who have the authority and responsibility to carry out General government affairs in the district / municipality shall stipulate in 116 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 detail and clearly the various General Government Affairs submitted to the Camat and adequate budget allocations sourced from APBN as stipulated by the law. The detailed assignment of tasks to the sub-district and sub-district governments is very important as well as the exact sequence of assigned tasks that take into account the situation and conditions in the field. Brian W. Hogwood and Lewis A. Gunn (1978 in Wahab 1997: 76) believe that well-detailed tasks based on the correct sequence will determine successful implementation. In the implementation of the policy of Public Administration in Bukit Batu sub-district, Palangka Raya city and Kahayan Tengah sub-district, PulangPisau District, as stipulated in Law Number23/2014. Real implementation of the gap has been carried out or a situation where the policy process is different between what is expected (planned) by the policy maker with what is actually achieved (as a result or achievement of the implementation of the policy) caused by the different capacities of the organizational element in which the district / municipal government in interpreting the policy (implementation capacity) with results achieved from the implementation of wisdom (Andrew Dunsire 1978, in Wahab 1997:61). The current tendency is that delegative delegation is merely a compliance with the administrative provisions of the law and administrative authority is limited to recommending such as IMB, ID, Business Permit and others or rubber stamp. Whereas according to SaduWasistiono district government with Head as Head, has position and a strategic position for the realization of the democratic life of society in its working area. Because there are different characteristics between the status of existing regional devices in the Sub District with other technical agencies / technical institutions that are more specific. Where the authority of the Camat is more general and involves various aspects in government, development and society (Wasistiono 2009:33). The position and role of the current Camat, in fact can not be separated directly with the Camat as a central leader in the district. The role of the sub-district administrator as a sole administrator in the field of governance, development and social development of the community is in fact inseparable in the practice of governance in the Sub District. So the Camat is in reality not only required to carry out the delegative matters only from the regents / mayors but also the attributive affairs, General Government Affairs and even various matters that are not regulated and listed in the field of affairs submitted to the Camat. Therefore, the strengthening of the role and position of the sub-district government is very important, the Camat is not only bound to the authority of delagative matters only from the regents / mayors but all aspects of the affairs that are not implemented by the technical or vertical agencies in the Sub District or fully involved participate in carrying out general government affairs in sub-district together with Vertical Central Agency in the region. Sub-districts must be empowered by allocating adequate budgets for the implementation of the affairs assigned to their responsibilities with various sources of financing (State Budgeting, Regional Budgetingand others). Matters capable of being implemented by the Camat and completed at the sub-district level should be delegated to the Camat through the regulation of the regional head which specifies in detail and expressly resolved matters accompanied by financing. Place the position of the Camat as a central government activity at the sub-district level that coordinates the performance of the village / kelurahan government in its working area directly under the regent / mayor. The funding and execution of sub-district governments is unlikely to be eradicated or weak in existence when broad autonomy is implemented and Law no. 6 Year 2014 on Villages that provide abundant budget strengthening to village government. The role and position of the Sub-district with the subdistrict government is still needed as a bridge of coordination, synchronization and supervision of governance, development and social development of village / kelurahan before all the affairs are handled by the regents / mayors. Regents / mayors may not be able to effectively administer government management if all matters at the kelurahan / desa level should be dealt with directly. The regents / mayors should now strengthen the role of sub-district governments that are not only questioned on attributive, delegative or other affairs, but rather focus on empowering the operational role of sub-districts as the spearhead of district / city government services. Sub-district governments should also be empowered from aspects of strengthening the availability of infrastructure and human resources. The geographical condition of sub-districts far from the central capital of the district government such as the Kahayan Tengah subdistrict led to a lack of guidance and implementation of district government work programs in the region. The policy of the district government of PulangPisau which tends to pivot in the urban sector (strengthening the infrastructure of the district capital of PulangPisau) is the cause of the reduced budget allocation that should be accepted by the Central Kahayan government. The district government tackles the limitations of the APBD by minimizing the sub-district budget, pruning SKPD activities that are seen as less 117 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 important and able to contribute to PAD, including budget allocations for the Kahayan Tengah sub-district government, whose budget allocations are far from adequate to implement properly. The impact of the budget constraints also causes the feasibility of facilities and infrastructure and human resources in the Sub District to be low. Finally it can be stated that the implementation of General government affairs in Bukit Batu Sub-District Palangka Raya and Kahayan Tengah District PulangPisau District in reality has not been able to be implemented by the City Government of Palangka Raya and Regency PulangPisau as the provisions of legislation. There is a gap between what is planned and the implementation gap. The policy stipulated in Article 25 paragraph (1), paragraph (5) and paragraph (6) of Law Number23/2014on Regional Government has not been able to be implemented implementsably because of the external conditions faced by the Sub District government in the relation of authority with the district / municipality governments, the combination of required resources is not yet available, reliable relationships on the policy to be implemented are not yet complete, the interdependence relationship is still very high where the sub-district government is still heavily dependent on the delegated authority and budget provided by the district / municipality government, the absence of deep understanding and agreement on the purpose of devolving the authority of the administration of Public Administration in the Sub District by the regents / mayors, the sub-districts have not received detailed tasks in the proper order of delegated authority, choir dinasi and communications have not run perfectly and the parties with power authority have not shown perfect compliance to implement all the rules that have been set. So that the implementation of the policy of general governmentin Bukit Batu sub-district of Palangka Raya and Kahayan Tengah sub-district of PulangPisau District has not been successfully implemented (unsuccessful implementation) either because of unperfect implementation (non-execution) and the provisions of some clauses of the Law Number23/2014on Regional Government, especially Article 25 paragraph (1), paragraph (5) and paragraph (6) with Article 225 paragraph (1) letter a multi-interpretive and multi-implementation multi pretest that can be categorized into unperfect group policy (wisdom itself is relatively inadequate) and very exaggerated if assessed bad policy (its own bad wisdom) because the impact of the mistake of such wisdom does not escalate widely. CONCLUSION The conclusions of this research are as follows: (i) General government affairs in sub-districts have not been fully implemented (unperfect implementation), implementation gaps occur due to implementation capacity which are indicated: lack of clarity of activity program, minimal budget; (ii) Affairs shall be regarded as attributive tasks as stipulated in Article 225 paragraph (1) letter a, not delegative. Whereas based on the provisions of Article 25 paragraph (6) the implementation of such affairs through the delegation of some authority of the mayor / regent to the Camat with the regulation of the mayor / bupati; (iii) The district / municipal governments through the National Unity and District Policing Agency directly carry out Government Affairs, the sub-districts are seen as the object of the program, limited participation in site facilitation, participant mobilization; (iv) No special budget is provided (funding from APBN funds does not exist). (v) Implementing inhibiting factors are: misinterpretation of rules or lack of realities of implementing rules, unavailable and coherent of required resources, inadequate understanding, low interdependence, unspecified tasks and communication and coordination not yet optimal. The results of the research are recommended as follows: (i) It is necessary to conduct a thorough evaluation of the implementation of General government affairs in the Sub-District by the Government and provincial, district / municipal governments concerning clarity of rules interpretation, implementation process and program success; (ii) Public Administration in the Sub District should be established and reinforced by regent / mayor regulation as part of delegative affairs; (iii) Implementation of General government affairs in the Sub District should be followed by financing sourced from APBN funds; (iv) The district / city government shall delegate the implementation of General government affairs in the sub-district and reduce the central role of the National Unity and Political Bureau of district/ city; (v) General Government Affairs capable of implementing Sub District government should be submitted to subdistrict governments, district / municipal governments shall be coordinated, monitored and evaluated; (vi) Need to improve coordination, communication and integration of the administration of General government affairs by stakeholders. 118 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 BIBLIOGRAPHY Books : Bungin, Burhan. 2003. 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Winarno, Budi. 2012. KebijakanPublkTeori, Proses danstudiKasus. Jakarta, Penerbit Caps. Wasistiono, Sadu. 2005. PemerintahSub DistrictBerdasarkanParadigmaBaru. PT. Gramdia, Jakarta. ----------------------. 2009. PerkembanganOrganisasiSub DistrictdariMasakeMasa.LembagaKajianManajemenPemerintahan Daerah (LKMPD). Fokusmedia, Bandung. Wahab, Solichin Abdul.1997. AnalisisKebijakanPublik, TeoridanAplikasinya. Malang : PT. DanarWijaya ----------------------------. 1990. PengantarAnalisisKebijaksanaan Negara. Jakarta: RinekaCipta. Wasistiono, Sadu.2002. MenataUlangKelembagaanPemerintahSub District. Citra Pindo, Bandung. ---------------------- .2003.KapitaSelektaPenyelenggaraanPemerintahan Daerah. Fokusmedia. Bandung. ----------------------.2009.PerkembanganOrganisasiSub DistrictdariMasaKemasa.Fokusmedia. Bandung. Government laws and regulations : Undang-Undang No. 22 Tahun 1999 tentangPemerintahan Daerah Undang-Undang No. 32 Tahun 2004 tentangPemerintahan Daerah Undang-Undang No. 23 Tahun 2014 tentangPemerintahan Daerah PeraturanPemerintah No.18 Tahun 2016 tentangKelembagaanPemerintah Daerah. 119 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 MIDDLEMAN : A CRUCIAL ACTOR IN ELECTIONS George Towar Ikbal Tawakkal Brawijaya University, Malang george.ikbal@ub.ac.id Abstract Talking about democracy, cannot avoid an election. Elections are a central element in theories of democracy. Even, overlapping to understand both. Democracy requires legitimation, then the election is an instrument to make it work. In an election, ideally, voters begin with a relatively well-developed sense of self-interest and some conception of the public good. Some works of literature shown parts which influence voting preference, such as party, candidate, voter, and media. But, in some countries (like Paraguay, Egypt, Taiwan, etc) have other parts who influence voters. This article will see the existence of the other part in some countries. Based on literature discussion and conducting research, I mapped other parts exclude party, candidate, voter, and media, so we can place the other as an object of democratization studies. This article will show, any person who acts as an independent intermediate between party/ candidate and voters, in order to influence voters. For example, in Thailand, Hua Khanaen played the role. In Indonesia, some scholar sees them as Tim Sukses, but actually, they have a local name, like Gapit in Demak, Sabet in Pati, or others. Generally, we like more to call them as middlemen (some scholar call them as vote broker). They serve network to influence the voter, through distributing money or good (vote buying), or social pressure. We conclude, any limitation in party or candidate, and limitation in voters, that shaped hole, where middlemen act as a bridge for it. Keywords: Election, Middleman, Vote Buying, Social Pressure The first time, I had an opportunity to watch “intermediary activity” in mid-2011. It was local election periods, for regency head (bupati) in local government (Kabupaten). I interacted with the local middleman – people who hired as an intermediate to contact voters on behalf of candidates. In Pati (one of Kabupaten in central Java province), for example, Sabet acted as the intermediary, while in other places they are called gapit, pecut, etc. The terms refer to similar activities in other countries, such as Hua Khanaen in Thailand (Hellmann, 2014). Sularso is a person who gave me the opportunity. He was a rich man who has high social status in his community. We discussed much local election issues. In the election, candidate hired him to be a middleman (Sabet). Some nights, I watched candidate whom he supported visited his house. I had a chance to join their conversations. It looked very friendly conversation. His visiting were not only for discussing the election but sometimes were for social stuff, like traditional ceremonies. In other time, I watched other candidate visited his house. The candidate tried to hire Sularso and persuaded to switch his supporting. From those, I tried to understand why candidates want him. It looked that candidates really need Sularso. Some reasons why I think that are, candidate tried to strengthen their social tie with Sularso, and each candidate 120 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 efforted to made Sularso switch to candidate from another candidate. Some political meetings and social meeting have been existed between them, to keep their relationship. In another side, other candidates persuaded him by offering their resources, not only financial, but whatever they can do, to get his service, and sure to betray candidate whom he supported before. Not only talking with Sularso and candidates, I had an opportunity to talk with voters. One day, Sularso invited me to walk around the village. On the way, we met some villagers who have questions about who candidate Sularso support is. By smile, Sularso answered that he does not make yet decision. In other situation, when I involved in casual meeting with villagers, they discussed distributing money to them and person who takes it. From those, I tried to understand why voters (villagers) need the middleman, not only need candidates. Both questions, why candidates need middlemen, and why voters need middlemen, inspired me to write this article. This article consists of five parts. First, explaining the existence of middleman in the field. It is important to avoid misunderstanding about persons who can be identified as middlemen. Second, explaining why candidates need middlemen. Candidate’s position will be discussed to find understanding why they need middlemen. Third, why voters need middlemen. Voter’s position will be discussed to find the answer why they need middlemen. Fourth, explaining what middlemen have. It will give us understanding from middleman’s side. Fifth, theoretical discussion, and finding logic arguments about all we discussed before. For collecting pieces of information to build arguments, I conducted some observations and interviews in village communities in Pati and Demak regency (both are regencies in Central Java Province), during elections in 2011-2017. The reasoning for the regencies is, both can be seen as the representation of Javanese society characters, which Gertz called them as Santri and Abangan (1989). Santri is a term for referring to society who practice Islamic activities more. Abangan is opposite. In the case, I can place Demak as Santri community, is based on much mosques, Islamic schools, Islamic activities, and social configuration which place religion leaders in high social status. Past time, Demak was the first Islamic kingdom in Java Island. Pati, we can place it as Abangan community, is based on a fewer mosque and Islamic schools, traditional (java culture, not refer to Islamic culture) activities, much industries, and social configuration is influenced by economic and Javanese norms. The reasoning for choosing village communities is, use of middleman is in village communities mostly (Aspinall and Sukmajati, 2015). Sure, not easy to interact with middlemen. They tend to make barrier when any person who they do not know, try to watch and interview them. As noted, most of the middlemen (most scholars called them as vote brokers) activities related with distributing money or goods to voters (Aspinall, 2014; Aspinall and Sukmajati, 2015), and the activities are illegal in Indonesia. They tended to make the barrier for foreigners or researchers. Fortunately, I had a channel to conduct this research. I had a very good social relationship with some middlemen and made them trust me.That made me easy to interact and interview them. I will hide their names, and make sure that my research is objective. In the two regencies, I had a good channel to communicate with local party leaders. It made me have a chance to interview them. Who do play as middleman: Sabet and Gapit Middleman term is not common for political scientists. They more like use vote broker to call them. But it refers to the same actor. Blaydes (2006) defined vote broker as an agent who acts as candidates to enforce these arrangements through a series of monitoring techniques. Balydes did not discuss them in vote buying context. Finan and Schehcter (2012: 864) used a softer term, middlemen, although he defined them as vote brokers in vote buying context. Finan and Schechter gave an understanding that talking about middleman is not always about vote buying. But, other scholars gave an understanding that the intermediary activity is always about vote buying (Triantini 2015; Rahman 2015; Aidt et al 2015; Aspinall 2014; Hellmann 2014; Stokes 2013; Ocantos 2012; Schaffer and Schedler 2008; Blaydes 2006; Wu and Huang 2004). Both have a similar understanding when talking about who they are. They are non-partisan (party member), who being an intermediate between candidate and voters, directly or indirectly, in order to collect the vote. commonly. Aspinall (2014) noted that election which candidate-centered campaigning, encourage the candidate to build campaign team for themselves, which brokers were part of it. In Pati election, Rahman (2015) 121 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 mentioned about the existence of them. Interviewing in Pati showed that middleman is really existed, locally called as Sabet. An informant said, “each candidate has a team for himself. Too difficult for him if he has no”. Other informant declared that he is a middleman for a candidate in 2011-2012 and 2017 Pati elections. Observing in Demak showed that middleman is existed, locally called as Gapit. I watched some persons did middleman activities in 2015 Demak election. In fact, middlemen were not foreigner for voters. Mattlin (2004) observed it in Taiwan, defined good middlemen are persons who have a good social network. Wang and Kurzman (2008) explained the social network can be identified as kinship, or family. In fields, I found similar situations. Candidates hired persons who have many friends and a big family. Middlemen have daily interaction with voters, even some middlemen have an important position in their community. I found a middleman who often being a social problem solver. While some middlemen have high social status as community leaders. In the case, community leaders are religious leaders and economic leaders. Some middlemen are village head formers, and some middlemen are village head family. It is what Hellman (2014) called as a ready-made network. Among middlemen in a team, they have a relationship. They have daily interaction among them. In Demak case, they are connected to government infrastructure projects, connected as teacher and student, connected in an organization, etc. In Pati case, they are connected in a business relationship, boss, and workers, etc. It an argument that between middlemen and voters, even among middlemen, have integrated socially, before they conducted intermediary activities. Difference situation was showed when I observed the relationship between middlemen and candidates. They did not always have a social relationship before the election. In Pati, some candidates have the social relationship with middlemen before the election. For example, Sularso. He is candidate’s friend in high school. While other middlemen did not have, for example, is Subur. He did not know the candidate before. He knew the candidate few time before the election, in order to build a campaign team. In Demak, the situation is similar within Pati. Some middlemen have affiliated in the same organization, especially in the religious organization. Other middlemen did not know the candidate before the election. Usually, there were persons who take candidates to middlemen. The persons introduce a candidate to middlemen, then they built a team. A conclusion of this part is, Pati and Demak elections have middlemen who being an intermediate candidate and voters. Middlemen are persons who have daily interaction with voters. They also have daily interaction among middleman in a team. We can call it as a ready-made network. But, the relationship between candidate and middlemen is different. Sometimes, they had a social relationship before the election, while others had no social relationship before the election. For last, any persons who take the candidate to middlemen. It means, ready-made and the non-ready-made network can be found between candidate and middlemen. Limitation of Candidates This section will discuss candidate conditions. Blaydes (2006: 1-21) begins his article by describing the circumstances of candidates who tend to be assumed to be an authoritarian regime in Egypt. The logic, as a candidate of the authoritarian regime, will hinder voters to judge as people who are needed in a democratic system. On the other hand, candidates need the legitimacy of voters through the election. In the legislative elections in Indonesia, Aspinall (2014: 548-549) points out that changes in the electoral system from seat-based determination are based on the majority of votes, resulting in a change of candidate's position. Since the elections in 2009, the system has encouraged candidates to form their own teams. The change has affected the candidate position as a campaign center, which was previously centered on the party. This condition makes it difficult for candidates to win seats. Tawakkal's research (2009: 229) in the 2009 elections in Demak, shows that the party failed to become an institution that sustains the victory of the candidate. In 2011-2012 Pati local elections, all candidates are newcomers, there is no incumbent regional head. The candidates are promoted by a combination of parties. The background of the candidates comes from party cadres, others from outside the party. Such as the Haryanto-Budiyono, they were not certain party cadres when it becomes a candidate. Sunarwi is the party's chairman and carried by the party. Regardless of the party's ability as a winning institution, the candidates who were not a party official were certainly not a party leader who can freely mobilize party resources to win them. The popularity of candidates is also not high before the nomination period. Keep in 122 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 mind, the candidates were not incumbent candidates, although there were candidates who have experienced winning election, but not in local elections (Pilkada), and the scope is smaller than local elections. In 2015 Demak local election, there were incumbent candidates, who previously served as head of the Region. The candidates are promoted by a combination of parties. The background of the candidates comes from party cadres, others from outside the party. Such as Nasir-Joko, were not certain party cadres when a candidate. In the Harwanto-Maskuri, Maskuri is the party's chairman and carried by the party. Regardless of the party's ability as a winning institution, the candidates who were not a party official were certainly not a party leader who can freely mobilize party resources to win them. The above description provides an understanding, that the candidate has social limitations. First, the limitations of the social environment. Candidates often do not depart from people who have a wide social environment. This is natural, given that humans are limited by their ability to move and interact with other individuals. The non-acquaintance of the candidate personally with all voters, the limitation of the candidate's social network to interact directly with each voter, were exacerbated by the non-functioning of the supporting party machine. The limitations of these networks were reflected in the unavailability of the party's internal network to the voter level. Party as an institution, did not have the structure to the lowest level, such as RT level. Limitations were also reflected in the inability of candidates who were not party leaders to mobilize their party support machines. Secondly, the candidates were also confronted with voters who do not know the candidate. The majority of candidates came suddenly into the minds of voters. So the candidates had no compelling reason to be known socially by voters. Although there were some incumbent candidates, in reality, did not make himself really known by voters in Mranggen. Limitation of Voters This section discusses limitations on voters, which makes it impossible to see the elections and candidates as they should. In the Egyptian Election, when discussing vote broker, Blaydes (2006: 1-21) explains the tendency of voters to be apathetic because it considers participation in authoritarian regime elections to be useless. In China, Kennedy (2010: 623) mentioned low level of voter turn out. Such voter behavior and perception, I see its as limitations of the voter's mind. There were similarities between voters in Pati and Demak. Voters saw local election (Pilkada) as a political routine that is not beneficial to improve voter life. Some voters mentioned similarly that anyone who becomes the Bupati will not affect their lives. Other voters gave different views, seeing Pilkada only as a competition to occupy the position of Bupati, regardless of the democratic values, so that the voters position themselves as unimportant parties when the winners arose. The views have caused voters to have a low level of awareness to elections, and then consider other "logic" if they have to participate in the elections. Based on data in both locations, it can be understood that basically Pilkada as a political activity with democratic values, did not become something interesting to be considered. Voters saw Pilkada as an activity that has no solution for improving people's welfare. The consequence of these thoughts is that participating in Pilkada is not something important. With these consequences, voters will not come to the polls if they consider their attitude on the democratic values of Pilkada. At this point, voters have a mindset about how to respond to elections and candidates. Other limits were more sociological. Although this may be due to the limitations of the above, I would need to discuss this as another limitation. In Pati and Demak, the communities still have strong ties, as a feature of rural society. One of them is patronage relationship. In Pati, patrons were dominated by entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs often became references for community issues. The number of workers who depend on entrepreneurs, as well as the ownership of material above others, gives businessmen elite social status. Little difference in Demak, the patron were 123 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 dominated by religious leaders. Same with in Juwana, the large number of voters who become followers, as well as the social values of respect, gave the religious leaders an elite social status. It is what i mean with social pressure. When voters have felt that the logic of democracy cannot be used to respond to elections, the voters consider other logic. Referring to the characteristics of the society, voters will use the logic of social relations as a consideration of choosing. At this point, the patrons became the referrals to voters. The voters considered his patron's preference. However, referrals to patrons as a result of the unenforceable logic of democracy are not always the case. Some voters in Pati and Demak, did not do it as another way. They responded to Pilkada together with other social activities, which refers to a patron is a devotion. As an example, an informant who worked as a house servant did not need other considerations, and always followed her patron preference.114 In conclusion to this section, I would like to state that limitations are not only in the candidates but also in the voters. The limitations inherent in the voters include limits of thought on elections and candidates and sociological limitations. Limitations of mind may be shown by apathy to elections or candidates and unknowledge voters to candidates. The sociological constraint of voter's need for reference, which based his choice on his patron's attitude. Conclusions The conclusions of the above findings illustrate the blank spaces between candidates and voters, in which candidates were unable to reach voters personally, and voters also did not have enough reasons to reach candidates personally. Theoretically, the blank space is called a structural hole. Burt proposed a theory that within societies there are separate structures, of which they have less contact, which he called the structural hole (Burt 1992: 18). In this context, the hole between candidates and voters, the limitations possessed by candidates and the limits possessed by voters, illustrate the structural hole. Limitations of the candidate's social environment, limitations of party support networks, as well as the low popularity of candidates, detain candidates for interact directly with every voter. On the other hand, the apathy of voters to the elections, as well as the sociological needs of voters to other individuals as a reference, gave sociological restrictions to candidates for entry into voter environments. The hole is reflected in the absence of a direct channel between candidates and voters, whom Burt (1992: 18) referred to as "disconnected". In his theory, Burt gave a solution to fill the hole. Burt (in Prell and Skvoretz, 2008) described the concept of brokerage as a solution to fill the structural hole. The concept explained the necessity of an independent individual or group that serves as a bridge, to cover a hole within a social structure. If there are no brokerage, then the two different entities will remain separate. As a result, information and capital will be hampered and complicate the existing individuals. In this context, Sabet and Gapit were present and serve as a bridge between two separate entities, namely candidates and voters. Bjorkman (2013, 9) called the connectedness as a vote banking. How was that connectedness established? The social relationships that had been formed before the intermediary activities, between middlemen and voters, between middleman with another middleman in a network, and between middleman and candidate, basically seemed to obscure the existence of structural holes. However, I need to assert, structural holes occur between candidates and voters, referring to the election is about candidates and voters. When the two entities are viewed and remove the existence of another entity (middleman), the hole of the structure will be clear. The purpose of hiring middlemen made the hole was covered and connected to the candidate's goals and voter goals. The data showed that middleman knows another middleman indicate that they were connected to the work system. A middleman in Demak stated that he is not in direct contact with the candidate. There was another gap that positions on it to connect with the candidate. He also explained that he recruited other middlemen at the bottom level, ie RT level. The findings above show that middlemen were a network with a multilevel structure. Why did they need to build the form? I did the analysis taking into account the conditions in Demak and Pati. There were several reasons why the middlemen are in the form of a multilevel structure. First, the large and number of voters, requiring to divide an area into divisions. The divisions carry consequences of the need for coordinators. That is, multilevel structures are 114 Interview to Asmonah, on November, 29, 2011. Interview to Hani, on December, 8, 2015. 124 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 needed as operating systems work. Second, the limitations of middlemen's environment. The social space of every middleman was limited to a small community. Blaydes and Tarouty (2009) prefer to use "local brokers" term to illustrate the limitations of their social space. This limitation also existed in the relationship with the candidate. Not all candidates can reach the candidate directly. So, the two reasons are those cause difficulties for candidates to hire a middleman only. The background of Intermediary Activity Candidate Social Party Limitation Machine Limitation Unknown Socially Structural’s Hole Practice Of Sabet Social Network Limitation of Mind (Apatis) Sociologic Limitation Voter and Gapit The conclusions of this article are illustrated in the above scheme. Limitations of the candidate's social environment, limitations of party machines, and low popularity of candidates were a barrier for candidates to interact directly with voters personally. The voter's apathetic to elections and candidates, as well as the sociological needs of voters against other individuals as a reference, becomes a barrier for voters to connect directly with candidates. The limitations of candidates and voters, forming a structural hole in unconnected candidates and voters. The hole was then filled by social networks that reach both sides. Then there were intermediary activities. 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Diakses dari http://www. insna. org/PDF/Connections/v28/2008_I-2_P-1-13. pdf pada tanggal 1 Agustus 2015 Rahman, Nur. 2015. “Pati, Jawa Tengah: Target, Teknik dan Makna dari Pembelian Suara” Politik Uang Di Indonesia, Patronase dan Klientelisme pada Pemilu Legislatif 2014, ed. Edward Aspinall and Mada Sukmajati, 329-352. Yogyakarta: Polgov Schaffer, F C, and Andreas Schedler. 2008. ”What Is Vote Buying?” Elections For Sale: The Causes And Consequences Of Vote Buying. ed. Frederic Charles Schaffer. Boulder, Colo: Lynne Reinner Stokes, Susan et al. 2013. Brokers, Voters And Clientelism: The Puzzle Of Distributive Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press. Tawakkal, George. 2009. Peran Partai Politik Dalam Mobilisasi Pemilih Studi Kegagalan Parpol Pada Pemilu Legislatif Di Kabupaten Demak 2009. Semarang: Universitas Diponegoro. 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Asian Survey, Vol. 44, No. 5 (September/Oktober 2004), Hlm. 755-770 126 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Voter Behavior of Towani Tolotang Community in the 2014 Legislative Election in Amparita Sub District of Tellu Limpoe Sub-district Sidenreng Rappang District 1 Astinah Adnan 2 Hariyanti Hamid STISIP Muhammadiyah Rappang andi.astinah.adnan@gmail.com tantistisip@yahoo.co.id Abstrack Abstract— This study aims to determine the behavior of voters Towani Tolotang Society In the Regional Legislative Elections In Amparita Village District Tellu Limpoe Sidenreng Rappang Regency. By connecting the existence of this community that is very obedient to its leader called Uwa. The study population covers all of the Amparita Kelurahan who are registered as permanent voters with a total of 23,432 inhabitants. The sample the researcher wants is 10% or 90 people, taken pursuant to technique of purposive sampling. This research type is Quantitative Descriptive and research type is Exprimen. Data collection techniques used in this study are Observation, Questionnaire, and Library Studies. The data collected is then used by means of data analysis techniques with the help of SPSS 16.0 for windows program. The results of analysis in the form of Descriptive Statistics, Data Quality Test, Classic Assumption Test, Simple Regression Analysis and Hypothesis Testing, using Likert Scale. The results of this study indicate that based on voter behavior that is traditional, rational, skeptical and critical. Traditional behavior with value 82,22 including very influential, rational with value 63,75 category influence, skeptic with value 61,5 including influential, and critical with value 63,75 category influential. It shows that there is a relationship between traditional types of behavior and one of the characteristics of Towani Tolotang community which is hereditary leadership, cultural equality. Keywords: Voter's behavior, traditional, rational, skeptical, and critical INTRODUCTION Legislative elections are held openly by giving the public the opportunity to vote for legislative members who will be the leaders. This resulted in the number of legislative candidates nominating themselves to become members of the legislature. At the time of the campaign, each successful team of each legislative candidate competes in winning the hearts and voices of the voters. They are mobilized to give their voting rights to legislative candidates, starting with open campaigns, donating donations, doing money politics, and so on. This is done to be elected and to sit on the council seats, as representatives of the people. There is one interesting phenomenon in Amparita Village, Tellu Limpoe Subdistrict which has the majority of Towani Tolotang community which is one of the social group having social coating system, which in nominating the 127 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 names of legislative candidates is supported with clear masses, so they do not have to do campaigns, grants and other things that other legislative candidates are doing to gather votes. This is evidenced by the election of 3 legislators who are Towani Tolotang in the election area II (District Wattang Pulu, Tellu Limpoe, Panca Lautang) I have 2 people, namely Slamet with 1.75 votes, Asis Laise with 1,103 votes, and from the third dapil III (District Two Pitue, Pitu Riawa, Pitu Riase) there is 1 person that is Lannae with 1,839 votes. The study of literature in this study, is the concept of voter behavior that is a person's behavior in determining the choice that feels most liked or most suitable. According to Firmanzah (Efriza, 2012: 480), in general, voters are defined as all parties who are the main goals of contestants to influence and convince to support and then vote to the contestants concerned .. Meanwhile, voter behavior according to Subakti (Efriza, 2012: 480), is "voting activity by individuals related to decision-making activities to vote and not vote in an election, the voters will elect or support certain candidates ". Types of voter behaviorFirmanzah (Efriza, 2012: 483) Describes four voting behaviors: a) Rational Voters In the first configuration there is a rational voter. In this configuration, the voter has a high degree of orientation in 'policy-problem-solving' and is low-oriented for ideological factors. Voters in this case prefer the ability of political parties or potential contestants in the work program. national problems. Voters of this type have a peculiarity that is not so concerned with ideology to a political party or a contestant. Factors such as understand, origin, traditional, cultural, religious and psychographic values are also considered, but not significant. Voters in this case want to release the things that are dogmatic, traditional, and location bonds in public life. Logical analysis and logical considerations are very dominant in the decision-making process. b) Critical Voters This type of voter is a combination of high orientation on the ability of a political party or a contestant in solving national problems and their high orientation towards ideological matters. The importance of idiological bonds makes voter loyalty to a party or a contestant quite high and not as easy as a 'rational voter' to turn to another party. This type of voter is a critical voter. This means that they will always analyze the relationship between the system of party values (ideology) and the policies made. c) Traditional Voters Voters in this type have a very high ideological orientation and do not really see the policy of a political party or a contestant as something that is important in decision making. Traditional voters strongly prioritize socio-cultural closeness, value, origin, understanding and religion as a measure to choose a political party. Policies such as economics, welfare, equal distribution of income and education, and reduction of inflation rates are considered as the second parameter. They do not worry too much about what policies have been made and what political parties they support. d) Skeptical Voters The fourth voter is a voter who does not have a high ideological orientation with a political party or a contestant, nor does it make policy as important. care about 'platfrom' and policy of a political party. White (golput) in Indonesia or diamanapun very dominated by this type of voter. Even if they participate in the ballot, they usually do it randomly. 128 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 They believe that anyone and any party that wins the elections will not be able to bring the nation towards the improvement they expect. In addition, they do not have an emotional bond with a political party or a contestant. RESEARCH METHODS This research uses qualitative method with statistical analysis consisting of descriptive statistics, data quality test, classical assumption test, and linear regression model. The research location in Amparita Village with the consideration of this kelurahan has the majority population of Towani Tolotang. The population is a fixed voter list of 18,730, using sampling proportional sampling using the Slovin formula so that the sample number is 99 rounded to 100 samples. Data collection techniques are done by: observation, library research, and questionnaires with data analysis techniques using the program SPSS 16.0 for windows. The frame of mind is as follows: FRAME WORK LEGISLATIVE TOWANI VOTER ELECTION TOLOTANG BEHAVIOUR 2014 COMMUNITY VOTER BEHAVIOUR OF TOWANI III Results And Discussion Towani Tolotang people know of a leader in their community which they call Uwa as a role model in society. While voter behavior is a voting activity by individuals relating to decision-making activities to vote and not vote (vote or not to vote). This study attempts to find voter behavior in relation to the characteristics of the community, by asking several questions based on indicators of each type of behavior. 129 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 A. Traditional Voter Behavior Tabel 3. To know the type of traditional voter behavior by asking a few questions: Percentace of the second indicator No Question Tabel 1 3 VI I NI VNI N How 10 37 41 2 90 legislative 11,11% 41,11% 45,56% 2,22% 100% 40 111 82 2 235 candidates Percentace of have high the second indicator No education Question VI I 18 NI 12 VNI How is the 70 0 legislative 77,78% 20% 13,33% 0 N Amount 90 100% candidate score average= Score Percentase = 235/90=2,61 2,61/4 X100 = 65,25% from Source: Data processing questionnaire, 2018 Towani Tolotang Table 3 shows that 11.11% say it is very influential, 41.11% have an effect, 45,56% have no effect, and 2,22% which states very no effect. Then it can be concluded with a value of 65.25%, that candidates who have a high education including influential categories. Community Amount 280 54 24 0 scor average= percentase average = 358/90= 3,97 3,97/4 X100 = 99,25% 358 2 Source: Data processing questionnaire, 2018 How 64 16 8 2 90 legislative 71,11% 17,78% 8,89% 2,22% 100% Table 1 shows that 77.78% say very influential, 20% influential, 13.33% no effect, 0 which states very no effect. Then it can be concluded with the value of 99.25%, that the candidates who came from Towani Tolotang community categorized very influential. candidates have the same origins a. 256 Tabel 2. 48 16 2 322 Amount Percentace of the second indicator No Question VI I NI VNI N scor average= percentase average = 358/90= 3,97 3,57/4 X100 = 89,25% 130 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Table 4 shows that 52.22% said it was very influential, 42.22% had an effect, 4.44% had no effect, and 1.11% stated very no effect. Then it can be concluded with the value of 86.25%, that candidates who have a very strong ecological orientation including the category is very influential. Source: Data processing questionnaire, 2018 b. Table 2 shows that 71.11% said it was very influential, 17.78% had an effect, 8.89% had no effect, and 2.22% stated very no effect. So it can be concluded with the value of 89.25%, that candidates who have the same origin belong to category very influential. Tabel 5. Percentace of Tabel 4. Question Percentace of the second indicator 5 No Question 4 the second indicator No How VI a legislative I NI VNI N 47 38 4 1 90 52,22% 42,22% 4,44% 1,11% 100% How VI the 56 legislativ e I 26 NI 7 VNI 1 N 90 62,22% 28,89% 7,78% 1,11% 100% candidate s candidate who very has who have the a same strong understandin g ideological orientation Amount 1 Amount score average= 311/90=3,45 188 114 8 224 311 78 14 1 317 score average = Score Percentase 317/90=3,52 3,52/4 X100 = 88% = Score Percentase = 3,45/4 X100 = 86,25% Source: Data processing questionnaire, 2018 Source: Data processing questionnaire, 2018 131 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Table 5 shows that 62.22% say very influential, 28.89% influential, 7.78% and 1.11% have no effect. So it can be concluded with the value of 88%, candidates who have the same understanding including the category is very influential. Percentace of the second indicator No Question 7 How a VI 7 I 27 legislative 7,78% 30% Tabel 6. NI 55 VNI 1 N 90 61,11% 1,11% 100% candidate who has a clear Percentace of the second indicator vision and No Question 6 How VI 64 I 22 NI 4 VNI 0 legislative 71,11% 24,44% 4,44% - N mission 28 90 100% candidates 81 110 1 220 Amoun t have the same culture Amount 256 66 8 - score average = Score Percentase = 220/90=2,44 2,44/4 X100 = 61,% 330 Source: Data processing questionnaire, 2018 score average= 330/90=3,67 Score Percentase = 3,67/4 X100 = 91,75% Table 7 shows that 7.78% said it was very influential, 30% influential, 61,11% had no effect, and 1,11% stated very no effect. So it can be concluded with a value of 61%, that candidates who have a clear vision and mission including the category is very influential. Source: Data processing questionnaire, 2018 Table 6 shows that 71,11% said it was very influential, 24.44% had an effect, 4.44% had no effect, and none stated very no effect. So it can be concluded with a value of 91.75%, that candidates who have the same culture including the category is very influential. Tabel 7. 132 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Percentace of the second indicator Tabel 8. No Percentace of the second indicator 9 No Question 8 How VI 64 I 22 NI 4 VNI 0 legislative 71,11% 24,44% 4,44% - N 90 100% Questio n VI I 59 NI 23 VNI 4 N How 4 90 legislativ e 4,44% 65,56% 25,56% 4,44% 100% candidate s candidates have high have the loyalty same Amount 14 177 46 4 243 culture Amount score average = 33/90=3,67 256 114 66 Score Percentase - 330 score average = 243/90=2,70 Score Percentase = 2,70/4 X100 = 67,50% = 3,67/4 X100 = 91,75% Source: Data processing questionnaire, 2018 Source: Data processing questionnaire, 2018 Table 8 shows that 71,11% said it was very influential, 24.44% had an effect, 4.44% had no effect, and none stated very unaffected. So it can be concluded with a value of 91.75%, that candidates who have the same culture including the category is very influential. Tabel 9. Table 9 shows that 4.44% states are very influential, 65.56% influential, 25.56% have no effect, and 4.44% which states very no effect. Then it can be concluded with a value of 67.50%, that candidates who have a high loyalty including influential category. Based on the number of 9 question items then the total amount is as follows: 99,25 + 89,25 + 65,25 + 86,25 + 88 + 91,75 + 61 + 91,75 + 67,50 = 740 / 9 = 82,22 With the value of 82.22 can be said that the behavior of traditional voters are in the category very influential. 133 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 B. Rational Voter Behavior In the rational type of voter with 5 (five) indicator questions are: 1) How the legislative candidates who have high orientation to policy problem solving with a value of 69.5%, 2) legislative candidates with low orientation for ideological factors with a value of 59.75% 3) legislative candidates who prioritize work programs with 64%, 4) legislative candidates by viewing their party's performance in the past with a score of 62.25%; 5) legislative candidates who have an offer of work programs if selected with a value of 63.25%. Of the total values for the rational voter indicator with a value of 63.25% including influential category. C. Skeptical Voter Behavior In the skeptical selector type with 5 (five) indicator questions are: 1) How the legislative candidates who do not have ideology orientation is high enough with 59,5%, 2) legislative candidate who make policy as something important with value 64,25% , 3) voters who choose a put score with a score of 62, 75%, 4) voters who believe whoever elected do not lead to improvement with 61%, 5) voters who do not feel emotional ties with legislative candidates with a value of 59%. Of the total values for the skeptical voter indicator with a score of 61.3% including the influential category. D. Critical Election Conduct In critical types of voters with 5 (five) indicator questions are: 1) How candidates with high orientation with 63.5%, 2) legislative candidates who see the ability of their political parties with a value of 61.5%, 3) voters who giving priority to political parties with a score of 60, 75%, 4) voters criticizing policies offered by legislative candidates with a value of 64.75%; 5) voters who criticize policy do not feel emotional ties with legislative candidates with a value of 59%. Of the total values for the skeptical voter indicator with a score of 61.3% including the influential category. CONCLUSION: Based on the results of research and discussion it can be concluded as follows: Behavior with the highest percentage is in traditional behavior with percentage 82,22%. Then the rational behavior with the value of 63.75 including influential category, the next sequence of critical behavior with the percentage of 61.3% with influential category. Similarly, skeptic behavior with percentage of 61.3% is the same value with critical behavior. The high percentage of traditional behavior indicates the influence of legslatof candidates from their communities, common origins, common beliefs and cultures. They focus more on these factors, while factors such as viewing their party, vision of candidate missions, education, and work programs are not a more focused factor. 134 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 BIBLIOGRAPHY Asfar, Muhammad. 2006. Pemilu dan Perilaku Memilih. Yogayakarta : Pustaka Eureka. Arikunto, Suharsimi. 2013. Prosedur Penelitian. Suatu Pendekatan Praktik. Jakarta : Rineka Cipta. Budiarjo, Mirian. 2003. Partisipasi dan Partai Politik. Jakarta : Yayasan Obor Indonesia. Bungin, Burhan. 2001. Metodologi Penelitian Sosial. Bandung : Airlangga University Press. Denis Kawanangh. 1983. Political Sciense ang Political Behaviour. London : Allen and Unwin Devenger, Maurice. 2003. Sosiologi Politik. Jakarta : PT. Raja Grafindo Persada. Efriza. 2012. Political Explore. Sebuah Kajian Ilmu Politik. Bandung : Alfabeta. Faulks, Keith. 2010. Sosiologi Politik Pengantar Kritis. Bandung : Nusa Media. Gaspersz, Vincent. 2007. Organizational Exellence : Model Strategik Menuju World Class Quality Company. Jakarta : PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Ghozali. 2006. Analisis Data Penelitian Menggunakan SPSS. Yogyakarta : Universitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta. Kartono, Kartini. 2011. Pemimpin dan Kepemimpinan. Jakarta : Raja Grafindo Persada. Mattulada. 1998. Sejarah Masyarakat dan Kebiudayaan Sulawesi Selatan. Makassar : Hasanuddin University Press. Max Weber. 1964. The Theory of Social Organization . Terjemahan A. M. Handerson dan Talcott Parson. New York : The Free Press. Muhammad Nasir. 2005. Metode Penelitian. Jakarta : Ghalia Indonesia. Ramlan Surbakti. 2013. Partai, Pemilih, Demokrasi. Yogyakarta : PustakaPelajar. [16] Raga Maran, Rafael. 2001. Pengantar Sosiologi Politik. Jakarta : Rineka Cipta [17] Ulber Silalahi. 2012. Meode Penelitian Sosial. Bandung : PT. Refika Aditama [18] W. Creswell, John. 2017. Research Design. Yogyakarta : Pustaka Pelajar 135 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 THE ELITE CONFLICT IN THE GOVERNOR CHIEF EXECUTIVE ELECTION IN THE YEAR OF 2017 1 Irphin Nehrun Robby Hunawa 3 Nuristiyan Harun 4 Muh Fachri Arsjad 2 1 DepartementOfGovernment Science, Gorontalo University ;irfinnehrun@gmail.com 2 DepartementOf Government Science, Gorontalo University ; obbyhu@gmail.com 3 DepartementOf Government Science, Gorontalo University ; isty.harunc@gmail.com 4 DepartementOf Public AdministrationGorontalo University ; fachriarsjad@gmail.com Abstract The research aimed to analysis the causes and the process of the occurrence of the conflict in the Gorontalo Governor chief executive election in the year of 2017. The method used in this research was In-depth interview and documentation. The data was then managed and analyzed by using the qualitative analysis. The result of the research was showing that there were elite conflicts in the Gorontalo Governor chief Executive election in the year of 2017. It was caused by the hostility among the candidates of Gorontalo Governor Hana Hasanah - Tony Junus (HATI), Rulsi Habibie - Idris Rahim (NKRI) and Zainuddin Hasan – Adhan Dambea (ZIHAD). The conflict between the candidates was happening before the election stages were started until the enthronization of the chosen governor. The conflict escalations during the process of the chief executive election continue to develop which was caused by the rivalry among the three candidates. The candidate of RusliHabibie – IdrisRahis was considered that they were not fulfilling the requirement of the candidacy. It was caused by the criminal punishment status which has been being undergone by ERusliHabibie. The exhortation from the two other candidates in which HATI and ZIHAD who was asking the Election Committee and Bawaslu of Gorontalo province to cancel the NKRI candidacy, they were considering that the candidate was not fulfilling the requirement just like what have been set in the Chief Executive Election Role and Election Committee role. The election was then won by the candidates of NKRI with the percentage of 50.65%, Candidate HATI with 25.85% and ZIHAD with 23.50% which was strengthen by the determination of the winning candidate by the election Committee of Gorontalo province. The inauguration process of the elected Governor and Vice Governor in this matter Rusli Habibie – Idris Rahim by the president through the minister of domestic affairs was then accused by the some LSM and Jakarta PTUN. It was because the president was then considered breaking the Law No. 10 the year of 2016 about the chief executive election paragraph 163 article (8) which was inaugurating the governor with criminal punishment status. However the efforts being made by the NKRI at the election stage was conducting the material test toward the paragraph 163 article (7) and article (8) The Law no. 10 the year of 2016. And the result of the constitution Supreme Court was determined to granting the petition of RusliHabibie. Thus, the process of the accusation of the LSM 136 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 LP3-G and YAPHARA toward the president decision letter which designate Rusli Habibie – Idris Rahim as Gorontalo Governor and Vice governor for the period of 2017 – 2022 was then canceled. Keywords: Conflict, Governor Election. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND The dynamics of local politics in the struggle for the power in the regime of the old order and the new order is considered less attractive. It is because there is rarely a conflict between the political elite among the gubernatorial, regent and mayor elections. After the reforms took place, the dynamics of national politics changed the total dynamics of regional politics. According to Gaffar (2006), everyone and community groups were relieved to be released from a heavy burden called authoritarianism under the Soeharto regime. After the new order rule the roost, the pattern of leadership change in the region in which it is causing a difficult conflict of interest that is hard to be avoided. The various problems that occur, have led to the emergence of conflict and integration because of the similarities and differences of social interests (Setiadiet.al., 2011). Maswadi (2001) was also believes that, political conflict is a group conflict, so that the definition of group conflict is a conflict that occurs between two groups or more. As for Agustino (2009),he sees the political elite as a politically active of political actor. In Varma (2010) view, it is asserted that at least the society is divided into two categories which include: first, a small group of capable human beings and therefore occupying a position to govern and secondly, a large number of masses destined to govern. According to LP3ES (1998), the conflict occurs because there is no consensus between individuals or groups within the community. Consensus is created when there is agreement between those who are in conflict so as not to open up the possibility of differences of opinion on the agreed issue. In addition, according to Wahyudi (2011), success in managing conflicts is determined by the accuracy in selecting management techniques, the ability of third parties or leaders in managing conflicts, and the willingness of conflict parties to resolve conflicts by using dominant, compromise, and integrative problem solving is the most widely used method of conflict resolution. Jayadi (2007) stated that, the enactment of Law Number 32 of 2004 about the Regional Government, which is followed by direct election of regional heads, has given a new spirit for the community because they can participate directly. However, inits practices the direct elections are still there are lot of obstacles which cause various conflict. In this point, the central government continues to make efforts in overcoming the conflicts, but always failed to find a balanced point so that protests and local political issues arise. In the context of the transfer of power from the old regime into the new regime, it turns out be having some problem in some areas. The sharpness of political interests between political power and political among the power. The result in a number of conflicts in the seizure of political positions such as governors, regents and mayors which is often unavoidable. The result of a Research conducted by LIPI (2005), shows that the pattern of local power transfer that often causes conflict is not a new issue. During the transition period (1998-2002) there were approximately 6 cases of problematic election of governor and 10 cases of regent and mayor election all over Indonesia which is the causing political conflict. 137 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 The results of The Habibie Center (2013), when the direct elections was held (2005-2013) there has been a conflict in the elections that are quite diverse in scale that occurred in 10 provinces in Indonesia. The research data showed that there were at least 585 cases of violence in the General Election which resulted in 47 deaths, 510 injuries, 416 pieces of damaged buildings. This conflict was triggered by different issues between one case and another, but in general, there is a difference of legal interpretation of the election result, the existence of a support group that does not accept the election result so as to cause protest and anarchic action, the election result is considered legal flaw, the issue of money politics and the rejection of election result because the candidate is suspected of corruption. The elite conflicts in the elections are common things. It is because the size of the conflict is relatively small, but if electoral conflicts occur continuously in the area so that it will certainly be a big problem. The conflict that occurred during Gorontalo governor elections in 2017 has caused political upheaval in Gorontalo Province. The Election Conflict of Gorontalo Governor is a conflict that was born because of competition between candidate pairs. There has been an act of mutual lawsuit institutionalized in between candidate pairs to seek the point of weakness of each candidate pair. The elite conflict that occurred in Gorontalo governor elections in 2017 has been a long time since the election of Mayor of Gorontalo in 2013. The conflict between elites can be seen from the dispute between AdhanDambeaas Mayor of Gorontalo 2008-2013 with RusliHabibieas Governor Gorontalo 2012-2017. AdhanDambea who stepped forward as mayor of petahana was crossed out by the Election Commission of Gorontalo the day before the Election Day, which is making AdhanDambea failing to become Mayor of Gorontalo for the second period. AdhanDambea accused his cause of being canceled in the nomination due to RusliHabibie's intervention as governor of Gorontalo. Then in the internal matters of Golkar Party there is also happened the friction between RusliHabibie and Fadel Muhammad as senior in Golkar Party in Gorontalo. Fadel Muhammad as a Golkar cadre is considered to have often maneuvered politics by attacking RusliHabibie both as the Governor of Gorontalo and personally. The determination of candidates to become candidate for Governor and Vice Governor of Gorontalo 2017 reaps a prolonged polemic. The commisions of the general election stipulates the candidate pairs with the serial number 1 of Hana Hasanah - Tony Junus (HATI), candidate pairswith the serial number 2 RusliHabibe - Idris Rahim (NKRI) and the candidate pairswith the serial number 3ZainudinHasan - AdhanDambea (ZIHAD). Since the determination of candidate pairs serial number 1 and 3 sent a protest and lawsuit through Bawaslu and the Election Supervisory Board, in which the serial number 2 RusliHabibie - Idris Rahim is considered not to meet the requirements of nomination because RusliHabibie is a candidate with defamation libel status both serving a two-year probation. In 2015 RusliHabibie as Governor of Gorontalo was found guilty by the Gorontalo District Court of criminal action to "slander against" the Gorontalo police chief in this case Budi Waseso with a sentence of eight months imprisonment. This certainly affects RusliHabibie's re-nomination in the 2017 election of the governor, in which the requirements of candidates for regional head according to the commisionsofthe general election Regulation No. 5 of 2016 on candidacy require that every candidate should not be a convicted person. As a result political tension on the election of the regional head peaked, the act of mutually protest, mutual reporting and mutual sued between candidate pairs and between supporters is inevitable. So this study aims to analyze the causes and processes of elite conflict in The Election of the Regional Headof Gorontalo governor in 2017. 138 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 LITERATURE REVIEW Conflict occurs because there is no consensus between individuals or groups within society. Instead, consensus is formed because there is no conflict between the people or groups. In other words, consensus is created when there is an agreement between them so as not to open the possibility of differences of opinion in the agreed issue. Therefore, the conflict is a conflict or dissent between at least two people or groups, whereas consensus is a consensus on a certain matter between at least two or groups. So the conflict is based on differences, while consensus is based on equality, Maswadi (2001). Consensus in this connection, means as the ability to defuse the conflict so that people can take the benefit from the good and discard the bad aspects, Alfian (1978). Duverger provides a set of causes at the individual and collective levels. This is an analysis of the causes of conflict that use dichotomies in conflict groups such as personal conflicts and group conflicts. Demvergers show that conflicts can be generated by personal traits and psychological characteristics possessed by individuals. It divides factors at the individual level into individual talents and psychological causes. The collective cause factor consists of three, namely class struggle, racial issues, and conflicts between horizontal groups. MaswadiRauffurther explained that the occurrence of the conflict is caused by the activities of community members in fighting for sources, positions that are considered rare in society. Another cause is the tendency of humans to control other people. This means that the human tendency to rule is one of the causes of conflict. The form of conflict resolution is the efforts undertaken to resolve or eliminate conflict by seeking agreement between the parties involved in the conflict. In accordance with the definition of conflict that is the difference of opinion or views of two or more parties, the conflict is resolved when a consensus can be reached between the conflicting parties. The conflicting parties succeed in resolving their conflict if they agree not to continue dissenting opinion because they succeed find common ground for conflicting opinions or views. According to Maswadi, in the settlement of the conflict is based on the change of views of one or all of the conflict so there is no conflict between them. Thus there is a change in the view of one or all parties involved. This is why conflict resolution is not an easy job because it is very difficult for a person to change his or her different opinion and contradict the other person. Though it is difficult, resolving conflicts is absolutely necessary to prevent: (1) the deeper the conflict, which means the sharper the differences between the conflicting parties; (2) the widespread of the conflict, which means deepening and widespread. In the absence of effective ways of resolving conflicts, conflicts can pose a threat of societal disintegration, namely the division of society according to the line that separates the parties to the conflict so that all or most of the people are involved in the conflict can produce two separate and hostile groups of people . When this happens a harmonious social relationship between citizens can notbe accomplished, which means it will cause the disturbance of peace and order of society. While the elites by Pareto and Mosca are defined as the ruling class that effectively monopolizes the key posts in society. The definition of elites put forward by Pareto and Mosca is supported by Robert Michels who believes that "iron law oligarchy" is inevitable. And any organization, there is always strong, dominant, and able to dictate their own interests. In contrast, Laswel argues that the elite is actually pluralistic. The figure is scattered (not a single figure), the person himself alternates at every functional stage in the decision-making process, and his role can go up and down depending on the situation. 139 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Field and Higley simplify it by arguing that the elite are the people who have key positions, which are commonly seen as a group. It is they who make general policies, which coordinate each other to accentuate their role. According to Marvick, although the elite is often seen as an integrated group, but true among the elite members themselves, especially with other elites often competing and different inThe seizure of positions within the political power that occurred between RusliHabibie, ZainuddinHasan and Hana Hasanah was in fact a struggle for scarce and limited resources. These three groups see the rare political position (governor's seat) has high appeal to be a battle for them. This is because of various reasons, first is the high appreciation inherent in that political positions. the Political position gives to the rulers of power politics which is great to the community because it can make important decisions that concern the interests of many people. However, the one who can occupy the position is not just any, but people who are considered to have advantages over most people. Therefore the desire to be famous and respected by the people is one of the main reasons for the attractiveness of political position. The communication function for the two conflicting groups according to Coser is crucial in resolving conflicts, with communication it will be able to change the political views and attitudes related to the issue. If communication exists between the two, there are various possible compromises to be achieved in the conflict resolution process, either through mediators or directly by conflicting parties. The efforts to be achieved in resolving conflicts are persuasive points or compromises that are made persuasively in conflict resolution because there are various possibilities available. This is also supported by Robert Michels who believes that in any organization, there is always a strong mall group, dominant, and able to dictate their own interests and interests of their group in order to be realized no matter in any way. The tendency of RusliHabibie as a political ruler strives to maintain his political position, namely the governor's seat, it is not surprising that he defends himself and his group by pursuing legal and political channels in order to participate in the election of Gorontalo governor in 2017. The biggest obstacle to consensus in resolving the conflict between Hana Hasanah, RusliHabibie and ZainuddinHasan groups was the attitude of each elite group of candidates who did not want to receive input to build consensus. This elite group of candidates still clings to their fanatical opinion without opening up the possibility for the change of the opinion. Thus, the change of their views can only be achieved through court institutions that handle the elections disputes. Such attitudes and views are very difficult to achieve the consensus among conflicting group. It is because each considers his or her opinion is correct. RESEARCH METHOD The Qualitative research methods (Moleong, 2006), do not emphasize the generalization, but more emphasis toward the meaning (Sugiyono, 2012). The research was taken place in Gorontalo Province by focusing on several places such as the Office of the commisions of the general electionof Gorontalo Province, the Secretariat of Bawaslu of Gorontalo province, Golkar Party DPD Office of Gorontalo, and Candidate pairs Secretariat No 1 (HATI), No 2 (NKRI) and No 3 (ZIHAD). This location was chosen because it is a place of conflict during Gorontalo Governor Election process in 2017. Furthermore, the data was collected through: (1) interview with the board of Golkar Party, Team winning Candidate pairs HATI, NKRI and ZIHAD, Chairman and members of the commisionsofthe general election of Gorontalo, Chairman and members of Bawasluof Gorontalo, and the community leaders. The Data analysis used was the descriptive qualitative, which means depicting 140 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 real variable which is causing the elite conflict in governance election Gorontalo Governor year 2017, and try to find the appropriate solution between the conflicting elite. RESULT of RESEARCH This study shows descriptively that the conflict occurs in The Election of the Regional Head, is a local political phenomenon that can not be avoided in every process of elections. The conflict between elites has brought positive and negative implications to the current process of democratization in Indonesia nowadays. By Taking into account the various data and information that the authors obtained during the research process, the main cause of the conflict in Gorontalo governor elections in 2017 was found. The results showed that the conflict in Gorontalo Election Year 2017 caused by the existence of contention between RusliHabibie, Fadel Muhammad and AdhanDambea. A long contention between those three elites continues until entering the stages of the 2017 Governor elections. Based on the research, The Election Of The Regional Headof Gorontalo Governor in 2017 was followed by three candidate pairs namely first Hana Hasanah - Tony Junus (HATI), RulsiHabibie - Idris Rahim (NKRI) and ZainuddinHasan - AdhanDambea (ZIHAD). The HATI couples in the stretcher by 6 political parties namely PDI-P, PPP, GERINDRA, PKB, NASDEM and PERINDO, then NKRI in stretcher by GOLKAR and DEMOKRAT party while the ZIHAD Pair is supported by PAN, PKS and HANURA. During the process of the stages and the campaign period, the competition and competition of these three candidate pairs so hard, criticism, slander, and accusing each other between candidate pairswhich is difficult to avoid especially between FadelMuhamad elite Golkarwho is also the husband of Hana. The research results show that elite conflict in Gorontalo governor election of 2017 is a series of interlinear conflict that has been going on since 2011. RusliHabibie, FadelMuhamad and AdhanDambea are three senior figures of GolkarGorontalo where they have to face each other in The Election Of The Regional Head in Gorontalo, starting from from The Election Of The Regional Head Governor in 2011, then The Election Of The Regional Head Mayor of Gorontalo in 2013, until elections of Governor in 2017, even the scent of the conflict began to be felt before the elections of the Mayor of Gorontalo 2018. In 2011, ahead of the election of Gorontalo Governor in 2012, RusliHabibie as chairman of DPD 1 Golkar Party of Gorontalo Province proposed the dismissal of a number of cadres who are not loyal to the decision of the party, including AdhanDambea as Chairman of the Golkar Party Consideration Board of Gorontalo City for supporting the candidate for governor of the Demokrat Party. Furthermore before the elections of Governor in 2017, FadelMuhamad as Golkar cadre of Gorontalowas having a feud with RusliHabibie as chairman of DPD Golkar Party Gorontalo, who also as Governor of Gorontalo.The conflict between FadelMuhamad andRusliHabibiewas happened because FadelMuhamad pushed his wife Hana Hasanahto become Governor of Golkar party. FadelMuhamad began to take advantage of the situation to attack RusliHabibie through a government program that was considered failed by Fadel Muhammad to the status of convicted of RusliHabibie. In 2013 when The Election of the Regional Head Mayor of Gorontalo took place, RusliHabibie was wrapped up in the case with Gorontalo Police Chief in which Brig. Gen. Budi Waseso. Then in 2015 RusliHabibie by the Gorontalo District Court was sentenced to eight months imprisonment for proven a criminal act "sued against Budi Waseso" against the authorities, thus making Budi Waseso removed from his posisition as head chief Gorontalo police. After the verdict, 141 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 RusliHabibie made an appeal through the High Court of Gorontalo, and the result was RusliHabibie who is also Governor of Gorontalo sentenced to 6 months imprisonment. RusliHabibie continued to make legal efforts through the Supreme Court's Cassation, but the Supreme Court's decision is impose two-year suspended sentence without being imprisoned. The status of convicted 2-year trial attached to RusliHabibie as a candidate petahana exploited by political opponent in this case RusliHabibie to attack and knock the NKRI pair. RusliHabibie Idris Rahim is deemed not to fulfill the nomination requirements as stipulated in Law Number 10 of 2016 regarding the Election of Regional Head of article 163 paragraph (8) which states that " the candidate for Governor and / or Vice Governor is determined to be a convict based on a court decision who has obtained a permanent legal force at the time of inauguration, in this case the candidates remains inaugurated as Governor and / or Vice Governor and immediately dismissed as Governor and / or Vice Governor at the same time". Then another provision in the commision of the general election rule Number 5 in the year of 2016about the Candidacy demanding that the Candidate Pair is not a convicted person. This situation makes RusliHabibie threatened not to qualify for candidacy in 2017 elections. The effort being made RusliHabibie to lobby the politics is finally reaping the result. At the end of August of 2016, there is a request for revision to the commisionsofthe general election No. 5 the year 2016, that those who are on probation remain allowed to become candidates. It is because according to the Criminal Code, the status of the convicted trial does not make a person lose the political right to be elected and vote. The commision of the general election remains firm, that the convict must not be a candidate pairs, regardless of the type of punishment. However, the Government and Parliament have the right to express their views and attitudes officially to be the basis for the thecommisionsofthe general election rules. It is because in Law No. 10 in 2016, states that the thecommisionsofthe general election is obliged to obey the decision of the legislator. This situation made the pair of Hana HasanahFadelMuhamad - Tony Junus (HATI), and pain of ZainuddinHasan - AdhanDambea (ZIHAD) as a competitor of NKRI intensively doing the protest by demonstrating, asking Bawaslu and the commisionsofthe general election of Gorontalo Province to remove RusliHabibie - Idris Rahim from candidacy for allegedly using an engineered nomination document. Even FadelMuhamad as a senior figure of Golkar participated in Bawaslu, asking for explanation as well as requesting that RusliHabibie canceled his candidacy as a candidate for Gorontalo.The harshness of the pressure made BawasluGorontalo Province conducted a search and clarification together with Gorontalo Provincial the commisionsofthe general election by examining the truth of requirements documents as requested by Candidate pairs HATI and ZIHAD. From the findings, Bawaslu and the commisionsofthe general election found that RusliHabibie submitted a copy of quotation the document not a copy of the verdict. The reason that the commisionsofthe general election received the document was because the copy of the verdict had not been received. So that Bawaslu and the commisionsofthe general election considering the passage and the verdict could be used as a condition of nomination for the Candidate Pair. The engineering of the document as it has already been alleged is not proven. It is because the result of the investigation conducted by Bawaslu on January 4, 2017whic is conducted a search to the Gorontalo District Court find that the alleged engineering was not proven. Furthermore the urgency of the copy and the verdict on RusliHabibie as a convict is true that RusliHabibie is sentenced to 1 year in prison and 2 years probation. In addition Bawaslu conducted consultations related to the matter to Bawaslu of Republic of Indonesia regarding the essence between the passage and the verdict is the same. Therefore, Bawaslu concludes that RusliHabibie qualifies as a candidate and there is no administrative violation, so that the request for cancellation by HATI and ZIHAD candidate pairs to Bawaslu is stopped because there was no violation element. 142 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 This causedBawaslu and the commisionsofthe general election of Gorontalo Province reported to the Council of election supervisory board because it was considered to have violated the code of ethics as the organizer. The report was countered by election supervisory board by deciding to stop the lawsuit submitted by Candidate pairs HATI, where the complaint did not meet the violation element code of the election organizer. The commisions of the general election and Bawaluof Gorontalo have carried out their duties in accordance with the laws and regulations. DISCUSSION This research was showing that elite conflict in the election of governor and vice governor of Gorontalo in 2017 has caused the political situation of Gorontalo become less conducive. During the process of The Election of the Regional Head stages, there are disputes or disputes, either individually or in groups. The three parties have a desire to drop, get rid of or defeat each other. The process of the conflict of The Election of the Regional Head contributed the effect to the development of the democracy development in Gorontalo, especially in the aspect of political education to the community. One of the causes of interlinear conflict in The Election of the Regional Head of Gorontalo governor is the result of power struggle in winning the battle to become Governor and Vice Governor of GorontaloPerode 2017-2021. The action of mutual lawsuit committed by HATI and ZIHAD couples against Candidate pairs NKRI has caused political chaos especially among the elite until the fellow supporters of the candidate pairs. NKRI Candidate pairs desirable by Candidate pairs HATI and ZIHAD to be crossed out by the Election Commission of Gorontalo Province because of the status of the convicts that befell RusliHabibie as a pertahana candidate for governor. Various way ws conducted by Hana Hasanah Tonny S. Junus candidate pair and ZainudinHasan - AdhanDambea to defeat the pair of NKRI as a candidate petahana, because the results of the survey placed electability and popularity of both of then was very high, due to various breakthroughs when leading Gorontalo was effecting the big result which can be felt of the people of Gorontalo In the election in February 15 2017, the pair ofRusliHabibie - Idris Rahim led the 50.65 percent vote with 326,033 votes, in the second position was Hana HasanahFadel - Tonny S. Junus with 25.85 percent or 166,431 votes, while the third position achieved by ZainudinHasan AdhanDambea as much as 23.50 percent or 151201 votes. The voter participation rate reached 81.6 percent. The election results were then sued by Hana Hasanah's partner - Tonny S. Junusinto the Constitutional Court. In its decision, the Constitutional Court judges based on legal considerations, even though the applicant is a candidate pair, the applicant does not meet the requirements for filing the petition as regulated in Law Number 10 in 2016 on Regional Head Election and Constitutional Court Regulation. In May 10, 2017, President JokoWidodo issued Presidential Decree No. 54 / P of 2017 on the legalization of RusliHabibie - Idris Rahim as Governor and Deputy Governor of Gorontalo from 2017 to 2022, which was followed by an inauguration in May 12, 2017 in Istana Negara. In May 19 2017, Gorontalo held the handover from the Governor's Task to the elected Governor which was attended by the General Director of Regional Autonomy. The political situation of Gorontalo is heating up again when RusliHabibie will be dismissed as Governor of Gorontalo because of the status of the convicted person as regulated in Law No. 10 in 2016 on Regional Head Election and Act No. 23 in 2014 on Regional Government is spreaded. 143 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 According to Sumarsono (2017), Law No. 10 in 2016 about the Election of the regional head Article 163 (8) regulates the dismissal of the Governor and Vice Governor with the status of the convicted person. However RusliHabibie is a convicted person before being appointed as the candidate pair of Gorontalo Governor in 2017 by 2014 Election Commission (the commisions of the general election) .It means that if he should be dismissed, then RusliHabibie should not be eligible as a candidate for governor. When RusliHabibie being nominated, the convicted status has already been attached to himself.Because the law of crime was light and not included in the category of immediate dismissed such as corruption and drugs, then RusliHabibie passes as a candidate for Governor. It is unfair, when he passed as a candidate for Governor, participate in elections and win, thenhewas inducted and dismissed. The interpretation of Article 163 must be responded wisely. The Minister of Home Affairs' consideration is very appropriate, where RusliHabibie and Idris Rahim are supported by more than half of the people of Gorontalo. This is evident if the two figures are supported by the majority of the people of Gorontalo.Then; if it has been inaugurated by the President then all the friction of dissent and all formal and informal arguments should be ended. That is because the position of the President as the highest power holder in Indonesia. As it meant in Article 1 of the 1945 Constitution the highest power holder is the President. After the inauguration of RusliHabibie - Idris Rahim as Governor and Vice Governor of Gorontalo in 2017-2022 period, a number of NGOs such as Gorontalo Provincial Government Supervisory Agency (LP3-G) and People's Rights Enforcement Institution (YAPHARA) as an NGO institution targeted by AdhanDambea to sue the Presidential Decree through PTUN Jakarta with the register number of case 126 / G / 2017 / PTUN-JKT dated June 13 the year of 2017. The lawsuit was questioning the Presidential Decree of JokoWidodo who appointed RusliHabibie as Governor of Gorontalo as opposed to the Law No. 10 of 2016 about the Regional Head Election. Based on the results of the research, long before the election began RusliHabibiewas conducting the material test related to Law No. 10 of 2016 on the Election of Regional Head to the Constitutional Court. In the matterial of his lawsuit related to Article 7 Paragraph (2) with phrases never being convicted and a phrase of elected candidates who are threatened with crime for 5 years, then Article 163 Paragraph (7) and (8) Law Number 10 Year 2016 in which states that the defendant status when he/she have already been innaugurated and immediately dismisses, the phrase was no longer valid. The Constitutional Court decision on July 19, 2017 is appropriated with the provisions of other legislation, namely Law No. 23 the year of 2014about Regional Government. In which in the provision, it has been declared that a regional head can be dismissed if he/she set as a convict with the threat of five years in prison. Thus all forms of lawsuits and legal remedies including the Administrative Court of the Presidential Decree on the inauguration of Governor / Vice Governor RusliHabibi - Idris Rahim period 2017-2022 are declared unacceptable. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION The results of this study can be concluded as follow: First, the cause of the elite conflict in the election of Governor and Vice Governor Gorontalot 2017 caused by the Golkar Party's inter-ethnic conflict in Gorontalo that occurred between RusliHabibie, FadelMuhamad and AdhanDambea, these three figures was tthe elites who were starting their conflict since 2011. The conflict has always surrounding the political dynamics of Gorontalo from 2011 to 2017.Adham Dambea and a number of elite Golkar Party were dismissed from the party's membership due to support in the Governor elections in 2012. Ahead of the election of Mayor of Gorontalo in 2013, AdhanDambea as the mayor petahana was crossed out from his candidacy a day before the voting period. AdhanDambea believes that it happends because of RusliHabibie's interference which is so powerful in the The Election of the Regional Head of the Mayor of Gorontalo. 144 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Secondly, RusliHabibie was involved in a conflict with Budi Waseso the head chief of Gorontalo police which is causing the Chief of the Police to be transferred to MabesPolri. Budi Waseso was then does not want to easily accept the fact that he has been transfered in which at the same time he was also hold the position of Kabareskrim was dealing with the complaint and also criminalizing RusliHabibie through the District Court of Gorontalo in 2015 with a sentence of 8 months in prison. RusliHabibie made an appeal and the result of Governor Gorontalo in criminal with 6 months imprisonment. In addition, the problem was not stop yet, RusliHabibie was then submit the the to the Supreme Court in 2016 with the result of a decision of 1 year in prison and 2 years of trial. Third, the feud between RusliHabibie and FadelMuhamad occurred since 2016.FadelMuhamad maneuvered by criticizing RusliHabibie who was considered failed to prosper the people of Gorontalo.Besides, FadelMuhamad attacked RusliHabibie because of his convicted status. Right after entering the 2017 Governor election, the conflict between these two members of Golkar party was reaching a crest. It is because of Fadel was willing to prevent RusliHabibie from getting the nomination recommendation from DPP of Golkar Party. RusliHabibiewas fought against FadelMuhamad, by reporting FadelMuhamad to DPP Golkar Party because of his attitude that harms Golkar Party in Gorontalo, and he did not want to support the candidate pair which was proposed by Golkar Party. Finally FadelMuhamad was dismissed from strategic position in DPP ofGolkarparty by dismissing the post of Secretary of the Golkar Party's DPP Advisory Council, then dismissing him from the position as Chairman of Commission IV of DPR RI from the Golkar Party Faction. Thus, the researcher further recommends that: (1) recommend that all local political elites can better promote good political education to the community, followers and supporters. Use the wise and elegant ways to solve every political problem in order to accomplish the future political order, (2) The mechanism of election conflict resolution by election regime, namely the commisionsofthe general election, Election Supervisory Commitee, election supervisory board, Supreme Court and Constitutional Court really uphold high values of justice and Human Rights. 145 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 REFERENCES Books: AgustinoLeo.(2009).PilkadadanDinamikaPolitikLokal.Yokyakarta:PustakaPelajar. Bungin Burhan.(2011).Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada. GaffarAfan.(2006).Politik Indonesia, Transisi Menuju Demokrasi.Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar. LIPI.(2005).KonflikAntarElitPolitik, DalamPemilihanKepala Daerah. Yogyakarta: PustakaPelajar. LP3ES.(1998).Demokrasi Dan Proses Politik. Jakarta: Prisma. MoleongLexy.(2006).Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif.Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya. NasJayadi.(2007).KonflikElit Di Sulawesi Selatan, AnalisisPemerintahandanPolitikLokal. Makassar: Lephas. RaufMaswadi.(2001).Konsensus dan Konflik Politik Sebuah Penjajagan Teoritis. Jakarta: Dirjen PT Depdiknas. SetiadiElly M. dan KolipUsman.(2011).Pengantar Sosiologi, Pemahaman Fakta dan Gejala Permasalahan Sosial: Teori, Aplikasi, dan Pemecahannya.Jakarta: Kencana. Singarimbun Masri dan Sofian Effendi.(1995).Metode Penelitian Survai. Jakarta: LP3ES. Sugiyono.(2012).Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif Kualitatif dan R & D. Bandung:Cv. Alvabeta. The Habibie Center.(2013).KekerasandalamPemilukada: KajianPerdamaiandanKebijakan. Jakarta. Varma SP.(2010).TeoriPolitik Modern. Jakarta: PT. RajaGrafindoPersada. Wahyudi.(2011).Manajemen Konflik Dalam Organisasi. Bandung: Cv. Alvabeta. Constitution: Undang – UndangNomor 23 tahun 2014 tentangpemerintahandaerah. Undang – UndangNomor 10 tahun 2016 tentangPemilihanKepaladaerah. Peraturan KPU R.I Nomor 5 tahun 2016 tentangpencalon. SuratKeputusanPresiden RI Nomor 54/P Tahun 2017 tentangpengesahanpengangkatanRusliHabibie – Idris Rahim sebagaiGubernurdanWakilGubernurGorontalomasajabatan 2017 – 2022. 146 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 THE PARADOX OF COMMUNISM IN BANTEN : BETWEEN THE CURRENT POLITICAL ISSSUES AND THE HISTORICAL ROOTS Abdul Hamid University of Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa abdul.hamid@untirta.ac.id Abstract Communism had become one of the hottest issues that determined the dynamics of local politics in the 2017 Banten Governor Election. This issue madeWahidin Halim defeated the strong and incumbent candidate, Rano Karno, who was rumored as the son of Lekra – communist-affiliated organization – figure. This paper explains why and how the issue of communism developed in the latest local politics event and how it was paradox with the historical root of communism in Banten. Keywords:Banten, Banten Gubernatorial Election 2017, Communism, PKI, INTRODUCTION Communism is an ideology banned in Indonesia. Likewise the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) is a forbidden political party because it uses communist ideology and is officially regarded as the most responsible party to the so-called 30 September Movement of the Communist Party of Indonesia (G30S / PKI) 1965. The PKI was depicted in the New Order propaganda as a party which controls the takeover of power in the G30S / PKI event and is described as brutally kidnapping, torturing, killing and burying some army Generals. The G30S / PKI event was then described plainly in Arifin C Noer's film titled Betrayal of the Communists (Pengkhianatan G30S / PKI). The film was aired every September 30 night on TVRI during New Order era. This was part of the government proganda that placed the PKI as a ghost occasionally rise. After years of absence since reform era in 1998, some parties - notably the military have initiated watching this movie together in 2016. Memory against the threat of communism had been called back, just ahead of the 2017 Regional Head Elections. At the same time, the issue of China's threat as a communist state was also a national issue, including the issue of illegal entry of Chinese immigrants in some areas. This issue might be prepared to face the Jakarta gubernatorial election, which one of the candidates was a Chinese descent. Moreover, the dominance of the Governor's Election Jakarta in the preaching cut programmatic issues 147 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 in other areas such as poverty and unemployment. In fact, Banten in 2017 along with Jakarta and other regions also holds a regional head election. The issue of communism became one of the most important issues in the elections of the Governor of Banten. Rano Karno, one of the governor candidates, was rumored as the son of the People's Cultural Institute (LEKRA), the PKI's artist wing. The intense allegations followed by the growing anti-communist sentiment among Muslims prompted Rano Karno to excel in various surveys before the election was finally lost. As a matter of fact, the strength of anti-communist sentiment was actually paradox with local political history in Banten. Communism had existed since the 1920s in Banten and was linked to key Muslim figures of the independence movement in 1945. This paper describes how the historical roots of communism in Banten colored the national movement in Banten against the colonial. Also, how the suspected group as part of the PKI received difficult treatment throughout the New Order period. Closed with the issue of communism that ultimately determines the results of Pilkada Banten 2017. Communism Rebbelion 1926 The historical roots of communism in Banten could be traced to the membership of two ISDV (Indische Social Democratische Vreeniging) executives living in Banten: Hasan Djajadiningrat and J.C. Stam. ISDV itself was the first Marxist party in Asia founded by Henk Sneevliet. Hasan Djajadiningrat, the younger brother of Serang Ahmad Djajadiningrat, although a member of the ISDV but has a liberal front and declared himself a follower of the German socialist reformist Lesalle. Meanwhile Stam worked in Serang and Rangkasbitung as a teacher from 1916-1919. He later became a member of the Executive Board when the PKI was formed in May 1920 and proposed by his party to become a candidate for the Volksraad. (Williams, 1982: 14) Another ISDV figure was G.J van Munster who was a teacher of OSVIA (Opleidings School voor Inlandsche Ambtenaren) or a Dutch government administration school for prospective Native (Bumiputera) employees in Serang. But Munster's influence was not big enough. He was then repatriated to the Netherlands by the Dutch colonial government for his involvement in the communist movement. Organizations with a large influence at the national level as well as Banten are the Railway Workers' Union (VSTP). In July 1922 VSTP held a grand meeting in Labuan with its keynote speaker communist Semaun. VSTP also organized strikes in various regions. The colonial government then held an act of repression, including firing many workers. One of them was Raden Oesadiningrat, a relative of Achmad Jayadiningrat. Oesadiningrat then settled in Pandeglang and became a full day Committee of VSTP. At the height of the conflict in Sarekat Islam of 1923-1924, Oesadiningrat made various efforts to establish the Sarekat Rakjat including inviting PKI figures such as Alimin and Musso. (Williams, 1982: 17) Another important figure in the communist movement in Pandeglang, Banten, was Tubagus Alipan, an activist of the Labor Printing Workers in Temanggung. He then returned to Pandeglang in 1925 at the request of PKI Dharsono. Alipan came to Banten with Puradisastra who then led the PKI section of Banten. The third person who then raised the PKI in Banten was Achmad Bassaif, an Arab descendant who lived in Serang, an alumnus of Al-Irsjad Batavia school. 148 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Bassaif was fluent in Arabic and has profound Islamic knowledge. Bassaif initially led the PKI on the Five Bridge, Batavia area where there are many Banten people. The Banten people who were recruited then asked to go home to assist the PKI in Banten. Bassaif then led the PKI subsection of Tangerang and later in 1925 assisted in the establishment of the 37th PKI section in Banten. (Williams, 1982: 20) Bassaif made efforts to expand the influence of the PKI with a cultural approach. He asked Tubagus Alipan and other figures Tubagus Hilman to re-use his Tubagus title. Whereas Alipan stated that he had no longer perform the obligations as a Muslim and no longer use the title Tubagus while in Java (center). The use of the Tubagus title and the approach to Islamic procedures made the PKI widely accepted. Including more raised issues of community life difficulties and promise pension assistance for the descendants of the Sultan of Banten. One of the momentum was when the PKI managed to organize about 200 prijajis to sign the petition in August 1925, requested that all persons with title "Tubagus" and "Queen" get a pension from the Governor-General of the Netherlands. Bassaif's role defused the suspicion and hatred of the Banten people against the communist ideology of the PKI. Although there was a public outcry Banten caused by Puradisastra statement that he was an atheist and drink coffee in the month of Ramadan. Bassaif is assisted by other PKI figures with strong Islamic knowledge from West Sumatra, Hasanuddin. This is in line with the PKI's strategy of recruiting scholars and jawara, as Bassaif's statement (in Williams 1982: 22) "In general, the most important aspect of our movement is the recruitment of individuals who have great influence on the masses, the militant ulama (Islamic scholars) and jawara. Our efforts are based on the width of the gap between the people and the government. So, in the end, our movement grew so rapidly far beyond our previously imagined targets." One of the most important Ulama in Banten who joined PKI was Tb. Achmad Chotib, former Chairman of Sarekat Islam Labuan and daughter-in-law of K.H. Asnawi from Caringin. Chatib mobilized his followers from the Labuan-Caringin region both from Sarekat Islam, colleagues and relatives, including Tb. Emed son K.H. Asnawi to join the PKI. Other Scholars who joined the PKI were Kyai Moekri from Labuan, Kyai Yahya from Petir, and Kyai Abdul Hadi from Bangko. The joining of Kyai attracted the joining of santri and villagers. The promise offered by the PKI was the independence of colonial oppression and the end of the oppression of kafir governments and free of taxes. Also, the freedom of the scholars to preach. During this time, sermon was supervised by the government. Moreover, the non-government Ulama were considered in a marginal position, unlike the penghulu who were the colonial apparatus. (Wlliams, 1982: 52) PKI also recruited other class named Jawara, those with martial arts and weapons, and used them to achieve its goals. The Jawara took control of the markets and fish auctions and recruited laborers to work in Batavia or Sumatra. However, this jawara respected and obeyed Ulama. The role of these two groups made the PKI increasingly spread to various regions. Originally centered in Serang, but since March 1926 then spread to Pandeglang and Lebak. (Wlliams, 1982: 55) This development was also driven by the revolutionary and aggressive attitude of the PKI members. Farmers in various villages for example refused to help, even persecuted those who refused 149 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 to join the PKI. In the village of Bangkayung sub-district of Cening Pandeglang, farmers who refused to join were bullied by boycotted from village events and even their front trees were cleared. This is for Bassaif to be considered as a chance to show up for new developments, awaiting the maturity of revolutionary action. Solidarity is indispensable and those who do not join are considered Dutch accomplices. (Wlliams, 1982: 57) Other situations that developed at the time were the belief that red PKI members' cards had magical powers, some weddings in villages near Labuan that did not present penghulu, some peasants who continued to fast and refused to celebrate Eid. In the Taktakan village Serang, the villagers claimed that their village had magical powers to make the government official paralyzed. The Chinese in some places were persecuted and robbed, and forced to donate funds to the PKI's treasury. (Wlliams, 1982: 59) When PKI decided to hold a rebellion based on the Prambanan conference, it was decided to form an illegal organization, Dubbel Organisatie (DO). This socialization was delivered throughout the Netherlands Indies, including Banten. For that Winata PKI Batavia leaders met the PKI leaders in Banten such as Bassaif, Puradisastra, Achmad Chatib, Kyai Moekrie and Entol Enoh. Plus Alipan and Soelaiman, they are the committee of the establishment of DO Banten region. They then arranged the DO committee member at a meeting in Dalung, Serang. Achmad Chatib opened the meeting with prayer and also conveyed the hadith of jihad when spreading Islam. He conveyed the prophet Muhammad also faced difficulties and did not hesitate to fight. "Because dirty cloth must be washed with soap, a filthy world must be cleaned with blood"(Wlliams, 1982: ). Achmad Chatib was appointed as President of PKI, Banten Section. Ishak was appointed as PKI President of Banten with Haji Mohammed Noer as secretary and Arman as treasurer. In the DO organization, Hasanuddin was appointed as President and Soleiman as his deputy. Interestingly in the meeting also recorded a name such as Tje Mamat who will someday be hostile to Achamd Chatib around the revolution of independence. In the process before the uprising, the PKI figures of Banten were arrested. Initially Puradisastra who fled to Garut, Achmad Bassaif who left Banten prepare action in Batavia, and Hasanuddin who was arrested in Batavia. While in Serang prison detained Djarkasih, Ayip Achmad, Arman and Hajj Mochamad Noer, followed Tb. Hilman and Ishak. The de facto leadership of the PKI Banten was in the hands of Achmad Chatib in preparing for the uprising, including raising funds and seeking weapons. Until finally on October 23, 1926 Achmad Chatib was captured by Veldopolitie police. The uprising finally took place on November 12th, centered in Labuan and Menes. The action was fierce but failed to spread to other areas. The target of mastering Pandeglang failed. Military reinforcements led by Captain Becking from Batavia soon took control of the situation. While in Serang the action of rebellion is centered only in Petir in a small escalation. The latest incident occurred on November 15th in Labuan when the rebel attacked Military Barrack of Captain Becking, but could be defeated. The PKI rebels later received punishment from the Dutch colonial government. Four people were sentenced to death, nine were sentenced to life and 99 were banished to Digul. Those discharged to digul mostly are PKI figures in Banten such as Achmad Bassaif, Achmad Chotib, Tb. Emed, and so on. 150 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Interestingly, eleven of the 99 people were religious teachers, 27 others were hajj (whereas the total number of pilgrims from the total 100 Digul prisoners is only 59). Some of the 17 pilgrims, 10 of them had settled for 2-3 years in Mecca. (Williams, 1982: 59) K.H. Asnawi Caringin who, although not involved, was exiled intoJakarta then Cianjur. He returned to Banten in 1934 and died in 1937. Leadership at pesantren was followed by Achmad Chatib after his exile in 1940. There were also some PKI figures who fled. Tb. Alipan and Tje Mamat, for example, fled to Malaya via Palembang and joined the Partai Republik Indonesia (PARI) established by Tan Malaka. (Ensering, 1995: 141) 1926 Alumny in the 1945 Revolution During the Japanese occupation, Achmad Chotib joined the Defenders of the Homeland (PETA) and became Daidancho in Labuan. In 1942 Tan Malaka returned to Indonesia via Teluk Betong and met with Tje Mamat. Tan Malaka then worked in Bayah, Lebak-Banten as a scribe by the name of Ilyas Husein. (Ensering, 1995) When at the end of August 1945, a meeting was held among the community leaders of Banten to fill the gap of officials in the local government. The meeting was attended by representatives of youth, jawara and women representatives, housed in the house of Dzolkarnaen Soeria Karta Legawa, former chairman of Shu Sangikai (Advisory Council of Residency) Banten in Serang. The meeting, among other things, decided the following: the takeover of power from the hands of Japan handed over to Dzolkarnaen Soeria Karta Legawa, the affairs relating to the bodies of the struggle submitted to Ali Amangku. The meeting by acclamation chooses K.H. Tb. Achmad Chatib as the Banten Resident who handles the civilian government. To that end, they urged the Central Government to immediately appoint it and to handle military affairs submitted to K.H. Sjam'un, former Daidancho of Cilegon. On October 6, 1945, Chatib was later officially appointed by the central government to be the Resident. One of the initial policies of the Resident was to appoint some old officials to occupy his position, among them the Regents were R. Hilman Djajadiningrat (Regent of Serang), Mr. Djumhana (Pandeglang Regent) and R. Hardiwinangun (Lebak Regent). (Suharto, 1996) This raises the anger of the People's Council led by Tje Mamat. Actually, the official position of Tje Mamat was the Chairman of the Indonesian National Commission (KNI) Serang District. But as the leader of the Dewan Rakyat (The People Council), on 27 October 1945 he took power in the Residency of Banten. Tje Mamat kidnapped Hilman Djajadiningrat Regent Serang who immediately released TKR. The Dewan Rakyat also formed a military force called Laksar Gulkut who committed terror, especially to the element of the civil service. The Dewan Rakyat also arrested Lt. Col. Entol Ternan Commander of Regiment III 1000 / I Division and Oskar Koesoemaningrat, the chief of the Banten Residency Police Ultimately Chatib instructed Sjam`un to destroy the People's Council directly at his base in Ciomas, Serang. The People's Council was surrounded and its leaders arrested, including Ali Bassaif. (Suharto, 1996) Tje Mamat had escaped to Lebak, re-build his troops, control Rangkasbitung and reshape the Lebak police from the element of Jawara. The Dewan Rakyat also kills the Regent of Lebak 151 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Hardiwinangun. Finally broke the battle with TKR and Tje Mamat fled to Bogor and then caught there and submitted to TKR Purwakarta. It appears that the political struggle around the independence revolution centered on the alumni of the 1926 PKI uprising in Banten. Achmad Chatib was, of course, the main figure of the 1926 uprising. Achmad Chotib's opponent Tje Mamat was the Secretary of the PKI Anyer and was actively involved in various meetings and movements to prepare for the uprising. This is why when on October 27, 1945 Tje Mamat declared taking over power in Banten, Achmad Chatib accepted. He has long friendship with Tje Mamat and prevents bloodshed. (Ensering, 1995: 152) Communism in Banten, 1965 and The Beginning of New Order There were not many records of communism and PKI in Banten since the Tje Mamat incident. But in the era of the old order PKI developed as in other areas as an official political party. However, there are two important notes, namely the role of the PKI in the formation of Banten Province which becomes an obstacle, and the fate of the trikora steel factory workers in Cilegon who were considered to be affiliated with the PKI. The idea of establishing Banten Province has been started since 1963. At that time Regent Serang, Gogo Sandjadisdja, held a meetingwith some community figures in Banten Regency Serang. In the meeting that for the first time initiated the idea of the need for Residency Banten become its own province. This idea is then manifested by forming Committee "Establishment of Banten Province" (PPB). The committee was chaired by the Regent of Serang itself with the board representing the existing parties. Eventually formed the Committee of Banten Province led by Gogo Sandjadirdja (PSII) as chairman, Vice Chairman were Ayip Dzuhri (NU / National Front), Entol Mansur (PNI / National Front), Sukra (PKI / National Front), and members M. Sanusi ( PSII / Front Nasoional), Toha (PKI / Member of DPR-GR Serang), Tb. Suhari Chatib (PSII). (Mulyana, 2009: 44) In various subsequent meetings with the central government and DPR-GR, this proposal received a festive reception. The development of the seemingly successful movement was seen by the PKI as an opportunity. DN Aidit as Chairman of the PKI CC immediately formed the CDB (Central District Bureau), a provincial level organ of the PKI in Banten-led by Dachlan Riva'i. Dachlan later formed the Banten Revolutionary Council. The aggressive step by PKI made the central suspicion that the agenda for the establishment of Banten Province was the agenda of the PKI. So, after the events of 1965, elements of the PKI issued from the Committee for the Establishment of Banten Province. (Mulyana, 1995, 43) However, the stigma of PKI involvement had an effect on the second attempt of the formation of Banten Province. In order to develop new forces, the committee began to involve activists of the Angkatan 66 in Jakarta and Bandung from Banten. Kodam Siliwangi observes this movement seriously because of concerns that the establishment of Banten Province will be exploited by the remnants of the PKI. Secretary of the Provincial Committee of Banten, H. Rahmatullah Sidik, told that he and Tubagus Kaking (Treasurer of PPB) always get strict supervision from Kodam VI Siliwangi. (Mansur, 2001: 89 and 104). But the efforts of the committee still running. On April 20, 1967 formulated the "Commitment of Committee of Banten Province". The contents begin with an explanation why Banten province is worthy to be formed. This was responded by Kodam Siliwangi doing repressive 152 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 action by arresting and examining some Banten Province activist in 1967. They are Moch. sanusi leader PSII (Vice Chairman of DPRD-GR Tk II Serang) and Tb. Kaking. Mochamad Sanusi's detention was carried out in connection with his cousin, Adjunct Commissioner of Police Atje Chutbi (Serang District BPH) allegedly involved in the Banten Revolutionary Council. Incidentally also, his son named Cholid is a pemuda Rakyat (PKI) activist group B. Both Atje Chutbi and Cholid not including the board or activist of Banten Province. Excessively, the Pangdam Siliwangi Major General H.R. Dharsono made the statement quoted by the Pikiran Rakyat daily, which essentially pointed this movement as a PKI pattern (Mulyana, 2009: 55). Military suspicion and repression according to Sutisna's notes (2001: 20-21) were attributed to three things. First, the PKI was involved in the formation movement of Banten Province in 1963. Secondly, the PKI appears to be aggressively forming the organization of the PKI CDB, the provincial-level organ when the province of Banten has not been established. Third, the trauma of the Tje Mamat rebellion which is considered communist representation in Banten in the era of the independence revolution. Along with the suspicion among the military that the formation of Banten Province was coopted by the remnants of the PKI then Maj. Gen. Ibrahim Adjie, Siliwangi Military Commander inaugurated the Military Resort Command (Korem) 064 Maulana Yusuf in Serang in 1966. Korem Maulana Yusuf under the leadership of Senior Colonel Danrem Anwar Padmawijaya was then assigned to carry out Bhakti Siliwangi operation in Banten area. The target of this operation was to eliminate the remnants of the PKI and stem the efforts of the "political reincarnation" of the PKI in Banten as well as divert the attention of the Banten people from the issue and the great agenda of realizing the province of Banten. This infrastructure project succeeded in building a public meeting hall in Serang, rehabilitating the port of Karangantu, renovating the Grand Mosque of Banten, the construction of IAIN Sunan Gunung Djati Serang branch, Building Cicurug Malingping Dam, Batukuwung Bathing, and so on. (Mansur, 2001: 89) The question was, who worked in infrastructure development in Banten in bhakti siliwangi operations? They were political prisoners (tapol, tahanan politik) deemed to be related to the PKI in the 1965 incident. One who soon became a large political prisoner in Banten was a worker at the Trikora Steel Plant (Pabrik Baja Trikora, PBT) Cilegon who joined the Trikora Steel Workers' Union (SBBT) under the Central Indonesian Labor Organization (Serikat Organisasi Buruh Seluruh Indonesia, SOBSI). SOBSI itself has a close relationship with the PKI. Immediately after the events of the G30S, hundreds of SBBT members were arrested and became political prisoners of category B. One of them is Djoko Sri Moeljono, the first metallurgical bachelor in Indonesia who worked in PBT. He arrested because his name is listed in the SBBT committee. Later he and hundreds political prisoners forcibly employed in Operation Bhakti Siliwangi such as Romusha. Various projects undertaken by Djoko and other political prisoners include the rehabilitation of highway networks throughout Banten, dredging the port of Karangantu, the construction of the University of Maulana Yusuf, and the restoration of the Kuwung Rock resting place. In 1971 Djoko was exiled to Buru Island and released in 1978. (Moeljono, 2013) The use of political prisoners by the Military and Government of the Siliwangi bhakti operation seems to have succeeded in achieving other objectives in addition to gathering popular support with concrete evidence of infrastructure development and diversion of issues from the will of the establishment of Banten Province, providing an example of how those involved in the PKI were punished and treated as forced laborers. 153 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Communism, the risen Ghost in Banten elections 2017 Communism and the PKI under the New Order were later declared an ideology and a forbidden party. It is also inseparable from the narratives built in official history books that put the PKI as an actor of the September 30th insurrectionary movement. The earliest narrative was the 40th Day of G30S Failure published in 1965, Nugroho accused the PKI of being the only coup d'etat of 1965 and portraying communism as an anti-God ideology that was deemed incompatible with the values adopted by the Indonesian people. Another form is the creation of propaganda in the form of film. The film, later titled 'Betrayal G30S / PKI' was also approved by Soeharto in 1983. The film's director, Arifin C. Noer, was chosen on the recommendation of Goenawan Mohamad. Since 1984, this film was regularly played on television every September 30 to 1997. It appears that Soeharto's New Order is very diligent in promoting the ideology of anti-communism into the midst of Indonesian society. The main political power of the New Order which stood on the corpse of the PKI was Golkar. In practice, Golkar tries to appear dominant in all regions of Indonesia, including in Banten. In Banten, the government of the new order through Golkar and the Military specifically embraced the Ulama and Jawara to support Golkar. For the Ulama, the New Order government supported by Millitary formed the organization of the Satuan Karya (Satkar) Ulama. It was so important to attempt to "tame" these Ulama, until President Soeharto stepped in to meet directly with the Ulama. At a meeting between President Soeharto and K.H. Mahmud in Batukuwung, Kiai Mahmud and the several Kiais declared themselves as supporters of Golkar. So, on May 3, 1970 stood the organization Satkar Ulama, with Chairman K.H. Mahmud. (Sudiati Artati, 1988: 45) The new order regime also organized the Jawara by forming the organization of Satuan Karya (Satkar) Jawara in 1971. Satkar champion led by H. Tubagus Chasan Sochib. The inaugurator was General Soerono. The formation of Satkar Jawara was held in Batukuwung Serang, attended by Danrem 064 / Maulana Yusuf Banten, Kol. Inf. Anwar Padmawijaya, Commander VI / Siliwangi, West Java Governor, Solichin GP, and several national leaders. (Hamid, 2009) The rise of Golkar through Ulama and Jawara was inseparable from the anti-communist narratives that were built and maintained. At the end of the New Order, for example, when the Special Session of 1998, Golkar took Embay Mulya Syarief, Chairman of the Banten Community AntiCommunist Movement (GAKMB) to send thousands of Pam Swakarsa members from Banten. (Kompas, March 28, 2001) This anti-communist narrative was formed throughout Indonesia and entered into the subconscious. Communism became a frightening ghost although since the events of 1965 until now no one has ever seen the form of his resurrection. At least three things stick in the mind when hearing the PKI or communism in Indonesia: Atheist or anti-God, Cruel and inhumane and those associated with the PKI should be punished. So also in the religious society of Banten. The issue of the PKI was easily played to bring down political opponents. The election of the Governor of Banten in 2017 became the momentum of the PKI issue raised as it coincided with the elections of DKI 2018. In Jakarta, one candidate is Basuki Tjahaya Purnama (Ahok) who is of Chinese descent. This is in tandem with the issue of illegal Chinese immigrants allegedly partly army. The Chinese communist state is rumored to have military infiltration into Indonesia. Because the elections of the Governor of Banten coincide with Jakarta, the real issues in Banten such as unemployment, poverty or education were drowned with issues of this kind 154 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 disseminated nationally. Especially since 2015, the TNI called for watching with the G30 S / PKI Uprising Movement in the regions, including in schools. In 2017, the TNI Commander officially instructed TNI units to perform screenings and watch together the G30S / PKI Betrayal Movement. Through the telegram number ST / 1192/2017, the commander said that the screening grounds were a form of "vigilance against the rampant screening of The Look of Silence, the 1965 tragedy and historical propaganda activities." The same telegram also mentioned that the screening was to "recall the 1965 G30S / PKI rebellion, especially for the younger generation who did not understand the PKI and its latent danger." (Triyana, 21 September 2017) In the context of a new-order proganda film, there were at least three goals for the film. First, it served as a medium for treating the mass trauma of PKI abominations as it has been broadcast for years through printed media affiliated to the Army. Second, part of the ruling hegemony over collective memory. Third, aims to legitimize the power of Suharto as the savior of the nation from national bankruptcy due to the communist movement(Triyana, 21 September 2017). The issue of the rise of communism in Banten was launched by one of the candidates for Banten Governor Wahidin Halim, who said that he felt public anxiety about the threat of the rise of the PKI in Banten. "This opinion is growing in the public. I convey what people have been worried about all this time. Of course the TNI and Police institutions are also committed to prevent the revival of the PKI ". (Newsmedia.co.id, 2017) Although not directly mentioned, the issue emerged that one of the candidates of the Governor of Banten Rano Karno, Soekarno M Noer was rumored as a member of the People's Culture Institute (Lekra), an artist institution affiliated to the PKI. This issue is widespread mainly through social media, especially whatsapp groups of pesantren and civil servants. Rano Karno clarified this by coming to KH. Ma`ruf Amin, Chairman of Indonesian Ulama Council from Tanara, Banten. Ma`ruf later said that Soekarno M Noer was not a member of LEKRA, but a LESBUMI activist, an NU artist organization. (JPNN.com, 2017). Another accusation is that one of the PDIP figures, Rano Karno's ruling party Ribka Tjiptaning once authored and published a book entitled, "I'm Proud to Be a PKI Child". The publication of this book makes Ribka considered part of the PKI. This is openly stated by Taufik Nuriman, Regent of Serang with the background of Kopassus: "…..Tjiptaning chairman of the DPD PDIP Banten is a communist, he (Tjiptaning) said I am proud of PKI children, in the Book also exist, we are anti communist,"(detakbanten.com, 2014) Although in the Rano Karno winning team in Banten, Ribka then replaced Tubagus Hasanudin, the issue of PKI is difficult to appease. One day before the elections, the narrative of Communism joined the Christianization narratives hit Rano Karno and spread through social media, especially through facebook and whatsapp group. Finally, Rano Karno's defeat with the issue of communism explains the severity of the Banten community's understanding of Banten's local political history. The doctrine of the new order through various means for 32 years has made communism and the PKI a terrible ghost, including in Banten. Whereas Banten was the best example of how communism and Islam coexisted into a doctrine against the Dutch colonial government in the 1926 uprising. The political elites of this 1926 rebellion alumni also led Banten and fought each other during the revolutionary period of independence. 155 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Conclusion Communism and the PKI became the ghosts understood by Indonesia society as anti-God, cruel and inhuman teachings and groups and those concerned must be punished. The ghost of communism was also raised in Pikada Banten and made the incumbent accused of being linked to the PKI finally lost. This is paradoxical, because the real history of local politics in Banten can not be separated from the history of the PKI. PKI was born and developed in Banten in 1925-1926 precisely in the hands of the Ulama. The main initiator of the development of PKI in Banten was Ahmad Bassaif, an Arab descendant and the main character was Achmad Chatib who in 1945 became the Resident of Banten. The PKI rebellion in Banten was also mobilized by Kyai, santri and the community. The spirit of resistance to the colonial was built by the spirit of jihad, although it used the PKI pack. Even when in 1945, the fight that occurred between Chatib and Tje Mamat was a fight between old friends who are both involved in the PKI uprising in 1926. But the narrative of the political elites in the independence period in Banten with the PKI, seems not to be inherited to the people of Banten. If the Banten people in the revolutionary era could accept the perpetrators of the 1926 PKI rebellion with open arms, then it is not the case with the PKI label pasca 1965. The new order's attempt to make the PKI a ghastly and anti-religious demon was too successful. This makes allegations of linkage with the PKI a devastating label as experienced by Rano Karno in 2017 Governor Election. What a paradox. References Artati, S (1988). Perubahan Peran Ulama di Serang. Bachelor ThesisSosiology Department, Faculty of Social and Politics University of Indonesia. Ensering, E. 1995. Banten in times of Revolution, Archipel Année 1995 50 pp. 131-163 Hamid, A (2009) Pergeseran Peran Kiai dalam Politik Lokal, Era Orde Baru dan Era Reformasi, Master Tesis Political Science Diponegoro University. Triyana, B (21 September 2017) Nobar Film Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI untuk Generasi Muda yang Mana? Historia.id, Online: http://historia.id/modern/nobar-film-pengkhianatan-g30spkiuntuk-generasi-muda-yang-mana Mansur, K (2001) Perjuangan Rakyat Banten Menuju Provinsi : Catatan Kesaksian Seorang wartawan, Serang: Kadin Provinsi Banten Moeljono, DS (2013) Banten Seabad Setelah Multatuli, Catatan Seorang Tapol 12 Tahun dalam Tahanan, Kerja Rodi dan Pembuangan. Bandung: Ultimus Mulyana, Y. et. al (2009) Meretas Kemandirian, Perjuangan Panjang Rakyat Banten Menuju Provinsi. Serang: Dinas Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata Provinsi Banten. Nu.or.id (2015) Inilah Perwira PETA yang Berasal dari Kalangan Santrihttp://www.nu.or.id/post/read/62965/inilah-perwira-peta-yang-berasal-dari-kalangansantri Suharto (1996) Revolusi Sosial di Banten 1945- 1946, Research Report, University of Indonesia. 156 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Sutisna, A (Ed.) (2001) Banten Paska Provinsi, Mengawal Tranisi, Membangun Demokrasi. Serang: LSPB and Partnership Governance Reform in Indonesia Williams, MC. 2013. Arit dan Bulan Sabit, Pemberontakan Komunis 1926 di Banten. (terj. Chandra Utama), Yogyakarta: Syarikat Izzati, FF. 2014. Orde Baru dan Kebencian Terhadap Komunismen yang tak Kunjung usai. Indoprogress. Online: https://indoprogress.com/2014/08/orde-baru-dan-kebencian-terhadapkomunisme-yang-tak-kunjung-usai/ Media Detakbanten.com, Taufik Nuriman: Tjiptaning itu Komunis. Online: http://www.detakbanten.com/index.php/today/item/3931-taufik-nuriman-tjiptaning-itukomunis Jpnn.com. 8 Februari 2017. Ortu Rano Dituding PKI, Ini Penjelasan Kiai Ma’ruf. Online: https://www.jpnn.com/news/ortu-rano-dituding-pki-ini-penjelasan-kiai-maruf Kompas, (28 maret 2001) Ancaman Benturan Massa ada di Depan Mata Newsmedia.com. 15 Januari 2017. Calon Gubernur Wahidin Halim Singgung isu Kebangkitan PKI di Banten. Online: https://newsmedia.co.id/calon-gubernur-wahidin-halim-singgung-isukebangkitan-pki-di-banten/ 157 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Local Elite Populist Drive to The Gubernatorial Election of North Sumatra in 2018: An Observation Case of IG’s Governor and Vice Governor Candidates 1 Ruth Agnesia Sembiring 2 Ibnu Asqori Pohan Universitas Brawijaya Email:1 nesi.biring@gmail.com 2 inbuasqoripohan@ub.ac.id ABSTRACT The emergence of populist leaders who later became leaders in the various levels of Government be a plural phenomenon nowadays. Populism and Populist in the digital age becomes an important indicator in contests politics in Indonesia. Social media is one of the main channels which was instrumental in creating and shaping the candidate “image” or "charism" in order to be popular in the eyes of voters. North Sumatra is one of the provinces that later will hold an outright-gubernatorial election in the year 2018. There are 3 (three) candidates Governor who will fight in the election defined by the Province Election Commission of North Sumatra. This study seeks to examine how are these candidates utilizing social media as a channel to its popularity? And how to map the political issues raised in the Elections. Qualitative research was selected in this study and Instagram (IG) is a social medium which observed because the three candidates used the IG as a media campaign. Key Word: Local Populist Elite, Gubernatorial Election, and Instagram 158 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Introduction Regional autonomy and the presence of elites at the local level are expected to improve democratization and address the needs of local communities. Eric Hiarej (2017) states that the political tendency of clientelism in Indonesia is declining and marked by the emergence of "populist" governance. Based on the KBBI (Indonesian Dictionary), "Populis" is a political philosophy or understanding that acknowledges, give priority to the public interest. Populism is understood as a "political style" rather than an ideology (Eric Hiarej, 2016).115 To be a populist elite, a political actor must have an inclusive political capacity, that is, political style by placing oneself in other people's/group/society's way of looking at a problem in society. With this inclusive political capacity, a populist elite can build its image in the eyes of society and charisma and build its popularity. "Populis" emerged and addressed to political elites who were considered to uphold the right, the wisdom of society; prioritize the needs of the community, and no distance to the community. Populist elites have always considered the importance of media coverage as to convey information to the community, open dialogue with the community and also to build their charisma in the eyes of society. The media used by populist elites can be coverage of activities to "political" actions of the elite in newspapers, television media to social media such as Instagram. It is also happening before the election of North Sumatra Governor 2018. The three candidates will use IG to gain popularity from Instagram users who are noted most of the millennial generation. The term millennial generation was coined by American writers William Straus and Neil Howe in several of their books. 116 Millennials are also called Y-generation or echo boomers. The classification of the millennials are those born in 1980-1990, or in early 2000 onwards (currently 17-38 years old). Technology products follow the millennial generation style. Technology makes millennials rely on social media as a place to get the latest information. Social media has become the main reporting platform and news source for the millennial community. In addition, there is their behavior to research and purchase variety of products and services via the internet. The Nielsen Global Survey of E-Commerce noted that the growth of mobile device penetration in big cities in Indonesia reaches 88%. The millennial generation averages attention to various devices (English: gadgets), such as PCs (personal computers), smartphones, tablets and televisions 27 times per hour. So thus the researchers referred to the millennial generation in this study are those who are 17 years old or often called novice voters. The three pairs of candidates for governor and vice governor of North Sumatra for the period 2018-2023 are as follows: 1. Djarot Saiful Hidayat-Sihar Sitorus under the name of IG @ djarotsaifulhidayat account, @ djarotsihar4sumut. The pair of candidates for governor is supported by PDI Perjuangan (Indonesia Democratic Party Struggling). 115 Amalinda Savirani & Olle Törnquist, 2016, Reclaiming The State (Mengatasi Problem Demokrasi di Indonesia Pasca-Soeharto), Polgov, Yogyakarta, hlm77. 116 http://www.republika.co.id/berita/koran/inovasi/16/12/26/ois64613-mengenal-generasimillennial/ Diakses pada 9 Februari 2018. 159 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 2. Jopinus Ramli Saragih (JR Saragih) -Ance Selian under the name of IG @ jrsaragih account, @ jrsaragih_ance. The candidate pair is supported by the Democratic Party. 3. Edy Rahmayadi-Musa Rajekshah under the name of IG @ edy_rahmayadi account. The candidate pair is supported by Gerindra (Indonesia Raya Movements Party) and PKS (Prosperity-Justice Party). Two of the candidates have used IG well before registering officially at the KPU office. JR Saragih's wish to become a governor of Simalungun to run for governor of North Sumatra began to be seen in his photographic upload with several TNI members who participated in the program "TNI Manunggal Build Village: Real Estate Bakti Build Area," on October 8, 2016. In the photo inserted slogan blue "SUMUT SUMUT" which is the hallmark of every post JR Saragih. Meanwhile, his rival Edy Rahmayadi started using IG on August 15, 2017, with his first uploaded photo with members of the Army Strategic Command (Kostrad) and attached hashtag "#SumutBemartabat" which is one of the slogans that characterizes Edy in each of his uploads. At that time Edy was still listed as Commander of the Army Strategic Command (Pangkostrad). Will the last candidate, Djarot began to declare himself as going to Cagub SUMUT on January 4, 2018, with uploads on the IGnya which is the capture of detikNews with the title "Sah! Djarot carried PDIP So Become Cagub Sumut. "This is then followed by the emergence of the latest IG on behalf of Djarot and Sihar on January 13, 2018. Based on the aforementioned matters, this paper aims to examine how prospective candidates use IG to build their popularity, information and what activities they display to attract public sympathy. The results of this study are expected to answer the extent to which the relevance of the popularity gained with leadership and accountability aspects to the public will be. Promise "Populis" Build Prosperity Three pairs of candidates for governor and deputy governor candidate of North Sumatra each claimed themselves as the son of the region, while Djarot declared himself once completed studies in the city of Medan. To win the hearts of the voters, candidates try to build a public image as a leader who can communicate directly with the community through an Instagram account. The author takes some important points from "How to become a leader" according to Amalinda (2016),117 which is in accordance with the author's observation through the statements and activities displayed by prospective candidates on the IG i.e; 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Have a supportive background of experience Have capacity, knowledge and expertise Having knowledge of the constituent's social, political, and economic context Have a good character Have network / contacts in government Has a positive image, popularity and a good track record 117 Amalinda Savirani & Olle Törnquist, 2016, Reclaiming The State (Mengatasi Problem Demokrasi di Indonesia Pasca-Soeharto), Polgov, Yogyakarta, hlm 71. 160 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 7. 8. 9. 10. Got the trust of the people Have relationships with clans, ethnic, racial, and religious leaders Popular in the media Leadership capacity The economic capital was not always the most important strategy to win the election of the regional head. Social capital is also needed by prospective candidates to increase their support. Such social capital, for example, has knowledge of the sociocultural and economic conditions of local communities, good relationships with clans, ethnic, religious or community leaders, to a firm, disciplined, humane leadership capacity in the eyes of the community. With such social capital, the candidates can improve the positive image of prospective candidates and public support for prospective candidates. Each of them uses a populist approach starting from proximity to the younger generation and concern for education; support for the welfare of the disabled and orphans; prosperity of traders and farmers; closeness with customary leaders, religious leaders to community organizations; proximity to the soldiers; to support for athletes and football in North Sumatra. Here the author discusses issues raised or prospective candidate activities in outline, the author divides it into six points. 1. Proximity to the Young Generation as a Form of Concern for Education The three candidates for governor show their concern for children's education through several of their uploads while together and dialogue with school children to students, supported by a sweet smile on the faces of the children. The upload is accompanied by a statement about the prospective awareness of education. One example is the statement of JR Saragih in his IG upload that states that the young generation is the nation's successor generation, the spirit of the children in reaching the ideals must be supported. Beginner voters are one of the targets for prospective candidates to win votes in the regional head elections. One of the efforts undertaken to withdraw their voice support is through concern for the education of the young generation, from elementary to university level. Candidates look very sensitive to reading the situation, can be seen from the use of IG as a means to show their concern for the education of the younger generation. 2. Support for the Welfare of the Disabled and Orphans The state's responsibility for orphans as well as the disabilities has been clearly defined in the 1945 Constitution, and local governments are at the forefront of the government of a country also has a responsibility to provide service to them. There are prospective candidates who use the problem as a means to support their popularity by visiting orphanages and donating orphans in the form of staple food to school funding. 3. Welfare Guarantee for Traders and Farmers 161 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 North Sumatra is an agrarian area with crop yields that may be said to have a distinct and distinctive character from one area to another. The management of agricultural land to the distribution of agricultural products to the community is a worthy issue raised ahead of the election of the governor. Three prospective candidates in IGs display their proximity to traders and farmers, with visits to traditional markets or visits to farmers' fields. Traditional markets must be addressed to create a well-organized, clean, and convenient market environment for visitors. The market is expected to be neatly arranged in the sense of having certain groupings by separating the vegetables/fruit stall selling with fish/meat selling stall and so on. Traditional market conditions that are not well organized, muddy, smelly, and prone to criminal offenses are often the cause of the traditional market less interest by the community. People prefer their daily and daily grocery shopping in a more organized, clean, and comfortable supermarket. This, of course, affects the income of traditional traders because the market is lacking buyers. The traditional market is a job for the middle to lower society, where people can sell at affordable kiosk prices. Traditional market visitors are mostly from middle to lower society, where they can bargain with the farmers to get their food items or daily needs in accordance with economic capabilities. The awareness of prospective candidates towards traditional markets directly brings hope to traders in particular and society at large. Approaches by prospective candidates to farmers are demonstrated by uploading photos of togetherness with farmers with the statement they convey to the IG. Candidates would like to express their determination to improve the living standards of farmers, such as Edy's photo uploads with a message to help farmers by encouraging the effectiveness of implementation, counseling and mentoring by local governments to farmers. Target candidates are farmers of food crops such as rice. Based on notes on photo uploads, prospective candidates assume that if rice farmers find it difficult to improve their welfare, it will encourage them to look for alternative crops. It certainly has an impact on the availability of staple food in the region that resulted in a region must bring rice from other regions or even countries to meet food needs. The other candidate's approach to farmers is to visit the victims of the Sinabung eruption as done by Djarot Syaiful. The majority of eruption victims of Mount Sinabung have an agrarian lifestyle by relying on agricultural land. As a result of the disaster, they are forced to leave their hometown and leave their fertile farmland. They are relocated to a new area, Solar and they have to start from scratch for planting. Djarot's visit to the victims of the eruption Sinabung shows his concern for the peasants who are struggling to recover their post-disaster economic situation. 4. Proximity to Customary Leaders, Religious Leaders to Community Organizations To gain power, political elites can form relationships with social elites who have large social capital, namely the closeness of the social elite to society. The social elite itself is one whose intellectual resources, religiosity, and knowledge of certain customs/habits of society can attract the attention and obedience of the community/group. 162 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 The social elite can be religious leaders, traditional leaders, local scholars, to leaders of community organizations. The relation or relationship between the political elite and the social elite can be the client's patron relationship. The political elite when successfully occupy the position as the regional head is expected to meet the needs, and provide a sense of security to the social elite. While the social elite is expected to provide support and loyalty to the political elite at the election of regional heads to support any policy of the regional head when elected later. Approaches that would be candidates to religious leaders such as visits to houses of worship as well as donate for the construction or renovation of houses of worship, to follow religious events. Religious figures directly or indirectly influence voter behavior. As religious leaders, they also demanded a moral attitude to be friendly and open to anyone, including political actors. Approaches by candidates to religious leaders can also show the public that they are nationalist leaders who do not divide human beings based on their religious identity. The approach of candidate candidates to customary leaders such as silaturahmi on the descendants of certain ethnic kings (eg Malay), attending the traditional events either marriage, food, or other customary events, to clan giving for candidates who are not from the Batak tribe (eg Edy Rahmayadi who was given the Ginting clan by Karo Batak tribe). In addition, candidates also approached community organizations in the form of visits to certain community organizations to get voice support. 5. Welfare Guarantees for the Soldiers' Family In the election of Governor of North Sumatra 2018, there are two candidates who are former military, namely JR Saragih and Edy Rahmayadi. JR Saragih before becoming Regent of Simalung, his last career in the military was as Subwander Commander of Army Military Police (POMAD) Purwakarta, West Java. While the last career of Edy Rahmayadi in the military is as Commander of the Army Strategic Reserve Command (PANGKOSTRAD). Both are retiring early from military units for their desire to become regional leaders. Edy Rahmayadi and JR Saragih may be regarded as the military elite considering the positions they once held in the military supported their influence to the soldiers of their subordinates and the families of the soldiers. In contrast to Djarot who is not from the military and uploads on his IG also only once displays a picture of himself with the military leader (last observation March 3, 2018). The proximity and concern for the soldiers began to be demonstrated by Edy Rahmayadi on his uploads with the Kostrad soldiers whom he called "friends" on August 15, 2017. At that time Edy Rahmayadi was still serving as the Kostrad Commander despite the indication that he was willing to run for The election of Governor (Pilgub) of North Sumatra 2018. It can be seen from the hashtag on the post, namely #sumberbern dignity, #summer unity. Edy on one occasion once said to the media, "Pray for me to be governor, not to be KSAD." (Read: Army Chief of Staff).118 The statement he conveyed because previously the desire to resign as the Commander was not sanctioned by his 118 https://news.detik.com/berita/letjed-edy-doakan-saya-jadi-gubernur-bukan-ksad. Diakses pada 9 Februari 2018. 163 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 leadership. The decision of TNI Commander / 982 / XII / 2017 dated December 4 and the decision is valid since it is established, indicating that Edy Rahmayadi is still designated as a Kostrad Commander and there are no details of when the position will change. The decision was issued by TNI Marshal Hadi Tjahjanto as the new TNI Commander. The decision is considered Edy does not mean allowing him to remove military posts and prevent him from becoming a Cagub Sumut 2018.119 Because of determination and lobbying, finally, the decision to resign from the military was condoned in January 2018. Edy Rahmayadi while still serving as Pangkostrad also once issued a political statement that he uploaded through his IG account, the upload was the capture of Harian Waspada August 4, 2017, namely "Pangkostrad: No Place For Communist Forward So Cagubsu." The statement indicates that Edy as Kostrad at that time had the power to obstruct the communist ideology and those who followed it in order to advance in the gubernatorial elections. Edy also uploaded a video about the preparation of the soldiers of the Army and Police (POLRI) in the escort of King Salman, from Saudi Arabia (August 19, 2017), and the other side of the courteous and generous soldier by uploading photographs of some soldiers who were giving compensation in the form food for the homeless. There were Edy's many accomplices with his soldiers or his own uploads in his military uniform while recounting his military career before registering to become a candidate for governor. His last upcoming rendezvous with the military soldiers was the Handover of Kostrad (16 January 2018) and Edy's farewell to the entire Malang United (18 January 2018) family. While JR Saragih, as we discussed in the introduction to this article, shows its proximity to members of the TNI through a photo with members of the TNI who participated in the program "TNI Manunggal Village Building: a real form of devoting regional building," on October 8, 2016, a year earlier than it was done by Edy. There are uploads on IG JR Saragih showing a program of Marhaon (gotong royong) rice planting activities involving 5,000 peasants and TNI (December 16, 2016). There is also an activity "Planting Trees for the Future" showing JR Saragih planting trees assisted by TNI soldiers and witnessed by high school uniformed students (December 18, 2016), to JR Saragih's concern for TNI members who died while performing their duties. All of these posts have included the slogan "SUMUT NEW SPIRIT." There are many JR Saragih uploads with TNI showing their proximity and TNI involvement in social programs between Simalungun District and TNI members to remote village development. It shows JR Saragih's confidence in TNI to be included in the development program in Simalungun Regency and it is possible to involve the soldiers in North Sumatra development later on. JR Saragih also mentioned the role of the TNI is needed in protecting the community, it does seem to deviate from the basic task of the TNI as stipulated in the 1945 Constitution because the duty to protect is charged to the POLRI. These uploads in addition to introducing themselves to be better known to the public can also be a social capital to attract hearts and win the hearts of the soldiers' families. The efforts of candidates who try to show that their lessons and experiences in 119 http://nasional.republika.co.id/berita/nasional/politik/17/12/20/p18gur385-pangkostradpengunduran-diri-saya-sudah-diterima. Diakses pada 9 Februari 2018. 164 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 the military world have "honed" them into disciplined, assertive, and responsive people to the problems of society that are the leader's ideal. His proximity to the soldiers expressed his concern for the soldier's family. Their lessons and experiences in the military have "taken" them into a person who has a sense of unity, kinship, loyal friends, a strong sense of help. The State of Indonesia does not allow members of the TNI / POLRI to run and vote in the general election. However, the families of soldiers (millennial wives and children) are social capital that can be a source of support for former military elites for support. For example in Kostrad consists of 35,000 to 40,000 soldiers. If the soldier's family supports their former military leader, then the votes that can be obtained from the wives and children of military soldiers can help in contesting the governor's election. The support depends on how much the former military leaders care about the needs and welfare of the soldiers. The simple logic is that the kindness and wisdom of a military leader will be remembered by their soldiers, wives and millennial children. Edy had a long time in North Sumatra at Kodam Bukit Barisan in 1998-2001 which is a long journey and certainly imprint on the hearts of soldiers and family soldiers in North Sumatra. While JR Saragih who spent much of his military career on the island of Java. But his claim as a regional son and his development program that always involves the TNI can be a social capital to get support from the soldier's family. From this, we can see that their identity as former soldiers can be used as their social capital to be seen as a firm, disciplined, quick-response leader by the warrior, as well as supporting the welfare of soldiers' families. 6. Support for PSMS The three candidates who compete in the North Sumatra Governor Election, Edy is a candidate who gives great attention to PSMS (Football Association of Medan and Surrounding). Edy Rahmayadi when assuming the position as Pangkostrad also at the same time become Chairman of PSSI (Football Association of Indonesia) period 20162020. Attention to North Sumatra football is seen from Eddy's many photo uploads with PSMS Medan team or a photo of herself who provides support for the rise of football in North Sumatra as well as his concern for the welfare of the soccer athletes. One of Edy's comments on football in North Sumatra is to build a new stadium for international standard PSMS. Edy assumes that the Exemplary Stadium which is a training ground and the football game is not feasible to host any national event any more international. The things that have been mentioned above will certainly bring fresh air for the football of North Sumatra. Issues concerning the PSMS management reshuffle to the issue of player salary payments resulting in disunity, often coloring the team nicknamed 'Kinantan Chicken' is. Whether elected governor or not, Edy who was born in North Sumatra and occupied the position as Chairman of PSSI also certainly have an obligation to improve the quality of football in North Sumatra. Edy's concern and concern for soccer and athletes can be access to attract sympathy and increase popularity in the eyes of people who miss their local football fluttering at the national level and later in the international arena. Based on the researchers' observations, from 712 uploads on IG Edy, there are 62 football and national football field uploads. On August 15, 2017, there were 19 uploads 165 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 on IG that were about football. Uploads in the form of photographs containing notes on Edy's hope for Indonesia to reach SEA Games 2017; Edy's statement that his concern for football was caused by two things: first the football was his hobby, and secondly because Edy wanted the Nation of Indonesian to be reckoned by other countries especially through football; also a photo of Edy's statement that he will prove that the Governor of North Sumatra will also be a pioneer of national football progress. Another Edy Upload is a capture of some information from the online media about Edy's statement as Chairman of PSSI, Edy's photo with some football coaches and national football athletes up to PSMS, and Edy's video coverage being interviewed by media such as Kompas related to his military career and his concern against soccer. The following researchers divided the issues raised by Edy about football:  Regarding football, PSSI, U-22 national team, U-18 national team, U-19 national team, and trainers: as many as 36 uploads.  About PSMS, Medan Stadium, new athletes: 26 uploads. IG Efforts to Gain Millennium Voters Instagram is one of the most popular social media and owned by most Indonesian people, especially those who are classified as active users on Instagram and they are referred to as a millennial generation. All that has been alluded to at the beginning of this paper, that the millennial generation that the researchers mean here is that they are 17 years old. Beginner voters (17 years old) who will later vote for the first time in 2018 and national regional succession in 2019. One of the main characteristics of the millennial generation is the active users of social media. According to an annual report published by HootSuite, "Social Media Trends 2018," the millennial generation as an active social media user can spend more than 4 hours a day to surf the social media. As in many countries, in Indonesia, the millennials draw attention from different sectors such as business, education, social, culture and politics. In the context of politics, for example, special attention and programs are always directed to gain sympathy and culminate in the hope of winning votes from millennials. Implementation of the election of regional heads in North Sumatra Province, millennials generation became an important segmentation which then competed to be worked on by the successful team of candidate pair of the governor and deputy governor of North Sumatra (Sumut) as mentioned above. According to data released by the Election Commission (KPU) of the Republic of Indonesia, the Permanent Voter List (DPT) of 2018 Governor and Vice Governor Elections amounted to 10,200,629 voters. Of these, 35% are voters of millennials or 3,628,273. The amount is a lucrative enough lift to be able to win elections contestation. Candidates for candidates for governor and vice governor are aware of the potential of such large voters so that all candidates target social media Instagram as one of their campaign media. Judging from what has been done by the prospective candidates on their respective IG accounts, there are several issues that will be interesting candidates and potentially to achieve sympathy and support among millennials. The issues are: 166 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 awareness of education; abandoned children and disabilities; and the advancement of Indonesian soccer especially to the Football Association of Medan and Surroundings (PSMS). Issues about the world of education always invite attention from the millennial. Generally, they are a group that will then feel a direct impact on educational programs. Therefore, the candidate pair of governors and deputy governors who can then win the educational program and then communicate it well through IG will have the potential to win the preferred preference of this generation. However, throughout the researcher's observations, the packaging of educational issues presented in the IG accounts of prospective candidates is merely a ceremonial activity of a mere visit which then gives less meaning to the differentiation of concern and vision and detail programs that will be carried out when later they are trusted by the community to lead. Likewise for humanism or humanity issues. Millennials in the midst of their 'individualistic' spend most of their time with the devices in their hands, but at least they still have a side of concern that they channel in different ways. By taking a picture or video then narrating it, then immediately they post and share in their social media accounts. Quickly the pictures or videos will reap the response or reaction from the citizen. Pictures and videos they used to share such as people who are in distress due to certain conditions, grandparents or disabilities and need help in their lonely merchandise or business. This side of concern is then played by millennials. Therefore, it becomes a fascination for millennials when the approach of humanism designed campaigns has the intensity and content that can be of concern to this generation. Another issue which then becomes important can even defeat the previous two issues are topics related to advancing Indonesian football in general, in particular, is the favorite club and pride of the people of Medan and also the people of North Sumatra, the PSMS candidate governor Edy has so far seen the most concern for advancing football in Sumatra. One of them is to provide full support for PSMS and rebuild or renovate the Exemplary Stadium. With the background as Chairman of PSSI, Edy has plenty of room on IG to expose and dominate the topic of the ball, so as it is attached and identical to itself when talking about football in North Sumatra. Meanwhile, other potential candidates have not been able or may not have paid special attention to this field to compete in getting the attention and support from the millennial generation. Opportunities are still very wide for each candidate to be able to win votes on a millennial mass basis. If the candidate for governor and deputy governor is seriously concerned to present the issues which are then nicely packed through lines such as IG. This is because IG and other social media is the main channel millennial generation to find, obtain, and consume news or any information they need. During the observation period in this study, it was generally considered that the concerns of each candidate for the sympathy and voice support of the millennials existed, by creating and managing mass-line accounts such as IG. But the optimization of the packaging of issues and information presented on the pages of the mass lines still need to be processed more seriously so as not to impress just exist or exist in social media. 167 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 REFERENCE Savirani, Amalinda & Olle Törnquist. 2016. Reclaming The State. Yogyakarta: Polgov Fisipol UGM. Winters, Jeffrey A. 2011. Oligarki. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Jurnal Prisma Volume 36, 2017. Negara, kesejahteraan & Demokrasi. Jakarta: LP3ES. WEBSITE https://news.detik.com/berita/letjed-edy-doakan-saya-jadi-gubernur-bukan-ksad. http://nasional.republika.co.id/berita/nasional/politik/17/12/20/p18gur385-pangkostradpengunduran-diri-saya-sudah-diterima. https://www.bola.com/indonesia/read/3319266/edy-rahmayadi-janjikan-stadion-baruuntuk-psms. http://www.republika.co.id/berita/koran/inovasi/16/12/26/ois64613-mengenal-generasimillennial Hootsuite Media Inc, Report Social Media Trends 2018. 168 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 GOVERNMENT STRATEGIC COLLABORATIVE PARTNERSHIP IN TOURISM AFFAIRS (STUDI IN MALANG AND BATU CITY GOVERNMENTS) Hevi Kurnia Hardini University of Muhammadiyah Malang Hevi.hardini@gmail.com Abstrak Tourism is defined as part of government affairs related to public services in which concerning cross-regional externalities, therefore, its implementation are based on efficiencies that can be managed collaboratively. However, the rapid-demanding needs of tourism, force each region to partially fulfill their needs with short-term political orientation. This research would like to investigate the identification of the tourism potentials in the form of collaborative partnership between Malang and Batu governments and finding out the model of strategic tourism partnership between Malang and Batu governments. The qualitative methods with descriptive research type are applied on this research. The primary data collection technique was conducted by observation, structured-interview with related government institutions, experts and also related stakeholders. While, the secondary data collection was done by documentation and bibliography techniques. Research subject was determined by using purposive sampling technique. Tourism potentials in Malang and Batu Cities offer their own strategic attraction in East Java that is complementary to each other. This study finds out the tourism potentials are still not yet developed in the official scheme of partnership by the Malang and Batu local governments. This study offers the appropriate model of cooperation for the existing condition of each local government is a specific cooperation on tourism affairs with the form of Cooperative Construction in the form of procurement of physical buildings of the highway as a liaison between tourist destinations in both regions. Thus the persistent problem of traffic congestion resulting from the rapid development of tourism can be addressed together effectively and efficiently. In addition, Joint Services cooperation model can be done by both parties by establishing a one-stop service as a tourist information center of both cities. Keywords: Regional Autonomy, Regional Partnership and Tourism. 169 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 INTRODUCTION Tourism is part of government affairs which has been imposed by the Act No 23 Year 2014 regarding Local Governments. In fact, there are many local governments put serious concern toward tourism as the main strategic income sector for accelerating local development. More Importantly, tourism is also considered as strategic affair that it also has been stipulated under the Act No 10 year 2009 regarding Tourism in the national level. The main spirit of this policy is that integrating tourism development into consolidated management aspect. Indeed, tourism industry requires the involvement of many related stakeholders in national and local levels (Spillone 1994, p. 4)120. Therefore, in the context of local autonomy, tourism opens up the opportunity for the local governments to be in tied for establishing partnership among the cities and regencies that have direct administrative and geographic borders. In this study, tourism is defined as part of government affairs that it is related to public services and across regional externalities. Hence, the tourism affair could be implemented collectively. In addition, tourism sector is also determined as exploring local potencies. This means that the participation of many stakeholders is required within the concept of partnership among local government, societies and private sectors. As a matter of facts, during the process of tourism management, the problem of shortage resources are often to be main obstacle for local governments. As a consequence, the governments rely merely on private sectors. Hence the tourism developments are being executed in political interests and short-term purposes. In addition, the public interests are often left behind. The important is that the local regulation of tourism policy should be the legal reference for developing effective and sustainable development in which providing benefits to the people. Then tourism management has to be synchronized with The National Strategic Roadmap as its has been stipulated at the Government Regulation No 50 year 2011 regarding Master Plan for National Tourism Development 2010-2025. However, according to the facts, on one hand the local governments should manage the tourism management in effective, efficient and public need orientation strategies. On the other hand, the integrated tourism management has to deal with many ego-sectoral interests among local governments, societies, exploitation affairs on natural resources, geographical claims on tourism sites belonging, social and economic interest 120 Spillone, James J. 1994. Pariwisata Indonesia, Siasat Ekonomi dan Rekayasa Kebudayaan. Yogyakarta: Kanisius. P. 51. 170 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 among the regions, these situations hamper the possibility of local partnerships in which ignoring the urgency of inter connected roles toward tourism sectors. The reason is that tourism sector is not merely seen as possesing and building tourism sites, but these have to be synergy with the provision of supporting systems, such as the availability of transportation channels that could accommodate the number of vehicles during peak session; the availability of communication and information installation; also the readiness of human resources as the actors of tourism management. Thus the strength of regional competitiveness can be created through synergistic. The tourism sector is an industry that has a high economic opportunity, since this becomes the important need in modern lifestyle. Malang City and Batu Cities are tourist destinations that have various kinds of strategic tourism. In addition, they have their own particular attractiveness in East Java that are complementary to each other. Batu City offers spectacular-artificial and agrotourism sites, while the City of Malang offers thematic, shopping and culinary sites. The interesting thing is that, due to the geographical proximity between the two regions within a crossing of the land transportation routes, therefore the tourism sites in Malang and Batu have always been regarded as a package tour intact. It is naturally has been identified and developed by each local government. Interestingly, although the tourism sectors are not yet being developed in the official scheme of cooperation between the local governments, this tourism potency in both regions are able to give positive sides to the regional economic development. However, the economic potentials of tourism have not yet been managed in an integrated manner between the two local governments. Therefore the emergence of some negative impacts also cannot be addressed comprehensively, for instance the spatial aspect problems during the holiday season result traffic congestion due to the high number of tourists in towns. As a result, The both regions are afflicted by the congestion impact caused by the over capacity of the vehicles along the highway transportation route which connect Malang and Batu tourism sites. If the problem is not immediately overcome, it will have an impact on weakening tourism potentials that have been developed. Although the two regions are aggressively developing tourist destinations in their respective regions, if the means of accessibility as the main supporting system of the tourism sector become obstacles, it will make significant impact on the decline of domestic and international tourist interest. Therefore, the urgency of inter-regional cooperation in developing potential tourism and integrated management in the area of Malang and Batu Cites become important to be developed in the scheme of Intergovernmental Networking Strategy. This will accelerate the pace of meeting the publics and tourism needs in order to support tourism sectors to be more effective and efficient in terms of financing and providing by the respective regional governments. Although the benefits of establishing partnership between regions give promising outcomes of effectiveness and efficiency, in fact the regional cooperation always culminates in pessimistic ends if this comes to the practice such as regional ego 171 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 and conflicts due to the facts of social and economic imbalance. Moreover, there is no successful inter-regional cooperation scheme that can be used as a model for other regions. The scheme of regional integration of the GerbangKertosusilo (GresikBangkalan-Mojokerto-Surabaya-Sidoarjo-Lamongan) in East Java Province as it has been stipulated by The East Java Provincial Regulation No.4 / 1996 on the Spatial and Regional Plannings (Rencana Tata Ruang dan Tata Wilayah-RTRW) of East Java Province is merely being implemented as the physically RTRW regional development, and this has not shown the real benefit aspects of a regional cooperation scheme. Responding to the benefits of regional cooperation for synergizing tourism development sectors, the National Government has provided legal umbrella in the form of Government Regulation No. 50 of 2011 on the National Tourism Development Master Plan (Rencana Induk Pembangunan Kepariwisataan Nasional-RIPPARNAS) in 2010 2025. In this provision, Malang Raya is included in the main planning Tourism Areas (KWU). In addition, the Law No. 23 of 2014 regarding Regional Governments give the district and municipal governments wider authorities in managing tourism potency, as it compared to the provincial government’s authority that is limited only in the realm of tourism promotion. Therefore, the development of a more integrated tourism area along with mutual support is needed for making sure the cooperation run well, effectively, and efficiently, in accordance with the targets and objectives that are determined. This research is aimed to investigate the identification of the tourism potentials in the form of collaborative partnership between Malang and Batu governments and finding out the model of strategic tourism partnership between Malang and Batu governments. This research has found out that each government has the idea of managing tourism in an integrating strategy. This could be proven that the Malang government had conducted the feasibility study on tourism government partnership. Although the study has not yet led to the partnership arrangements, The idea of collaborative actions have being promoted. The research impact is that exploring the possible model of government partnership on tourism filed. 1. Literature Review and Research Focus 2.1 Tourism Management As Local Government Affairs The study of the tourism sector nowadays is not only interpreted as a recreational activity unsich that is merely associated with the spatial tourist destinations. Hence, this affair is also defined as part and public service that becomes obligation of government. Although in the provisions of Indonesian Acts, tourism is solely as a nonobligation of government affair. However, majority of the local governments in Indonesia managing tourism sectors as one of local revenue source. According to Georgudaki et al. states that both developed and developing countries earn most of their income from the tourism sector (2016, p. 143). In addition, tourism management is also studied more holistically, not only as a leisure activity but also as part of social, economic and environmental conservation activities. If tourism is only seen as economic driven and fully handed over to the private 172 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 sectors, then there will be economic exploitation and ignoring the balance of other sectors. According to the Ecotourism Society (1990) also mentions that tourism activities are actions in order to enjoy the beauty of nature, as well as environmental conservation activities that bring benefits to preserve the welfare of the local population (Fandeli, 2001). Therefore, the role of government to promote tourism affairs is important. Tourism terminology then developed into sustainable tourism and ecotourism on the scale of international studies. As Castellani and Sala mention that an International Resolution recognizes sustainable tourism and ecotourism are part of strengthening local development as well as protecting the natural environment, traditions and cultural heritage (2010, p. 871). Thus, the tourism sectors in both natural and artificial provide benefits for future generations, so that these sectors bring benefits in the economic, natural protection activities and cultural, so that cultural values can still be maintained. The reason is that the cities are hosted the large number of visitors who come from various other areas that give influence in changing local values and culture as a result from interactions between locals and tourists Therefore, in tourism activities also known as Host-Guest Relations, which both parties conduct various transactions as Kintt was found in Saarinen and Manwa that local residents and tourists do joint activities in terms of transactions, services and while inhabiting the place by sharing experiences and ideas (2008, p. 45). Due to the tourism sites and all the cultural values also as part of livelihoods for the local people, moreover, the presence of tourists leads the interaction between local people and tourists, hence it is important to be considered by the government for setting a comprehensive part of the tourism regulation and management. 2.2 Tourism Development and Planning Tourism is closely linked to aspects of planning and development towards a sustainable and well-planned process. Hence the main regulation of tourism development must be in line with the government's development plan, so that inter-sectoral and interregional aspects can be accommodated well. Tourism development is based on existing conditions along with existing carrying capacity, while tourism planning is based on national development plans whose accomplishment are divided into several stages. In addition, internal and external conditions also affect the development of tourism. As stated by Dwyer 2009 that there are six global influences that affect the development of tourism, namely, political, economic, social, technological, demographic and environmental aspects (Tourism Management Vol. 30 p. 63-74). Therefore, these aspects are an integral part of the domain of government policy. In addition, holistic tourism development also pays attention to several other aspects in its management as shown in the following figure: 173 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Figure 2.1 Management of Management of Holistic Tourism Source: Dwayer 2009, p. 68 As it as been shown by the Figure 2.1, tourism development must also be managed by considering several aspects of tourism targetedness, management risk, climate change, sustainable tourism development and education of tourism management. This model of tourism management, then internal and external factors are also part of the planning and development process for sustainability. 174 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 This figure 2.2 shows the framework of Indonesia's tourism development model as it has been stipulated by the Act No. 10 of 2009 regarding tourism as follows: The Act No 10 Year 2009 regarding Tourism Environmental conservation Tourist Destination Government Cultural and Historical Revitalization Tourist Attraction Stakeholders Accomodation Creative Economy Society Private Sectors Transportation Human Resource Development Souvenir Shops Soft and Hard Accessibility Soft and Hard Accessibility MICE Tourism Competitive Advantages Tourism Marketing and Promotion Figure 2.2 Indonesia Tourism Development Framework Source: Cooperation Study of Inter-Local Government of Malang City 2015 According to the framework as it is shown by Figure 2.2, It appears that the main stakeholders of tourism managers are representations of the iron of governance which consists of government, society and private sectors. The regulation framework of tourism sector is developed in a comprehensive and balanced manner. There is a nonspatial development scheme which consist of environmental conservation, cultural and historical values reinforcement, local wisdom preservation, creation of creative economy and human resource development, and there is also The spatial tourism development scheme which consists of tourist destinations, tourist attraction activities, 175 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 accommodation, transportation, souvenirs and Meeting Events, Incentive, Convention, and Exhibition (MICE). Therefore, the competitive advantages sides of the tourism sectors can be well developed and planned. The reason is that tourism not only has the economic values of the income sectors for local governments, but also as the income sectors for producing foreign exchange, especially for areas that do not have the natural resources as the economic driving force (Yoeti, 1997). 2.3 Legal Basis for Tourism Sector The legal basis of tourism affairs is regulated in the Act Number 10 of 2009 regarding Tourism, while the technical provisions of its implementation are regulated in Government Regulation No. 50 of 2011 on the National Tourism Development Master Plan (RIPPARNAS) 2010-2025. There are several important aspects of RIPPARNAS (1) The guidelines for development direction of tourism potential in terms of products, markets, spatial, human resources, management, etc. Thus, Indonesian tourism can grow and develop positively and sustainably for the development of region and community welfare, (2) The regulator for stakeholders, both across sectors, across actors, and across regions/regions in order to encourage the development of tourism in a synergistic and integrated manner. The vision of national tourism development as stipulated in the Government Regulation Number 50 Year 2011 is that realizing Indonesia as a world-class tourism destination, in which competitive, sustainable and able to encourage regional developments and people's welfare. In order to realize the vision, there are four tourism development strategies that have been defined namely; safety, convenience, attractiveness and tourism destinations accessibility; synergy, superiority, responsibility. In addition, there are effective governments, local governments, private sectors and community organizations in encouraging the realization of sustainable tourism development. In the context of decentralization and regional autonomy implementation, tourism affairs are regulated in the Act number 23 of 2014 regarding Regional Governments which was last amended by Government Regulation in Lieu of the Republic of Indonesia Law Number 02 Year 2014 on the Amendment of Act number 23 of 2014 regarding Regional Governments. According to the mentioned legal provision, the spatial and authority of tourism management are placed at the level of districts and city governments. Whereas, the authority of the provincial governments is limited to tourism promotion. The legal basis of tourism management of Malang City Government is regulated in the Vision and Mission of Malang City Government which prioritizes Malang with dignity, clean, prosperous, fair, religious-tolerant, leading, safe, cultured, beautiful and educated. In addition, in the Regional Medium Term Development Plan (RPJMD 2013-2018), the tourism sector is developed in a safe, comfortable and cultured tourism development paradigm into three indicators as follows: 176 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 1. The realization of tourism development based on culture, environment and creativity of society 2. Improving the preservation of cultural arts and local wisdom in order to enhance the attractiveness of tourism 3. Increasing the variety and quality of natural and artificial tourism The Regional Tourism Development Master Plan (RIPPARDA) Malang City Government has been regulated in the Regional Regulation No. 34 of 2014 which set the target of tourism development on several indicators as follows: a. b. c. d. e. f. g. Increasing awareness of the local religious cultural values; Increasing number of foreign tourists visiting; Increasing the number of tourist movements of the archipelago; Increasing the amount of local foreign exchange earnings; Increasing expenditure from domestic tourists; Increasing of Gross Regional Domestic Product (GDP) of tourism sector; Improving of environmental conservation; Then, the Indicators of RIPPARDA are translated in details on the Vision of Culture and Tourism of Malang City Government in order to realize the city of Malang as a dignified tourism destination. In the context of Batu City, The legal basis of tourism management is adjusted with the vision of Batu City government in which emphasizing on the realization of Batu City as a center of organic agriculture based on international tourism. In addition, the detailed planning is stipulated in Local Regulation No. 7 of 2013 on RPJMD Batu City Government. Since the management of tourism objects has become the authority of each city and district, the opportunities for cooperation between regions in the tourism sector become very strategic, thus spatial and non spatial problem of tourism can be managed synergistically. 2.4 Inter-Regional Cooperation Cooperation is stated by Pamudji is the presence of two or more parties that interact to achieve the same goal in a balanced interaction position (1985). As according to Kusnadi, cooperation emphasizes on the existence of integrity (2002). In addition, Iryanto argues that regional cooperation provides an effective synergy benefit to meet the limitations of each region (2006). While the forms of cooperation between regions is associated with the existence of the provincial government roles as a stimulator that has the main role of coordination between districts and city governments within one province. As it is stated by Keban n.d that the urgency of the provincial government in initiating regional cooperation is vital, besides the determination of the fields to be cooperated and the selection of the right cooperation model also become a strategic matter as the foundation of cooperation. 177 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 According to Wahyudi and Maria, the urgency of regional cooperation cannot be avoided, because every local government runs the regional tourism development scheme that is implemented with spatial approach based on each region's RTRW (2011). Moreover, according to Utomo, the real condition in each region is being interdependence on economic activities, ownership resources differences and specialization needs in order to increase added values, condition and character of different regions. This situations lead the importance of regional cooperation become a necessity for managing governments in the modern era (2005) 2.5 Model of Inter-Regional Cooperation According to Henry 1995 in Warsono mentioned that the model of regional cooperation can be done in several schemes firstly, the form of Intergovernmental Service Contract. This form of cooperation is that using certain service types of a local government by paying the cooperation services that is provided by another local government. Secondly, Joint Service Agreement in the form of cooperation by both local government parties that carry out planning, budget and provision of certain services together and Lasty, Intergovernmental Service Transfer is a form of cooperation in the form of transfer of services from a local government to another local government (2015, p. 107-108). There are several models of cooperation as proposed by Taylor, Gary D The First, Handshake Agreement, this agreement is done by both parties without any formal provisions, which is conducted on the basis of closeness and trust, The Second Fee for Service Contracts (service agreements) that is an agreement mechanism that agree on certain affairs with mechanism of purchasing services that are provided by other parties, The Third, Joint Agreements (joint ventures), is a form of regional cooperation that requires participation or involvement of parties involved in the provision or management on the matter of cooperation. Lastly, Jointly-Formed Authorities is a form of cooperation that emphasizes the formation of joint authority, Regional Bodies is a form of territorialbased cooperation (2003). In addition, According to Iskandar in Pramono, R. Budi describes the models of legal framework of regional cooperation in the form of the Agreement which relates to the cooperative principal matter, the Consent that regulates technical matters in the sphere of cooperation, the Declaration sets the agreed general provisions for implementing certain policies in the future and Memorandum of Understanding is a model of cooperation in the form of master agreement. Furthermore, according to Rosen in Warsono mentioned some models of regional cooperation namely the form of Consortia which form of cooperation with resources sharing in order to reduce costs if done separately; Join Purchasing is a form of cooperation that is done by buying something together; Equipment Sharing is cooperation which is done by using certain matters together, and its nature is not a routine use; Cooperative Construction is cooperation in the form of physical building for the fulfillment of public services together; Joint Services is a form of cooperation between parties conducted in one roof or center for a business certain; Contract Services, namely 178 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 cooperation on the contract of use of public services; and other arrangements is a form of cooperation made for the purpose of reducing costs such as training and certain facilities (2015, p. 109) 1. Research Method This research the method applies Qualitative Research Method. According to Lexy J. Moleong qualitative research is a method of building a holistic-researched that describing the terms of words in a natural context and setting (2004). This study use descriptive research type, Hadari Nawawi states that descriptive research method is inventing of the factual facts and discovery of the symptoms by which including attempts to express their relation to one another in the aspects investigated (2003) This research uses descriptive type of research because researchers want to explore the problems that will be investigated through description, identification and arrangement of cooperation strategies between local government (Malang City and Batu City) in tourism affairs. There are several data collection method that were apllied in this research namely, Observation, In-depth Interview and Documentation Techniques (Bibliographic). Qualitative data analysis method is appplied in certain steps namely: Conducting data collection; Data reduction; Coding process; Data processing and the final stages drawing conclusions. 179 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 2. Results and Discussions 4.1 Potential of Tourism Cooperation of Malang and Batu Cities The complexity of meeting the needs of public services nowadays triggers local governments to find alternative and innovative solutions in dealing problems, including the inevitable facts of being connected with other institutions. In order to fulfill public service needs, the efficient strategy that is being taken currently is that the interconnection between local governments and private sectors in the scheme of publicprivate partnership. Unfortunately, the reality of inter-govermental networks (government to government) has not been explored much, although in fact the urgency for solving the problems on the collective dimension cannot be denied by local governments. This is because, there are a lot of public services that are related to cross-regional interests. Therefore, the decentralization and regional autonomy policies have opened up the opportunity for realizing cooperation between regions in order to accelerate the synergy of public service delivery. The intergovernmental networks model that has been implemented so far is the presence of various regional cooperation forums such as the Provincial Government Association of Indonesia (APPSI); the Provincial Legislative Council of Indonesia (BKKSI); the Association of Local Legislative (DPRD) Regency of Indonesia; The Association of Local Government City of Indonesia (APEKSI); The Association of Local Government Regency of Indonesia (APKASI). In addition, there are regional and sectorbased cooperation forums namely: Sulawesi Regional Development Cooperation Board (BKPRS); Sumtera Cooperation Agency (VISI SUMATERA); Joint Secretariat of Pacitan, Wonogiri and Wonosari (Sekber Pawonsari); Java Promo; Surakarta, Boyolali, Sukoharjo, Karanganyar, Wonogiri, Sragen and Klaten (SOBOSUKO WONOSATREN); Banjarnegara, Purbalingga, Banyumas, Cilacak and Kebumen (BARLINGMASCAKEB); Yogyakarta City, Sleman Regency and Bantul Regency (KARTAMANTUL) (Plod S2 Ugm And Apeksi, p. 4). Nevertheless, these previous forms of existing regional co-operation are still concerned with the discovery of formats based on regional identity and regional similarities. Hence, the real activities are still limited to the annual meeting forums that discuss the work plans on a large scale. On the level of the real cooperation benefits is still facing a lot of constrained namely funding issues, institutional supporting system and regulatory issues. Therefore, the real function of the cooperation forum in terms of public service delivery has not been much well implemented. The scheme of government partnership offer benefits in which the parties can have greater strength in synergy and more effective achievements. The regional cooperation also offers conflict resolution, equity for joint undertakings, sustainability and reducing sectoral ego (Keban, n.d). The possibility of regional cooperation can be formed on the basis of regional awareness and the need for achieving a common goal. Therefore, for the context of cooperation in the field of tourism between the government of Malang and Batu cities, this could be stated that there is an opportunity for establishing of intergovernmental networking in the field of tourism. The existing policy of tourism development is merely 180 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 being implemented separately by each government institution of both Malang and Batu cities. Moreover, the policy of tourism development has not all been established in the form of joint documents, or in the form of Regional Tourism Development Master Plan (RIPPDA) of each region. This existing reality indicates that the framework of regional cooperation is still partial and not synergic in each policy among local governments. So that cooperation between regions in the field of Tourism should not be implemented solely on RIPPDA of Malang, but it also must be listed on RIPPDA of Batu. Furthermore, the possibility of regional cooperation between the Government of Malang and Batu cities is undoubtedly could done, since there are several related basic regulations about regional cooperation as follows: Table 4. 1 Normative Reference for Inter-Regional Cooperation No 1 The Act no. 23 of 2014 regarding Regional This Act has mandated the Governments importance of cooperation among regions in order to improve the welfare of the community based on the consideration of efficiency and effectiveness of public services, synergy, and mutual benefit. 2 Government Regulation (PP) Number 50 of 2007 In the PP number 50 of 2007 on Procedures of Regional Cooperation has been set some provisions Implementation that regulate the cooperation between regions, namely the principles of cooperation, the subject of cooperation, the object and form of cooperation, and the procedure of cooperation. Including the provisions on Cooperation Agency and Financing. 3 Presidential Regulation Number 5 Year 2010 on Provides general guidance RPJMN Year 2010 - 2014 (especially Book III) on regional development in general and especially potential cooperation between regions to build synergy 4 Presidential Regulation Number No. 22 of 2009 Regulation of the Minister of concerning the Technical Directive of the Domestic Affairs contains Regional the scope of technical guidelines for regional 181 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 cooperation, namely: a. Technical guidelines for cooperation between regions; b. Technical guidelines for regional cooperation with third parties 5 Presidential Regulation Number No. 23 of 2009 Contains guidance and on Procedures for the Development and supervision procedures of Supervision of Regional Cooperation cooperation between regions (KAD) undertaken by the Minister of Home Affairs and Governor conducted at the stage: assessment, negotiation, signing, implementation and termination. Source: Malang City Government, Part of Cooperation and Investment, 2015 Interestingly to be more specifically on tourism affairs, Malang and Batu Cities are included in the National Tourism Destination as stipulated in Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 50 of 2011 regarding the Master Plan of National Tourism Development Year 2010-2025, as shown in the following figure: 182 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Figure 4.1 National Tourism Destinations Bromo-Malang and Surroundings Source RIPPARNAS 2010 - 2025 (PP 50/2011). It means the regulation of national-scale tourism management has grouped Malang and Batu Cities in one national tourism destination. Thus this is an opportunity that can be followed up in advanced by each local government. Moreover, it has been identified that those cities are managing tourism sectors based on the existing conditions as follows: Table 4.2 Potential of Tourism Development of Malang and Batu Cities Government of Malang City Government of Batu City Tourism Potential Education, Culture, Thematic, Potential of Artificial Tourism and Agro Tourism Shopping and Culinary It has a proximity area It has one ground transportation line Having supporting tourism support system (Hotel, Homestay, etc.) People are already familiar with city activities as a tourism destination Local tourist branding that Malang and Batu is a unity of territory Source, Data processed researchers. 183 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Altough the potentials of tourism between Malang and Batu Cities have being developed partially, These have been able to provide income economically both for the government and for the community. Moreover, domestic tourists in both areas state the cities are often defined as one tour packages. Unfortunatelly, apart from the potentials tourism potential have being developed partially, it is also followed by the problems that are experienced by the two cities as follows: Table 4.3 Tourism Problems Malang and Batu Cities Government of Malang City Government of Batu City Traffic congestion The condition of the highway has not been able to accommodate the abundance of tourists The challenge for investors Unintegrated public land transportation routes Source, Data processed by researchers. According to the above indicators, on the one hand those could be defined as common problems for big cities. On the other hand it is also a subject that can be solved in the form of join cooperation. In addition, based on the field research results have found out no legal cooperation framework yet of each local government in managing the tourism sector. 4.2 Prospect of Inter-Regional Cooperation on Tourism Development Areas According to the proximity of potentials and problems of the two regions, there is a prospect of regional cooperation that can be cultivated together. In order to achieve this, it is necessary to have a joint commitment, as a framework of cooperation between the two parties, which is set forth in each of RIPPDA and RIPPARDA. In addition, it is important to involve the roles of the community on the certain affairs that is jointly managed. Moreover, the provincial government actions on supporting system and communication between related parties on the cooperation plan areas. The existing facts show that formal cooperation framework has not yet been formed since each region is still with the mindset of the implementation of their respective regional government. However, both regions have conducted regional cooperation studies, especially in the field of tourism. If referring to the flow of regional cooperation stages proposed by the Decentralization Support Facility (DSF) there are 5 (five) stages namely initiation, organizing preparation, establishing formation, implementation, and monitoring and evaluation. The stages of cooperation between regions can be seen in the following picture: 1. initiation 5. Monitoring and Evaluation 184 2. organizing preparation Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Figure 4. 2 Stages of Inter-Regional Cooperation Source: Malang City Government, Unit of Cooperation and Investment, 2015 Referring to the stages of cooperation as Figure 4.2, the position of the two regions has not yet reached the stage of initiation that has been communicated between the two parties. In this case, the role of East Java Provincial Government as a stimulator is required. Given the reality of coordinating local government is not an easy matter in the middle of egocentric-owned each region. Therefore, it would be more effective if the cooperation between regions will be started on the specific affair as a common priority, this will be as the first step of joint business development between Malang and Batu Cities. The next stage, if the two local governments have been accustomed to the joint cooperation in the field of tourism, the extension of the scopes of cooperation can be done in the next stage, hence the level of inter-regional egocentric can be overcome from the benefits that have been obtained from a cooperation in the field of tourism. It can strengthen the condition/commitment of each region and it will involve the role of the societies and the private sectors, as one of the real actors of real cooperation. After that, strengthening the stages of cooperation between these two regions through a feasibility study that are conducted by each party economically and politically. This is required as a data base to reinforce the formal formation of regional cooperation for each local government leadership on the basis of "mutual benefit" principles as the foundation of basic philosophy of cooperation. these is stipulated in Government Regulation No. 50 of 2007 that the implementation of this Inter-Regional Cooperation should be implemented by taking into account the following principles: a) efficiency; b) effectiveness; c) synergy; d) mutual benefit; e) mutual agreement; f) good faith; g) prioritizing the national interests and territorial integrity of the Unitary Republic of Indonesia; h) equality of position; i) transparency; j) justice; and k) legal certainty. 4.3 Format of Regional Transportation Cooperation According to the data of field findings in government of Malang and Batu cities, the feasibility of cooperation stages as referring to the preparation stage by each region is at the offering stage position. Here is the stages of regional cooperation as stipulated by the Government Regulation Number 50 Year 2007 as follows, 185 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 1. Preparation 6. Signing of The Agreement 2. Offer 5. Preparation of The Agreement 3. Preparation of The Consents 7. Implementation of The Agreement 4. Signing of The Consents Figure 4. 3 Flow Stages of Inter-Regional Cooperation Data source is processed from Government Regulation Number 50 Year 2007 In addition, the details of each of the steps and stage are deliverd as follows: PHASE I: INITIATION Step 1 Identify key personal figures of government partnership Step 2 Enhance the active roles and build relationships between key supporters of government partnership Step 3 Establish a regional baseline PHASE II: PREPARATION OF GOVERNMENT PARTNERSHIP ORGANIZATION Step 1 Establish a Regional Forum for Key Figures Step 2 Develop a draft of government partnership concept Step 3 Prepare a draft/plan of institutional Forum Step 4 Prepare an agreement draft of government partnership implementation Step 5 Strengthen commitment PHASE III: FORMATION OF GOVERNMENT PARTNERSHIP FORUM Step 1 Draft of government partnership Cooperation Agreement Step 2 Signing of Cooperation Agreement Step 3 Establish government partnership institutions Step 4 Perform human resources recruitment for government partnership operations Step 5 Prepare the draft of government partnership Planning Step 6 Determine the financing mechanism and asset management of government partnership activities Step 7 Create a Local Regulation on the Establishment of government partnership institution Step 8 Transfer Best Practices STAGE IV: IMPLEMENTATION OF GOVERNMENT PARTNERSHIP Step 1 Establish a working group of government partnership officers Step 2 Facilitate communications between government units in certain public service areas Step 3 Open and maintain relationships with funding sources STAGE V: MONITORING AND EVALUATION Implerment monitoring and evaluation 186 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Data source is formulated from Government Regulation Number 50 Year 2007. As both local governments are still in the preparation stage, there are many provisions that are required to be agreed at offering stage of cooperation. Besides the important presence of the provincial government, Other key figures must be involved during the stages of initiation. This must be carried out with active and simultaneous interactions as the implementation of the respective baselines of Malang and Batu city governments which have been done partially. The appropriate model of cooperation for the existing condition of each local government is a specific cooperation on tourism affairs with the form of Cooperative Construction in the form of procurement of physical buildings of the highway as a liaison between tourist destinations in both regions. Thus the persistent problem of traffic congestion resulting from the rapid development of tourism can be addressed together effectively and efficiently. In addition, Joint Services cooperation model can be done by both parties by establishing a one-stop service as a tourist information center of both cities. 2. Conclusion 5.1 Conclusions Both regions have a complementary tourism potential, and this is a great strength for realizing regional cooperation. The Local Government of Malang City posses potential of education, cultural, thematic, shopping and culinary tourism. The Batu City Government also has the potential of artificial tourism and agro-tourism. In addition, there are indications of tourism potentials that strengthen the formation of regional cooperation namely: the proximity of the territory; the one-route of land transportation, infrastructures of tourism support system (Hotel, Homestay, etc.) and the society condition that is familiar with the activities of the city as a tourist destination On the one hand, these indications identify that both regions have the same problems. On the other hand, this situation leads the realization of regional cooperation in order to overcome several problems collaboratively such as, traffic jam due to the abundance of tourists in a peak holiday season, investor challenges and land transportation that has not been integrated yet. Therefore, intergovernmental networking scheme is very suitable for framework of cooperation, which begins with the more specific affairs of tourism. In the near future, the appropriate cooperation model is that Cooperative Construction model in the form of physical road building procurement as a liaison point between tourist destinations in both regions and Joint Services cooperation model can also be done by both parties by establishing one-stop service as tourist information center of both cities. 5.2 Research Recomendations 1. The need of East Java Provincial Government presence as a stimulator for realizing the formal institutional cooperation in the field of tourism between the Government of Malang and Batu Cities. 2. Establishing a team of coordination that initiatives of regional cooperation between Malang and Batu Cities specialized in tourism. 187 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 3. Including baseline studies for consolidating of tourism development plans that have been owned by each region 4. Initiating cooperation by involving intensive communication between several relevant stakeholders ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to say thank you for the University of Muhammadiyah Malang that make this research is possible to be conducted through the institutional Research Grant Scheme. BIBLIOGRAPHY Books and Journals: Castellani, V and Sala, S (2010), Sustainable Performance Index for Tourism Development, Tourism Management, Vol. 31, pp. 871-880 Faisal, S. (1999). Social Research Formats, Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada Fandeli, C (ed), 2001. Fundamentals of Natural Tourism Management. Yogyakarta: Liberty Press. Georgudaki et al (2016), Sustainable Tourism Management and Development of a Greek Coastal Municipality, International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, Vol. 23, p. 143-153. Iryanto (2006), Regency/City Development Planning Through Regional Approach and Inter-Regional Cooperation, Journal of Planning and Regional Development For Green Space, Vol. 1 No.3, p. 95-102 Iskandar in Pramono, R Budi, Initiation of Inter-Regional Cooperation (Cooperation Between 13 Regencies / Municipalities in DIY and Central Java in Java Promo), Thesis Program PLOD, UGM: Yogyakarta, Not Published. Keban., YT. (n.d), Intergovernmental Cooperation in the Era of Autonomy: Strategic Issues, Forms and Principles, Yogjakarta: UGM. Kusnadi, HMA. (2002). Problems, Cooperation, Conflict and Performance. Malang: Taroda. Moleong, Lexy J.(2004), Qualitative Research Methodology, Bandung:.Remaja Rosdakarya, Cet. Twenty Revised Editions. Pamudji. (1985). Cooperation among Regions in the framework of Regional Development. Jakarta: Bina Aksara. Government of Malang City, Part of Cooperation and Investment, (2015) "Study of Regional Cooperation Field Tourism": Malang Sarineen, J & Manwa, H, (2008). Tourism as a Socio-Cultural Encounter: Host-Guest in Tourism Development in Bostwana, Bostwana Notes and Records, Vol. 39, p. 43-53. Spillone, James J. (1994). Indonesian Tourism, Economy and Cultural Engineering. Yogyakarta: Kanisius. Taylor, Gary D (2003). "Intergovernmental Cooperation in the 21st Century". Michigan State University: Extension Specialist, State & Local Government. 188 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Utomo, TWW (2005). Prospect for Development of Interregional Cooperation of Regencies/Cities in East Kalimantan in the Implementation of Development Affairs and Public Service: Balitbang Provinsi Kalimantan Timur Hal. 67-87 Warsono, Hardi (2015). Irony Autonomy and Regional Cooperation, Semarang: Inspiration Semesta Wahyudi, A & Sari, MAP (2011), Inter-Regional Cooperation to Improve Regional Development and Public Service in Border Areas, Journal of Borneo Administrator, Vol. 7, No. 3, p. 283-307 _________, (n.d), Inter-Regional Cooperation Model, PLOD S2 UGM and APEKSI, Warsono, Hardi, 2004, Conflict Resolution Towards Inter-City Cooperation in the Era of Regional Autonomy ", Journal of Public Administration and Public Science, Vol. 1 Number 1, January 2004, MAP UNDIP, Semarang http://mpwk.undip.ac.id/seminar/agustus2004/pdf/ruchyatdeni.pdf, dated 8 October 2016 at 22.00 pm Laws and Regulations: Republic of Indonesia, the 1945 Constitution Republic of Indonesia, Law Number 25 Year 2004 on National Development Planning System Republic of Indonesia, Law Number 32 Year 2004 regarding Regional Government Republic of Indonesia, Law Number 23 Year 2014 on Regional Government Government Regulation Number 50 of 2007 on Procedures for Implementation of Regional Cooperation Regulation of the Minister of Home Affairs Number 22 of 2009 on Technical Guidelines for Regional Cooperation Regulation of the Minister of Home Affairs Number 23 Year 2009 on Procedures for the Development and Supervision of Inter-Regional Cooperation SE Minister of Home Affairs Number 120/1730 / SJ, Year 2005 On Regional Cooperation Government of Malang City, Regional Development Plan of 2013-2018 Batu City Government, Regional Medium Development Plan 2012-2017 189 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 INNOVATION OF MAYOR BANDUNG LEADERSHIP IN BANDUNG SMART CITY REALIZATION 1 Evi Priyanti Hanny Purnamasari 3 Dini Sri Istiningdias 2 1 University Singaperbangsa Karawang; priyantievi@gmail.com University Singaperbangsa Karawang; purnamasari.hanny@gmail.com 3 University Singaperbangsa Karawang; dinisriistiningdias@gmail.com 2 Abstract This research was conducted to analyze the innovation of Bandung Mayor's leadership in realizing Bandung Smart City. Leadership initiative and innovative in a local government is an effort to realize prosperity and welfare of the community. Administrative Leadership Theory according to Katz consists of conceptual abilities, humanitarian skills, technical skills. The research method used during this research is qualitative approach with descriptive method. The study was conducted in Bandung, West Java. Research instruments with interviews, literature studies and documentation were conducted with selected sources of information using purposive sampling and sources of information derived from various sources related to the problem. The results of Bandung's mayoral leadership show that there is an influence of the role and innovation of leaders in creating the effectiveness of government leadership in the city of Bandung. This can be seen from the behavior of innovative leaders and initiatives in creating Bandung Smart City. The recommendation given to heads of government is an innovative and effective leadership pattern that must be continuously developed, and every head of government should be able to accommodate the needs of the community from all sectors such as government, society and the private sector so as to create effective and innovative leadership synergies. Keywords: Government Leadership, Leadership Innovation INTRODUCTION There are various categories, classifications, and theories about leaders. Leaders determine the shape and system of the organization which he leads and the direction of 190 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 the goals and the future of region. There called visionary leaders, the leaders who did not support by the system, but succeed in bringing the territory and people that they lead through the time. Many leaders also lead only to maintain their power. Mayor of Bandung, Ridwan Kamil, has a vision of Bandung as a smart city that utilizes his concentration of higher education institutions, universities and his age which relatively young. The mayor wants to create a culture of innovation and technology that will rely on the continued success of the existing core industry, foster creative effort and most importantly provide an opportunity for them to develop in a geographical place proposed in Bandung City Center. The embodiment of a smart city for Bandung requires that the city fulfill its purpose to create a more sustainable or comfortable city while tackling the challenges facing many fast-growing cities including traffic congestion, waste management, gray economic formalization such as street vendors and businesses unregulated, problems arising from floods, manifestation of physical infrastructure in the areas of energy and adequate transport, embodiment of quality social infrastructure through schools development and the better health care development. Based on the background, researchers are interested to conduct research with the title ‘Innovation Of Mayor Bandung Leadership in Bandung Smart City Realization’ (Case Study: Bandung Mayor Ridwan Kamil, ST, MUD) Based on the description of the research background above, the formulation of the problem in this study are: 1. How can The Conception Leadership in Innovation Leadership of Mayor Bandung realize Bandung Smart City? 2. How can The Humanitarian Skills in Innovation Leadership of Mayor Bandung realize Bandung Smart City? 3. How can The Technical Skills in Innovation Leadership of Mayor Bandung realize Bandung Smart City? Based on the formulation of the problems, the purpose of this study are: 1. To analyze Conception Leadership of Innovation Leadership Mayor Bandung in Bandung Smart City Realization. 2. To analyze the Humanity Skills of Innovation Leadership Mayor Bandung in Bandung Smart City Realization. 3. To analyze Technical Skills of Innovation Leadership Mayor Bandung in Bandung Smart City Realization. LITERATURE REVIEW According to the Oslo Manual (Zuhal, 2013: 58), innovation has a broad aspect as it may be in the form of goods or services, processes, marketing methods or new or renewed organizational methods that are the way out of the problems the organization has ever faced. Next Green, Howells & Miles (Thenint, 2010: 4) defines innovation as something new by introducing and performing new practices or processes (goods or services) or by adopting new patterns from other organizations. In line with the opinion above Albury and Mulgan in Thenint (2010: 4) says that an innovation can be said to succeed if the creation and implementation of new processes, products, services and methods can result in effective and efficient quality improvement. The definition of innovation according to Evert M. Rogers (Suwarno, 2008: 9) is as an idea, idea, practice 191 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 or object / object that is realized and accepted as a novelty by a person or group to be adopted. The innovations themselves are briefly defined by Ellitan and Anatan (2009: 36) as changes made within organizations in which to create new products, services, ideas or new processes. While Fontana (2011: 18) describes innovation as an economic success thanks to the introduction of new ways or new combinations of old ways of transforming inputs into outputs (technologies) that result in large or drastic changes in the ratio between the perceived use value of consumers for the benefits a product (goods / services) and the price set by the manufacturer. Furthermore, Samson in Ellitan and Anatan (2009: 3) explains one of the reasons why innovation is needed because of the rapidly changing business environment that is more dynamic and hostile, so an organization must be able to manage innovation as a determinant of organizational success to be competitive. There are three organizational success keys to innovate effectively which mentioned by Saleh and Wang in Ellitan and Anatan (1993: 3) are: 1. Strategic Enterprenueral namely to take risks, take a proactive business approach and management commitment 2. Organizational structure that is more flexible structure, the existence of interfunctional discipline, and orientation on cross-functional work teams, 3. Organizational climate is a promotive and open climate, power and authority in an organization which spread not centered on the upper level and provide effective reward systems. The innovations according to West and Far (Shipton, 2004) are the deliberate introduction and application of the ideas of an organization, processes, products or procedures, the adoption of new product units, designed to increase the benefits more widely and significantly to the organization or society. In its application innovation has attributes inherent in the innovation. Attributes of innovation referred to by Rogers (Suwarno, 2008: 17), among others are: relative advantage or compatibility, compatibility or complexity, triability or probability of try and observability or ease observed. Departing from various definitions of the above innovations, then innovation can be interpreted as the application of new ideas and ideas into various aspects that can create added value. Tead in Kartono (2009: 44-47) proposes ten traits of a leader as follows: 1. Physical and nervous energy. 2. Sense of purpose and direction 3. Enthusiasm 4. Friendliness and affection 5. Integrity 6. Technical mastery 7. Decisiveness 8. Intelligence 9. Teaching Skill 10. Faith According to Siagian (2010: 48) it is commonly known that every organization in the field of statehood, politics, politics, social and other social organizations, created 192 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 or formed as a vehicle to achieve a certain goal, both long-term, medium and short term which can not be achieved if efforts are achieved by its members acting independently. Siagian (1983: 20) states administrative leadership is a fact of organizational life that leaders play a very important role, even can be said to be very decisive, in an effort to achieve the goals set previously. It is true that good leaders individually or in groups can not possibly work alone. Leaders need a group of other people who in popular terms are known as subordinates, who are mobilized in such a way that the subordinates provide devotion and dedication to their organizations, especially in an efficient, effective, economical and productive way of working. Katz (in Handayaningrat, 1980: 63) states that the principal skills in administrative leadership can be divided into three parts: 1. Conception Leadership (conceptual skills) Conceptual skills are the ability to know the organization's overall policy. Despite the existence of stand-alone functions but the fact that changes in each other will affect the whole. It can be described that the relationship concerns the programs in the field of politics, social (community), economy (industry) throughout the nation. These conceptual skills will increase in importance especially in top level managers. 2. Humanity skills (human skills) Human skills are the ability to work in groups or with groups. It is intended to build a coordinating effort within a team, where it acts as a leader. 3. Technical skills (technical skills) This technical skill is important for leaders. This level is important for middle level managers and supervisory management levels where leadership and subordinate relationships are very close. This skill includes activities that use methods, processes, procedures, and techniques that are generally associated with non-person tools. This technical skill is important to lower level leadership, and is reduced or even absent at the top level. Figure 2.1 Research Framework Innovation Of Mayor Bandung Leadership in Bandung Smart City Realization Administrative Leadership: 1. Conception Leadership 2. Human Skill 3. Technical Skill (Katz in Handayaningrat, Bandung Smart City Realization 193 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Sumber : Researcher Processed, 2018 RESEARCH METHOD In this study, researchers used descriptive method with a qualitative approach based on the consideration that it is a suitable method to analyze Innovation Leadership of Mayor Bandung in Bandung Smart City Realization. With a qualitative approach, the author expected to obtain accurate data and information in accordance with empirical facts. In other hand, in the qualitative approach, the researcher serves as a research planner, research implementer, data collector, data analyst, data interpreter, then the author writes the report. According to qualitative research theory, in order to have good quality research, the data must be complete, such as primary and secondary data. Primary data is data in the form of words spoken or spoken and / or movement or behavior of trusted subjects, as informants associated with the variables studied. Secondary data is data from graphic documents (tables, notes, text messages, etc.), photos, movies, video notes, objects and other things that can enrich the primary data. The informant selection technique in this study is non-probability, which means that every element or member of the population does not have the same opportunity to choose. There are two types of non-probability techniques that can be used, ie technique purposive and snowball techniques. purposive technique, according to Sugiyono, is a sampling technique with certain considerations. It is more suitable for qualitative research or research that is not necessary to attract generalizations. snowball technique, is a sampling technique that will have more and more samples. In this technique, there are initially only one or two samples, but researchers may select more samples if the initial sample is considered inadequate to supplement the data. For this study, the selection of informants is by this criteria: No 1 2 Informan Head of Planning, Evaluation Development of ICT Resources Head of ICT Policy Planning Total Jumlah and 1 1 2 The data collection, the techniques used are interviews, observation, and document studies. In document studies, data is collected by reading and analyzing secondary documents, archives, and secondary data related to the topics studied. Document studies are used to support existing literature to improve analysis DISCUSSION Innovation Of Realization Mayor Bandung Leadership in Bandung Smart City 194 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 The concept formulated by the Mayor of Bandung in Bandung Smart City Realization listed in the Mayor's Strategy Bandung in the key of Innovation, Decentralization, and Collaboration. The concept of smart city from Ridwan Kamil is making Bandung as a digital city. Each SKPD (Local Government Work Unit) is integrated. The community services can also be done by online, and ITB students create online applications to facilitate public service. To support his concept, built a command center in Bandung City Hall with a budget of Rp 30 billion. The command center is connected with CCTV installed in 80 strategic points of Bandung City. From that room, city government officials can monitor traffic congestion to street vendors. To build the city of Bandung, according to Ridwan Kamil has a triangle of strategies, namely innovation, decentralization, and collaboration. As a city, Bandung has a tourist attraction, Ridwan Kamil seeks to give a positive impression to the tourists. One of the breakthroughs was the operation of the city tour bus called Bandung Tour on the Bus (Bandros). The bus rate is similar to that in Singapore and London. The second floor bus is made open so that tourists can enjoy the city tour freely. The bus will then stand by at a number of hotels. The strategy of decentralization, Ridwan Kamil govern the subdistrict and lurah regularly and take turns to dinner together at the residents' house and Friday prayers around the village. With these activities the officers become more aware of the problems faced by their citizens. If leaders understand the difficulties of their citizens, can find a solution well. Collaboration strategy, Ridwan Kamil also tried to collaborate with some third parties to realize the development. For example the construction of a number of city parks such as movie park and Persib Park. In the era of Ridwan Kamil, the city park in Bandung was revived. Several thematic parks such as the Elderly Park, Singles Park, Centrum Music Park, Photography Park, and Flower Garden Library. There are six criteria of smart city, which applied in Bandung City with the intention that society can have a healthy communication culture in building their beloved city, also realize the order of society with integrity with clean, honest and authoritative government staff. The six requirements to realize the smart city that became a phenomenon for this country Indonesia, there are: First, the smart economy, the arrangement of the city of Bandung by Ridwan Kamil should reflect the smart city in the economic field. Second, the smart people, the city with a smart society. Smart in building together at the level of education, creativity and innovation, and smart to build the diversity of tribes, religions, races and groups (SARA). Third, the smart mobility, namely adequate transportation for the community and the ease of internet access for local, national to international communication with information, communication and technology (ICT) approach. Fifth, the smart environment, embodied in the form of a clean environment, by suppressing air and sound pollution from motor vehicles, industry, combustion (fireplace, 195 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 stove, furnace traditionally, factory exhaust gas that produces hazardous gases such as cfc. Sixth, the smart living which refers to the quality of life is good. Communities hope to live a decent, free from threats and criminality, and quality and equitable education and cheap and comfortable recreation places do not encourage consumptive life. Humanity Skill in Innovation Of Mayor Bandung Leadership to realize Bandung Smart City Human skills are the ability to work in groups or with groups. Establish a coordinating effort within a team, where it acts as a leader. Related to human skill, the style of leadership used by the Mayor of Bandung in Bandung Smart City Realization is the Leadership run by the Mayor of Bandung Ridwan Kamil during his leadership leads with morals and exemplary. In leading Ridwan Kamil always provide a good example to be a role model for SKPD (Local Government Work Unit) and the whole community. As a leader, he realizes that his job is to bring about change and accelerate progress. He said that change should not always come from government initiatives. Therefore, he is very happy to prioritize the participation of the community in determining the policy direction of Bandung. He formed many advisory teams of Mayors from various elements of society. The way of Mayor Bandung to coordinate with the Office of Communications and Informatics Bandung with Bandung Comand Center in realizing Bandung Smart City is the first breakthrough conducted by Ridwal Kamil as Mayor of Bandung early in his leadership is obliging all SKPD (Local Government Unit), sub-district, and head of village in Bandung to have a Twitter account. This Ridwan Kamils’ suggestion revolutionized the way communication between government and citizens so that there is a direct communication channel that is open at any time because one of the driving factors of Bandung smart city is a city capable of utilizing technology as a tool for three aspects of government: connecting, monitoring, and internal controlling. The implementer, Mayor of Bandung in the concept of Bandung Smart City Realization invites all SKPD (Local Government Unit) and all elements of society to participate actively. For example, in the licensing process, with the online community service it is expected to cut the long and convoluted process that leads to community satisfaction. Satisfaction of the society can be measured by fast, easy, cheap and transparent service. Mayor of Bandung in communicating openly with the public through social media using instagram one of them. It aims to make Bandung people feel close to their leaders and take responsibility for development in Bandung, for example, people can report violations or destruction of public facilities through video or photos so it will cause deterrent effect for the perpetrator of the violation because the action that was done had been recorded and can become viral. 196 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Technical Skill in Innovation Of Mayor Bandung Leadership to realize Bandung Smart City Smart City is expected to answer at least three important things from a city that is, to know (sensing) the state of the city, understanding the state of the city further, and take the action (acting) to the problems that arise. Technical Bandung Mayor in managing the city of Bandung that is by inviting together the ranks of Bandung City Government officials consisting of 32 units of Regional Devices, 30 sub-districts, and 151 village heads. Basically, any change can be made as long as there is the will (political will) of each regional leader. In building the city of Bandung, Ridwan Kamil adjust to the demands of the times. In the era of digital communication, all communication channels must be connected online and accessible to the public in real time. In the implementation, smart city is synergy between government and society. Ridwan Kamil called on all his officials to access the interactive media connected to the internet. Intense communication between officials and the community or vice versa society with government without time lag, makes it easy to take decisions quickly. The Internet changes not only consider the physical development planning of the city, but also consider the use of information technology to make the economy, environment, mobility and urban planning more efficient and effective. There are five elements of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) needed to ensure a strong foundation for building Smart City: 1. Broadband Network Deployment. Bandung City Government menggandengg PT Telkom in the procurement of ICT infrastructure as a pillar in realizing smart city. There are three things in cooperation: a. Availability of ICT infrastructure such as data center for public service application of local government. b. Integrated Management System Integrated city using ICT. c. Smart User, as Human Resources itself through the development of competence and understanding of technology. 2. Use of Smart Devices, in Bandung there is Application of online complaint service of people (Report) and application service of society based on online and other e-budgeting which become one of about 300 software that have been made by government of Bandung City to support solve problem good environment community and internal bureaucracy. 3. Develop a smart urban space. In creating a smart space by utilizing ICT facilities, Ridwan Kamil built Bandung Comand Center (BCC). BCC is an innovation in the delivery of public services. The Command Center is part of the effort towards Bandung Smart City where tidal monitoring always has to be done manually. Benefits of this Comand Center include to take care of Identity Card, check the permit, monitor the congestion or flood that the process of monitoring and dissemination is done in real time. This command center will be the data center of information from all agencies within the Government of Bandung. 4. Develop Web-based Applications and e-Services; in Smart City e-service including services for the development of local economy, tourism, urban 197 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 environment, energy and transportation services, security services, and education and health services. 5. Open Government Data The Open Government Data Initiative (OGD) has promoted governance . Conclusion and Suggestion The results of Bandung's mayoral leadership show that there is an influence of the role and innovation of leaders in creating the effectiveness of government leadership in the city of Bandung. This can be seen from the behavior of innovative leaders and initiatives in creating Bandung Smart City. The recommendation given to heads of government is an innovative and effective leadership pattern that must be continuously developed, and every head of government should be able to accommodate the needs of the community from all sectors such as government, society and the private sector so as to create effective and innovative leadership synergies. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS Innovation for local government is the effort to realize prosperity and prosperity of society. Leadership innovation conducted by Ridwan Kamil embodied in the program as the Mayor of Bandung with the concept of smart city from Ridwan Kamil is making Bandung a digital city. The implementation of electronic government in public service to the government facilitates the interaction between government and society. With the social media, facilitate the interaction between the government and the community so it can be an input for the development of services made by the government in the future in order to materialize better and create good governance. 198 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 REFERENCES Handayaningrat, Soewarno. 1980. Pengantar Studi Ilmu Administrasi dan Manajemen. Jakarta : PT. Inti Bayu Press. Siagian, P Sondang. 1982. Organisasi Kepemimpinan dan Perilaku Administrasi. Jakarta : Gunung Agung. _______________ . 2010. Teori dan Praktek Kepemimpinan. Jakarta : Rineka Cipta. Zuhal. (2013). Gelombang Ekonomi Inovasi: Kesiapan Indonesia Berselancar di Era Ekonomi Baru. Jakarta. PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama Thenint, Hugo LL & A. (2010). Mini Study 10 Innovation in The Public Sector. Manchester. Global Review of Inovation Inteligence and Policy Studies. Inno Gripe Suwarno, Yogi. (2008). Inovasi di Sektor Publik. Jakarta. STIALAN Press Ellitan, Lena dan Anatan, Lina. (2009). Manajemen Inovasi Transformasi Menuju Organisasi Kelas Dunia. Bandung. Alfabeta Fontana, Avanti. (2011). Manajemen Inovasi dan Penciptaan Nilai. Jakarta. Cipta Inovasi Sejahtera Diskominfo Kota Bandung. Fenomena Bandung Smart City Budaya Komunikasi Digital. 199 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 THE IMPLICATIONS OF SOCIAL REALITY IN THE CONTEXT OF KIAI’S LEADERSHIP IN MLANGI, YOGYAKARTA Ferri Wicaksono AMIKOM University Yogyakarta Wicaksono.ferri@amikom.com Abstract This research located in Mlangi, which is known as pathok negoro in Yogyakarta. Construed as the center of Islamic civilization in Java. In that location stands 12 boarding schools. Kiai has a an honorary title and is considered as organization and community leader. The method used in this research was descriptive explorative qualitative, the author used descriptive explorative in order to reveal the implications of social reality of kiai’s leadership in Mlangi. The author used the concept of social construction by Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckman as an approach to explain the kiai's leadership as a social process through action and interaction. In this research, the author found that the social reality has implications toward the leadership of the kiai in Mlangi. The author concludes that there are 2 (two) implications of the evolving social reality.: First, externalization by identifying itself as priyayi (someone whose social level is higher than other and respected by the society) in Mlangi or known as wong jero. Second, the objectivation by making Mbah Kiai Nur Iman as empirical fact. Keywords: Leadership, Social Construction, Social Reality INTRODUCTION Kiai was born with power. The argument started the author's main idea in this study. A set of power resources owned by kiai, unconsciously perpetuates his position as a leader with his charismatic symbol which has had the implications in his leadership process. The term kiai is placed as an honorable title within the scope of Islamic society in Indonesia, mainly among Nahdliyin. Kiai is regarded as central figure as well as role model. Viewed from the source of its influence, it is not a coincidence until finally 200 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 someone called as kiai. Even though he was born as a gus121, it is not guaranteed that he would later be called as a kiai. The process of getting a tittle as kiai is very natural kiai, based on the virtue of nature and the depth of knowledge about Islamic that make the kiai in his position is very strategic and central. The virtues of kiai's character are always connected with the virtues of the Prophet Muhammad's character. As explained by Imron Arifin122 in his research in Tebuireng Islamic Boarding School related to kiai’s leadership explained that the interaction pattern between kiai, santri (students) and subordinate (follower) is based and has been patterned in such a way based on religious values according to the pattern of leadership of Prophet Muhammad SAW. The kiai’s leadership pattern is called paternalistic religio, obedience and belief in what is taught by kiai based on the virtues of Prophet Muhammad SAW. Anasom (2002) states that a person becomes a leader because the person has a very large charisma (influence)123. While Max Weber (2006) explains that kiai as a charismatic leader because it obtains God's gift or is supported by the ability to obtain and maintain its authority124. But what happened in Mlangi, Nogotirto Sub-district, Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta, that kiai’s leadership is. always connected with the virtue of a prior figure known as Mbah Kiai Nur Iman. The strategic position of kiai in Mlangi, as a leader with social reality which is already inherent in his society, will have power implications. In this research the author wants to describe the implications of social reality toward the process of kiai’s leadership. II. Theoretical Framework Talking about leadership in general we will talk about the process of how a leader takes the lead. Soerjono Soekanto states that leadership means the ability of a person (leader) to influence another person (the person being led or the followers), so that the other person will behave according to what the leader wants125. Hiroko Horikoshi uses Herbert Feith's leadership model states that there are 2 (two) models of leadership in Muslim society that are symbolic and administrative. First, the "symbolic" leadership model. This model assumes that a person becomes a leader because he becomes a symbol of something which is considered as something worthy (has more ability). Second, the "administrative" leadership model, is leadership which someone obtains because of the position he plays in a particular administrative structure126. 121 Gus is a call for a man who was the descendant of kiai which known in Nahdliyin comunity Imron Arifin. 1993. Kepemimpinan Kiai: Kasus Pondok Pesantren Tebuireng. Malang: Kalimasahada Press. page. 130. 123 Anasom. 2002. Kiai, Kepemimpinan dan Patronase. Semarang: PT. Pustaka Rizki Putra. page. 5. 124 Max Weber. 2006. Essay in Sociology. Terj. Noorkholis. Sosiologi. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar. page. 297 125 Soekanto, Soerjono. 2006. Sosiologi Suatu Pengantar. Jakarta: Raja Grapindo Persada. page. 288 126 Horikoshi, Hiroko. 1987. Kiai dan Perubahan Sosial. Jakarta: P3M. page. 13. 122 201 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 In this study represents a symbolic leadership model which assumes that a person to be a leader because he is considered as something worthy. The figure of the leader in this research is considered as a representative or symbol of the presence of the Prophet on earth. Seen from the typology of the leader according to the process of obtaining and the source of influence so that the leader figure in this research belongs to the type of informal leaders Kiai as an informal leader is in line with Kuntowidjojo's opinion (1991) that in many cases, the role of kiai in rural communities is not only limited to religious issues but also household affairs, matchmaking, economics, even medicine often places kiai as a pedestal127. Max Weber (in Soekanto 2006) confirms the distinction between power and authority. Power is the ability that a leader possesses to influence another, while authority is an extension of power that a leader has the support or recognition from others128. Based on the definition of power by Max Weber can also be interpreted as a form of subjective ability of the class or individual to dominate the other class or individuals. While the domination concept of Max Weber shows the expands of the power which related to the ownership that can be used by classes or individuals to dominate the other class or individuals. Max Weber (in Soekanto 2006) in explaining power puts forward the pyramid principle of hierarchy that power works vertically, where there is a particular class or individual with a set of resources of power which occupy the superior level and on the other hand there are also certain classes or individuals who occupy the subordinate level. A person or group, in order to have power must have power resources. Power resources has a function as distinguish element among leaders who contribute to represent that they are worthy obeying129. Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckman (1966) describe social construction as a social process through action and interaction, in which the individual creates continuously a reality which owned and experienced toghether subjectively130. Berger and Luckman (in Bungin, 2008: 14) describes social reality defined as a quality in a reality that is acknowledged to have existence which is independent of the will, while knowledge is a certainty that reality is real and has specific characteristics. Berger and Luckman (in Bungin, 2008: 15) states there are 3 (three) stages of social reality those are : First, externalization, it is human self expression in finding his personally in a life. Second, objectivation, that is the results from human externalization becomes an empirical reality that can be experienced by everyone. Third, internalization, the human being becomes the result of society in which certain social interaction environment will interpret the social reality of each. III. Research methods 127 Kuntowidjojo. 1991. Paradigma Islam. Bandung: Mizan. page. 53 Soekanto, Soerjono. 2006. Sosiologi Suatu Pengantar. Jakarta: Raja Grapindo Persada. page l. 266 129 Ibid, page. 266 130 Berger, L. Peter dan Thomas Luckman. 1966. The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in The Sociology of Knowledge. New York, USA: Penguin Books. 128 202 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Descriptive explorative was used as the method of this resesarch. The type of qualitative research used in order to minimize the distance between researchers and informants131. This research tried to describe the contestative leadership of kiai in Mlangi according to the actual situation that happened in this research location. The researcher decided to use descriptive explorative in order to reveal the implications of social reality to the kiai’s leadership in Mlangi. IV. Results and Discussion The author defined kiai as a leader who has virtue of character and abilities beyond others. Mudjahirin Tohir132 asserts that a person obtains the title kiai can be seen through 3 (three) basic parameters, namely: First, the mastery and understanding of religion which is relatively higher and better than the knowledge of society in the environment. Second, good attitude or mentality, reflected in the vision of motion that is able to hold a commitment to the teachings of amar ma'ruf nahi munkar (doing good things ang avoiding bad things) . Third, the ability to give influence in the form of exemplary, commitment and consistency to his behavior. Based on the history of the birth of Mbah Kiai Nur Iman, the title of kiai that he gained was not because he was a descendant of the famous kiai of his time. He is the son of Prince R.M. Suryo Putro and R.A. Retno Susilowati. It's just that her father Prince R.M. Suryo Putro was known as one of the aristocracy of the royal palace of Mataram who was steadfast in learning the Islamic in Gedangan Islamic Boarding School, Surabaya, upbringing from Kiai Abdullah Muhsin. In line with his father, Mbah Kiai Nur Iman was born and grew up also in the Islamic boarding school environment. The name Muhammad Nur Iman was also a gift from Kiai Abdullah Muhsin. Indeed he was not the descendant of a kiai but grew up under the care of Kiai Abdullah Muhsin. He was also known as the forerunner of Mlangi by establishing four Mosques of Jami 'Pathok Negoro in Yogyakarta, namely Mlangi Village, Babadan Village, Ploso Kuning Village and Dongkelan Village, so he was considered as the most credible scholars in initiating major developments of Islamic Religion in Yogyakarta and specifically made Mlangi as one of the center of its development. The routinity during his life was full of the activity of preaching to lead the society to the way of Allah SWT. It makes Kiai Nur Iman more admired. His determination and persistence in fighting and spreading the teachings of Islamic in every journey of his da'wah, made a tittle of kiai attached to Mbah Kiai Nur Iman by the society. Seeing from the virtues of Mbah Kiai Nur Iman, the author identified that the title of kiai from Mbah Kiai Nur Iman was obtained based on 5 (five) main factors which divided into 2 (two) categories as follows: External Categories / Outside of himself 131 Moleong, Lexy J. 2007. Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya Offset. page. 4 132 Thohir, Mudjahirin. 1999. Wacana Masyarakat dan Kebudayaan Jawa Pesisiran. Semarang: Penerbit Bendera. page. 58. 203 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 1) The descendants of the noble aristocracy, that was his father who was firmlystudying in the islamic boarding school; 2) Growing up in the Islamic boarding school environment, namely Gedangan Islamic boarding school, Surabaya; 3) Taken care by a famous kiai in his time, namely Kiai Abdullah Muhsin as well as caretaker of Gedangan Islamic boarding school. Internal Category / Inside of himself 1) Determination, the mandate to run the message of his teacher to always spread the Islamic Shariah wherever he was; 2) Humble, which is indicated by not wanting to be a king and prefers to da'wah as a scholar. So based on these two categories, Mbah Kiai Nur Iman for Mlangi community was seen as a character of: 1) Inspirator, that he indirectly inspired the Mlangi society against the leader who was considered very ideal with various virtues; 2) Motivator, that was indirectly provided motivation for Mlangi society to enforce continuesly Islamic law and kept Mlangi existence as Islamic religious center in Yogyakarta with various uniqueness that he left behind. From the observations of the author, it appeared in the social interaction society in Mlangi that Mbah Kiai Nur Iman was considered as a source of linking, both the origin and daily activities of Mlangi society, mainly related to the religious worship of Islamic. The virtues of Mbah Kiai Nur Iman made him as a role model, so that all his traditions and habits during his lifetime were considered to be an ideal life view to be maintained. 4.1. Externalization of Leadership: Social Stratification Mlangi Jero-Mlangi Jobo In the development through Mbah Kiai Nur Iman indeed gave a social effect that made the descendant of social position of Mbah Kiai Nur Iman was more honorable than the non-descendant. So that, in the social interaction of Mlangi society could be seen that there was a domination between the descendant and non-descendant of Mbah Kiai Nur Iman. This phenomenon in society was illustrated by the emergence of the term jero-jobo. The descendant of Mbah Kiai Nur Iman had a more dominant social position in the Mlangi society. Mainly that all the kiai in Mlangi were the descendant of Mbah Kiai Nur Iman. So they were identified as subjects who has a power. The virtues of Mbah Kiai Nur Iman were the knowledge which continuesly received by the Mlangi society through the kiai who were the descendant of Mbah Kiai Nur Iman. Based on this phenomenon, the writer concluded that kia’si characteristic formed a civilization. The terms wong jero and wong jobo that appeared in the social relations of Mlangi society were very unique. It’s different from the existence of tribes, or social groups in certain areas. The jero-jobo phenomenon that appeared in Mlangi was more inherent to the identity of the original people in Mlangi based on their lineage. The author showed contestation of Nur-Iman in describing phenomenon Mlangi Jero-Mlangi Jobo, that was by attaching the identity of the family, the individual as the descendant of Mbah Kiai Nur Iman. This caused the emergence of social stratification in Mlangi society into 2 (two) categories namely Mlangi Jero (inside) and Mlangi Jobo 204 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 (outside). Because of the strong character of Mbah Kiai Nur Iman which evolved in Mlangi society so it was possible if one by one of Mlangi society would all say that they were descendant of Mbah Kiai Nur Iman. Tracing from the the history, begun when Kiai Nur Iman decided to leave the Kartosuro Palace by continuing preaching to several main places in Yogyakarta. He brought along his followers, Sanusi and Tanmisani, they finally arrived in the region which now known as Mlangi. He taught the teachings of Islamic there until the rest of his life133. Kiai Nur Iman as well as his followers have descendants. The difference of social status that happened there was Kiai Nur Iman was more to be an employer while Sanusi and Tanmisani as followers, it happened continuesly from generation to generation until the offspring of each. According to the story of Mbah Sri Pujo, that's what started the emergence of Mlangi Jero (Wong Jero) and Mlangi Jobo (Wong Jobo). Wong Jero were the original people of Mlangi who were identified as Kiai Nur Iman's offspring, so they were born as a priyayi among the Mlangi society. Borrowed the term from Clifford Greetz in his work "The Riligion of Java" a priyayi means a hereditary nobility134. While Wong Jobo135 were the original people of Mlangi identified as a descendant of the followers of Kiai Nur Iman namely Sanusi and Tanmisani, so they were born as an ordinary people among the people of Mlangi. Based on the interview data and the author's observation, the society called Wong Jobo as “original Mlangi people” who are known of the descendants of Kiai Nur Iman’s followers, Sanusi and Tanmisani. So that term (Wong Jobo) can not be reversed into Jobo Mlangi (outside Mlangi) because it would have another meaning that people migrants and students in some Islamic boarding schools that came from outside Mlangi. The original Mlangi people had mapped out the people who belong to Wong Jero and Wong Jobo so that the restrictions on social relationship would be applied. Even among of wong jero had evidence of their family tree136 to assert that they were the descendant of Kiai Nur Iman. Gus Rifky described that Mlangi jero comes from the line of descendants of Mbah Kiai Salim in relation to Mbah Kiai Nur Iman. For example the Kiai Musta'in and Mbah Kiai Nur Iman as described in chart 4.1. the following: Chart 4.1 Family Tree of Kiai Musta’in with Mbah Kiai Nur Iman 133 The result of interview with Mbah Sri Pujo. He was considered as one of the eldest in Mlangi. He was known as servant of Yoyakarta Sultanate 134 nobility (keturunan bangsawan) Nobles (Bangsawan) according to Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia defined as the descendants of noble people. In this case Wong Jero is identified as a descendant of Kiai Nur Iman who is known as a noble with all his fame and blood descendants of the mataram palace attached to him 135 There were another story related to the descendant of wong jobo. According to story from Nur Salim (hamlet’s leader), wong jobo was the descendant of Mbah Mad Irsyad Rais. He was known as a succesful farmer. Although they belong to a succesful family at that time, but it didn’t make their socical position became higher in wong jero 136 Mrs. Nurfaidati as one of the interviewees told that some of wong jero still keep the evidence of their pedigree stating that they are wong jero and the descendant of Mbah Kiai Nur Iman 205 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Mbah Kiai Nur Iman Mbah Kiai Salim Mbah Kiai Zarkasyi Mbah Kiai Imam Mbah Kiai Dawami Nyai Zumingah Kiai Musta’in Source: interview with Kiai Musta’in But in fact, the descent line of wong jerow does not only come from Mbah Kiai Salim as told Gus Rifky. There are also the descendant of Mbah Kiai Nur Imam. For example the lineage of Kiai Salaman as follows: Figure 4.1. 206 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Family Tree of Kiai Salaman with Mbah Kiai Nur Iman The tendency of wong jero who always want to be on top of the wong jobo thus created a kind of social class division in the Mlangi society. This phenomenon had further implications in the social interaction of the Mlangi society. Based on the social status, the pattern of behavior and social relations of the Mlangi society was naturally formed. Wong Jobo would tend to comply to Wong Jero. In contrast to Wong Jero, because he felt higher in position than wong jobo, then they created distance in their social relationships, such as the relationship of the king with the servant. Even believed by Mbah Sri Pujo the term Jero and Jobo was not only developed in Mlangi but also all the areas where coexisted between the descendants of Mbah Nur Iman with the descendants of his followers, especially in the Pathok Negoro area in Yogyakarta that was Hamlet Mlangi, Babadan Village , Ploso Kuning Village and Dongkelan Village. The existence of Mlangi Jero and Mlangi Jobo could not be mapped geographically because they had mixed one another. It did not appear among of them that they grouped themselves in a particular area, mainly in the area of Mlangi. Based on the results of observations the author found there was a tendency of people from 4 (four) different hamlets called them "Wong Mlangi" ie Mlangi Hamlet, Sawahan Hamlet, Pundung Hamlet, and Ngledok Hamlet. Thosefour villages were by Mlangi Jero. Although there were wong jero who lived outside the Mlangi cultural area, he was still regarded as a wong jero by the Mlangi community and would not change their priyayi status. For example Kiai Salimi, the leader and caregiver of As-Salimiyah Islamic Boarding School which is located outside Mlangi but Mlangi society still highly respects him as a kiai who is also descendant of wong jero. While for Mlangi Jobo was more often identified by the title "lor-loran" which refers to the community of Kampung Blendangan which was still belong to the administrative part of Mlangi Hamlet in the north. From generation to generation they had also identified each other, whether they were Wong Jobo or Wong Jero. So the restrictions in social relations between the two different offspring had been naturally long lasting in Mlangi. Wong Jero tended to emphasize their priyayi status over Wong Jobo. There were several phenomenas related to the restrictions in the social relationship between wong jero and wong jobo. First, everyday greetings, there were some greetings that had been passed down from generation to generation which were dedicated to Wong Jobo to Wong Jero. 1) Gus was addressed for unmarried men or bachelor. 2) Mbok Roro was addressed for unmarried women or virgins. 3) Den Nganten was addressed for married men. 4) Mas Nganten was addressed for married women The phenomenon related to the greetings was confirmed by Kiai Musta'in, he also added that the greetings were a testament from Kiai Nur Iman which delivered to his khadam (servant) namely Sanusi and Tanmisani. So that, thus greetings had been passed down to their descendant. The descendant of wong jobo would not dare to call the descendant of wong jero with the greetings besides those which the author mentioned. Greeting had become a daily greeting, wong jobo were very aware of their social status 207 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 under wong jero. Otherwise, the descendant of wong jero would be offended if they were called by the wong jobo with the title other than that. Second, deal with the use of language in everyday life. Wong jobo tended to use bahasa kromo alus (languange of javanese which was spoken very subtle, ie. When a child speaks to parents/ the eldest) to wong jero. On the other hand, wong jero tended to use bahasa ngoko (Javanese language which usually used by common people in Java, some people usually avoid it to speak to someone older) to wong jobo137. Like the relationship between the king and the servant. Third, related to marriage138 . Wong Jero had a tendency to marry off their children with the descendant of wong jero as well. Then the descendants of Wong Jero would avoid marrying the descendant of Wong Jobo because it was considered as degeneration of social status. Wong Jero would tend to maintain his noble status by marrying Wong Jero's descendants. Wong Jero thought if they were forced to marry off their childreen with someone who were not descendants of Wong Jero, it would be better to marry someone far outside the Mlangi area rather than having to marry with the descendant of Wong Jobo139. As is the case with Kiai Hasan Abdullah's identity, he was not the descendant of Mbah Kiai Nur Iman, because he married Kiai Suja'i's daughter who was identified as wong jero, so Kiai Hasan Abdullah's identity in Mlangi was also attached as wong jero. It was reinforced by Kiai Musta'in's statement in his interview "even though he is not from wong jero’s circle, when he is already a son-in-law of wong jero he will be considered as wong jero." Fourth, related to the role in the event of Islamic Religion. As already discussed in some previous research that is Haul Mbah Kiai Nur Iman. Many researchers had stated that Haul Mbah Kiai Nur Iman is an event belonging to wong jero only. According to Robert W. Hefner's notes (2001: 46) in his work "Ngesuhi Deso Sak Kukuban", Haul started in 1990 and held every 15th of Suro on the call of Mbah Mad Watucongol, fourth generation of Mbah Kiai Nur Iman’s descendant. Involvement of Wong jobo in this event is practically nonexistent. The core committee element only involves wong jero. As quoted from interview with Kiai Musta'in: " in Haul event, the committee only from wong jero, usually wong jobo be spectators only." Whereas in the Haul event involving various elements of society, ranging from political figures, religious leaders, pilgrims, until the accessories merchants, who didn’t know much who Mbah Kiai Nur Iman, would participate in the Haul event. So the motive of Haul was not only limited to religious motive but also it could be said that it develop into economic or political motives. Fifth, relating to the funeral rations at the burial complex of Mbah Kiai Nur Iman, 137 Hefner, W. Robert. 2001. Ngesuhi Deso Sak Kukuban. Yogyakarta: LKIS. page. 150 The society in Mlangi people did not recognize the term chieftain which is usually assigned by Office of Religious Affairs.But for Mlangi someone who usually become a chieftain is kiai. And usually in Mlangi community kiai who get that role is Kiai Suja'i 139 quote from an interview with Kiai Musta'in "... it used to be that wong jero's descendant would also marry wong jero’s descendant. But now, it is a little different, wong jero also open himself to marry the descendant other than wong jero. But still, it is not with wong jobo. Better to marry a people outside Mlangi than have to marry a wong jobo” 138 208 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 as follows140 : 1) The tomb complex on the north side of Jami’ Mosque Pathok Negoro Mlangi is reserved for the palace family. 2) Tomb complex on the south side or usually called "kidul uwit kecik (south kecik tree)" is for the descendant of wong jobo. 3) The tomb complexes other than those mentioned above are all for the descendant of wong jero. Especially the west side is dedicated to the kiai. The people of wong jero tried to maintain their priyayi identity over wong jobo. The structure of knowledge that Wong Jero had successfully established, stated that they were the descendant of Mbah Kiai Nur Iman made themselves were worthy of having higher social status than those who were identified as wong jobo. By putting forward the discourse of the descendants of an influential nobleman with all his will (in this case Mbah Kiai Nur Iman) made the position of wong jero in the social intercourse of Mlangi society to be very honorable. While wong jobo, was either true or not that they were the descendants of servents from Mbah Kiai Nur Iman, comply to the discourse created continuously by wong jero. Unconsciously that wong jero’s effort was one form of efforts to gain a blessing from kiai. Clifford Greetz (1960) stated about Javanese cosmology that the ancestors became a kind of center for the origin of society. Through the ancestors they expected blessings related to the ease of life and built social relationships. More than that this origin was an expression and a symbol of what made human became human. Mbah Kiai Nur Iman became the link of origin for discourse by wong jero so that they succeeded in obtaining social security, inner security and even economic security. In the first implication that the leadership of the kiai in Mlangi accommodated more of the externalization stage of identifying the themselves as wong jero so that automatically they had power over. 4.2. Leadership Objectivization: Mbah Kyai Nur Iman as Empirical Reality Seen from a society social point of view, the existence of Mlangi community was very different from the people in other areas, where all the local Mlangi community was fragmented into the thick kinship frame, that was the descendant of Mbah Kiai Nur Iman. The leader for the Mlangi community is the kiai. Kiai occupies the highest position in the social structure of the Mlangi community. As in Chart 4.3. the following: Chart 4.2. Organization Structure of Non-Formal Mlangi Community 140 The interview with Kiai Musta’in) 209 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Dewan Masayeh Mlangi (Consisting of the Mlangi Elders namely the Kiai Sepuh) Takmir Masjid Jami’ Pathok Negoro Mlangi Mlangi Society Description Chart 4.2 .: Dewan Masayeh/ Masayeh Council, consisting of: 1). Kiai Suja'I, 2). Kiai Jumali, 3). Kiai Sami'an, 4). Kiai Musta'in, 5). Kiai Mukiman. the Pilgrims of Masjid Jami 'Pathok Negoro Mlangi, consisting of: Chairman: 1). Kiai Abban, 2). Kiai Salaman, 3). Kiai Ahsan Zuhri Secretary: 1). Kiai Hasan Abdullah, 2). Kiai Slamet Jazari, 3). Kiai Qaelani Treasurer: 1). Kiai Asfan Abdullah, 2). Gus Mufron By the Mlangi society, the kiai were regarded as figures who become the source of knowledge. It can be seen in the non-formal organization structure in Mlangi society, which placed the elder kiai as the masayeh council, the highest leader in the Mlangi society. While under the kiai there is takmir/ pilgrims of mosque. Kiai who occupies the position as a masayeh council must be descendants of wong jero. Even the latest story from Kiai Salaman that to be a takmir Masjid Jami 'Pathok Negoro Mlangi must be shown with evidence that they belong to the descendants of Mbah Kiai Nur Iman. Mbah Kiai Nur Iman made the kiai in his social position as the most honorable figure and considered to have virtues than others in Mlangi society. First, externalization was the expression of the human self in finding his personal life. Second, objectivation was the results from human externalization became an empirical reality that could happen to everyone. Third, the internalization was human became the result of society in which a certain social interaction environment would interpret each of the social reality. In the second implication that the leadership of the kiai in Mlangi tends to be objectivity. That made Mbah Kiai Nur Iman as an empirical reality. The role implied that Mbah Kiai Nur Iman was a source of knowledge among the kiai and also a symbol of truth for Mlangi society. 210 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 V. Conclusion Based on the description and analysis in this paper, the author concluded that the social reality that had been constructed in the community had implications for the leadership approach of the kiai in Mlangi. There were 2 (two) implications that massively influence the leadership of kiai in Mlangi; First, externalization by identifying himself as wong jero. Mbah Kiai Nur Iman had been a source of linkage and created social stratification among kiai in Mlangi. Second, the objectivation by making Mbah Kiai Nur Iman as empirical fact. Mbah Kiai Nur Iman regarded as a source of knowledge and justification for all activities of kiai leadership in Mlangi. Max Weber's dominant concept of relevance is used in this study, where the leadership of the kyai in Mlangi stems from the ownership of certain resources. In this research, the linkage resources with the previous kyai are used continuously as a reality which is owned and experienced together subjectively by the Mlangi community so as to create the dominance of the class or other individuals in Mlangi. The situation is also in line with the concept of social construction presented by Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckman. So in the study of political science provides a new assertion that leadership is how an individual is able to create social construction through the resources of power it has. BIBLIOGRAPHY Anasom. 2002. Kiai, Kepemimpinan dan Patronase. Semarang: PT. Pustaka Rizki Putra. Arifin, Imron. 1992. Kepemimpinan Kiai, Kasus Pondok Pesantren Tebu Ireng Jombang. Malang: Kalimahsada. Berger, L. Peter dan Thomas Luckman. 1966. The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in The Sociology of Knowledge. New York, USA: Penguin Books. Bungin, Burhan. 2008. Konstruksi Sosial Media Massa. Jakarta: Prenada Media Group. Geertz, Clifford. 1981. Abangan, Santri, Priyayi dalam Masyarakat Jawa (Terjemahan oleh Aswab Mahasin). Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya. Horikoshi, Hiroko. 1987. Kiai dan Perubahan Sosial. Jakarta: P3M. Kuntowidjojo. 1991. Paradigma Islam. Bandung: Mizan. Moleong, Lexy J. 2007. Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya Offset. Soekanto, Soerjono. 2006. Sosiologi Suatu Pengantar. Jakarta: Raja Grapindo Persada. Hefner, W. Robert. 2001. Ngesuhi Deso Sak Kukuban. Yogyakarta: LKIS. Thohir, Mudjahirin. 1999. Wacana Masyarakat dan Kebudayaan Jawa Pesisiran. Semarang: Penerbit Bendera. Max Weber. 2006. Essay in Sociology. Terj. Noorkholis. Sosiologi. Yo 211 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 ANALYSIS OF GOVERNMENT MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN CIAMIS REGENCY IN IMPROVING REAL REGIONAL INCOME FROM THE TOURISM SECTOR 1 2 1 Irfan Nursetiawan Regi Refian Garis Galuh University ; irfan.nursetiawan@gmail.com 2 Galuh University; regirefiangaris@yahoo.com Abstract The development of information technology has been adopted by the public service system, where the application of technology in a local government in principle is a facilitator for the process of service to the community, promoting and assisting the field of administration. The tourism sector has become a cornerstone and has contributed to the local revenue of the local government of District Ciamis. Tourism information system has been implemented and has been integrated with the information system of Local Government of Ciamis Regency. But the regional income from the tourism sector is so volatile. This study aims to analyze the management information system of the Regional Government of Ciamis Regency as an effort in increasing the local revenue from the tourism sector, using qualitative descriptive analysis method. The result of the research shows that the management information system of the local government of Ciamis Regency has a significant influence on the increase of local revenue from the tourism sector and the result of data analysis based on the data triangulation method. It shows that the increase and decrease of regional income from the tourism sector are influenced by the number of a tourist visit, the tourism service system, infrastructure of the tourism industry. Keywords: Management Information System, Local Original Revenue, Tourism 1. INTRODUCTION In the era of regional autonomy, local governments have a strategic role to realize good government. With the policy of regional autonomy, it is expected that all regions in Indonesia, including in District Ciamis, are expected to be able to carry out all government and development affairs based on local revenue. Indigenous revenues consist 212 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 of local taxes, regional retributions, and separated wealth management results. The greater the contribution of local revenues, it will lead to less dependence of local governments on the central government in terms of budget procurement. In other words, it can increase the financial independence of the area. Local revenue in District Ciamis has decreased from tourism retribution in 2015. In 2014, the revenue from tourism levy sector of Ciamis Regency is 830.805.100 IDR, while in the year 2015 of 462.411.550 IDR. This situation will result in the budgeting posture in the next period and affect the regional development program that has been declared. Local taxes and regional levies are an important source of local revenue to finance the implementation of governance and regional development. The problems faced by the Regional Government, in general, are related to the extracting of local taxes and levies as part of the local revenue component, and the component has not contributed significantly to the overall revenue (Sidik, 2002). One that contributes greatly to the increase in local revenues, namely regional levies from the tourism sector. Tourism as a tool to improve the welfare of society and regional income should be utilized effectively and efficiently. So that the negative impact of tourism can be minimized. But in the development of tourism constrained by the limited human resources and the availability of tourist accommodation and lack of promotional activities (Andriani, Martono, & Muhamad, 2014). Thus it is necessary efforts in increasing tourism promotion activities in increasing the number of tourist visits. The more tourists that come, the possibility of the amount of revenue from the levy of tourism sector also increases. The efforts have been made by the Regional Government of Ciamis Regency, which implements Management Information System as part of public information service model. This can be seen on the website of each local government work unit that provides information starting from the profile of the Department until the achievement of the performance of each period. The public can access the various information contained in the website and the community can also see the progress of the region from various sectors. Similarly, the Tourism Office of Ciamis Regency has a website that contains content about tourism and local culture original from Ciamis Regency since 2014. With the information related to tourism, be it nature tourism, culture, and history on the website, it is expected to increase the number of local and foreign tourists visit Ciamis Regency. In line with that, then every year from the tourism sector can increase the amount of revenue original area of Ciamis Regency. Nevertheless, the implementation of management information system as an effort of local government in increasing the original revenue of the area has not been analyzed whether or not it has influence in increasing the amount of original income of Ciamis Regency, especially from the tourism sector. Therefore, in this study aims to analyze the management information system of the local government of Ciamis Regency as an effort in increasing the local revenue from the tourism sector. 1. Literature Review 213 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 2.1 System The system is a collection of subsystems/parts/components of any kind whether physical or non-physical that are interconnected with each other and work together in harmony to achieve a certain goal. The system within an agency or institution consists of components of human resources, tools or machinery, and interconnected buildings (Susanto. A, 2002:18). If one of the components cannot work, it will affect the other components. 2.2 Information Information is a collection of data that has been processed, both qualitative and quantitative and has a broader meaning. Information as a result of data processing obtained by each element of the system becomes a form that is easily understood and is a relevant and necessary knowledge in understanding the facts that exist (Rochaety. E, et al., 2008:4). Therefore, information is a statement that describes an event, object or concept. 2.3 Management Management as a process consisting of planning, organizing, mobilization, supervision undertaken to determine and achieve the goals set. Management is the process of functions to effectively carry out tasks and efficiently use resources to achieve organizational goals (Silalahi. U, 2015:5). Based on this, management can be viewed as a series of management processes that use management functions from planning, data collection, data collection, processing, storage and dissemination of information 2.4 Management Information Systems In today's digital age, information and communication technology has progressed and impacted human activities in various sectors of change. Likewise in the public service sector undertaken by the government, the development of information and communication technology has spawned a public service model that has been done based on management information systems. The system constitutes an orderly arrangement of interrelated activities of an interrelated arrangement of procedures which carry out and facilitate the principal activities of the organization or institution and the system is an inseparable part of one component to another. It is directly related to information that can not be separated from a management within an institution. Information is very important because it has meaning and benefits for its users. An information system is a system within an organization that reconciles the needs of daily transaction processing, support operations, managerial and strategic activities of an organization and provide certain outside parties with the necessary reports. There are three changes in the field of information technology, namely the presence of mobile digital-based platform, the use of data within a company, and the development 214 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 of data storage in the form of cloud computing (Laudon K.C and Laudon J.P, 2014:36). The change is in line with the rapid development of the Internet and it is causing changes in various fields. According Pangestu (2007:9) defines "Management information system is a collection of the interaction of information systems responsible for collecting and processing data to provide information useful for all levels of management in planning and control activities." It also causes transformation management in the field of public services, ie from the conventional bureaucratic pattern turned into information-based data management. The concrete example of the implementation of management information systems on public services, namely the emergence of an e-government concept. E-government is an electronic-based government governance to improve the quality of effective and efficient public services (Kurniawan, Rakhmawati, Abadi, Zuhri, & Sugiyanto, 2017). The development of the system will create a structured management system and faster work processes. In building information systems, appropriate methods and evaluations are required in building appropriate information system applications. Applications designed to support the creation of an information system require consideration of how many applications are available, which include project management and evaluation methods involving project management methods that evaluate selected software applications (Kostalova, Tetrevova, & Svedik, 2015). Thus building management information system is done through planning, implementation, management, and evaluation. 2.5 Tourism 2.5.1 Definition of Tourism Tourism is an industry whose survival is determined by good environmental badness. Good environmental conditions, then the tourism industry will develop well as well (Soemarwoto, Otto, 2004:309). Tourism is the whole of the related elements (tourists, tourist destinations, travel, industry, etc.) which is the result of a tourist trip to a tourist destination, as long as the journey is not permanent. 2.5.2 Tourism System There are five main elements in the tourism system: (1) traveler-generating region; (2) departing traveled; (3) transit route region; (4) tourist-destination region; and (5) returning traveler (Pitana, I.G, and Diarta, I.K.S, 2009:58). The illustration of the tourism system, described as follows: 215 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Fig.1 Simple Model of Tourism System, by Leiper, 1990. However, based on the picture there are three main elements, namely the elements of tourists, geographical elements and elements of the tourism industry. Tourists as actors who do tourism activities, so that affect tourism activities in an area. The fewer tourists visit, the less tourism activity in the area. Geographical factors or the location of tourism objects and tourism activities such as souvenir contribute to tourism activities. Information and access become an important element in the sustainability of tourism activities. So required a tourist information system that allows tourists to explore tourist attractions in an area. 2.5.3 Tourism Information System In traveling, tourists rely on various media information such as maps, brochures, and websites. Maps facilitate tours in finding sights easily. Limitations of the information displayed on the small map become the weakness of the map as an appropriate information medium. The brochure provides enough information about a tourist attraction. But the brochure also has constraints if it must be connected with other objects such as temple tours with cheap hotels, water tours with tourism agents and so forth. Media website as a fast and accurate tour guide becomes the last alternative to gaining information. The lack of current information and the vast number of tourist website providers are increasingly confusing tourists to choose the right tourist spots (Handayaningsih, 2010). Based on this, tourism marketing can now be done directly through various online media. This is supported by the development of the reach of the community to access the internet. The reach of the website-based marketing system not only reaches local tourists but also attracts foreign tourists. 2.6 Local Original Revenue Fiscal decentralization has had implications for the shifting of tasks and functions of the central government more towards organizing the steering functions and delegating most of the activities in the regions by giving full confidence and responsibility to the 216 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 regions, one of which is in the management of indigenous local opinions that are managed independently by the local government. Local Revenue is the revenue from local taxes, regional levies, separated regional wealth management and other income. Local Taxes are taxes whose management and collection are carried out by the local government and for the benefit of the region itself (Mosal, 2013). Increased local revenues will not necessarily increase capital expenditures but are contingent, that is one of them, depending on regional economic growth (Ngurah & Kartika, 2014). Economic activity in the regions and indicators of economic growth in an area can be seen in Gross Regional Domestic Product. The greater gross regional domestic product generated and the achievement of regional revenues will help the region towards regional financial independence, as well as improving the welfare of the people. Regional financial independence is needed, as it helps in improving development. Similarly, the original revenue of the region will be a driver for the performance of regional finances. Local Original Revenue simultaneously has an effect on financial performance, however, partially only other genuine local own revenues have high dominance in influencing financial performance, while local taxes, regional retributions, and firm and regional wealth results are not dominantly affecting performance finance to the district government (Wenny, 2012). Good regional financial management will also impact on local governance and local revenue and expenditure budgets. Based on the above, local revenue is an income for regions derived from local taxes, regional charges, regional wealth management, and other legally valid revenues. Local revenue is the mainstay of good governance. Public information disclosure, to be one form of government transparency in the management of local budgets. With the local revenue also, local government can do infrastructure development periodically in every period. 2. The Method Research method The research method used in this research, that is descriptive qualitative research method. The data collection technique is done by: (a) observation; (b) interviews; (c) field notes and (d) documentation. In addition, data processing techniques using data triangulation techniques. This can be achieved by a) comparing observational data with interview data; b) compare what people say in public with what is said personally; c) compare what people say about the research situation with what it says all the time; d) comparing a person's circumstances and perspectives with the opinions and opinions of people such as ordinary people, middle or high educated people, resident, governmental people; e) compare the results of interviews with the contents of a related document (Lexy, J.M, 2011: 330). 3. Research Results and Discussion Management information systems in public service agencies have been implemented and are one way in improving services to the public. Measuring the performance of government agencies is intended to improve accountability, transparency, organizational management and service improvement to the community. Performance information 217 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 generated by a performance measurement system is intended for the needs of stakeholders of the organization, ie internal and external stakeholders (Sudaryanti, 2013). In the implementation of e-government, information, communication, and transactions between communities and government are done via the internet. So there are some benefits generated like for example, communication in the administrative system takes place in a matter of hours instead of days or weeks. That is, government service to the community becomes very fast, service and information can be provided 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Information can be searched from office, home, even mobile anywhere without having to physically come to government offices or public service places. Acceleration of the speed of service means also savings in time, energy, and resources (Sosiawan, 2008). Similarly, tourism information system in Ciamis District as a form of implementation of e-government has been used, ie with the Tourism Office website Ciamis Regency since 2014. On the website are shown some excellent attractions in the District of Ciamis. Views of the website are quite complete, but less support for smartphone users, because it has not been mobile friendly. It is necessary to standardize the creation of government website templates, including the selection of features that want to be owned, the selection of information to be displayed, the provision of information, the selection of service features, and the provision of two-way communication between government and society (A Hasibuan, Zainal; Harry, 2005). The tourism sector in District Ciamis is one of the assets and revenue generators for the region. Visits of local and foreign tourists influential in the amount of revenue from the tourism sector levies. The more tourists visit, the more the local revenue from the tourism sector. The number of tourist visits to the District of Ciamis, as follows: Table 1 Number of Tourist Visits Period 2014-2016 Year No. Amount Tourist Type 2014 2015 2016 (person) 1. Local Travelers 291.920 403.143 371.530 1.066.593 2. Foreign Tourist 3 21 5 29 Source: Tourism Office District Ciamis, 2017. Based on the table there is an increase and decrease in the number of tourists. Although the Ciamis Regency government has a website as a means/media of tourism promotion and information provider of the tourism sector. The number of visits in 2015 has increased, while in 2016 the number of tourist visits has decreased. In addition, the number of foreign tourists decreased significantly decreased in 2016, from 21 people in 2015 to only 5 people in 2016. Thus the existence of the tourism sector website, quite 218 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 influential on the increase in the number of tourist arrivals, especially domestic tourists. In addition, as for the amount of levy revenue from recreation areas, as follows: Table 2 List of Tourism Sector Retribution Revenues in 2012-2016 Amount No. Year (IDR) 1. 2012 3.949.194.450 2. 2013 116.152.450 3. 2014 830.805.100 4. 2015 462.411.550 5. 2016 647.289.300 Source: Tourism Office District Ciamis, 2017. 219 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement Endah Vestikowati1,Agus Nurulsyam2,Irfan Nursetiawan3 : Identification of Potential Object of Natural Tourism Based on Local Advance in Ciamis Regency ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Based on the table, the amount of regional revenue from the tourism sector is dynamic, where there is an increase and also decrease. Whether it's after the website as an implementation of a management information system, or before the website. This fluctuation reflects the dynamism of a budgetary income posture, but it also indicates the inadequacy of some targets from a government agency. In addition, it needs evaluation and follow-up to overcome it. Evaluation required, ie evaluation of website templates and follow-up in improving the management of information systems in the tourism sector. 4. Conclusion Management information system of the local government of Ciamis Regency has a significant influence on the increase of local revenue from the tourism sector. This can be seen from the increase and decrease of tourism revenue figures between before and after the implementation of the local government management information system. Fluctuations in regional revenues from the tourism sector occur, not just from the application of information systems but there are several other factors. The results of data analysis based on data triangulation method, namely the increase and decrease of regional income from the tourism sector is influenced by the number of tourist visits, and the system of tourism services, as well as tourism industry infrastructure. Innovations in tourism and the addition of new attractions are needed to increase the region's revenue from the tourism sector. 5. Acknowledgement We would like to say thank you very much, especially to RISTEKDIKTI who has provided funding for this research in 2018, Dean of FISIP Universitas Galuh and his staff, Chairman of Government Science Studies Program FISIP Universitas Galuh and colleagues who have helped morally publication of the results of this study. 7. References A Hasibuan, Zainal; Harry, B. S. (2005). Standardisasi aplikasi e-government untuk instansi pemerintah. In Prosiding Konferensi Nasional Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi Indonesia (Vol. 16424, pp. 42–48). Depok. Andriani, A. A. 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Forum Bisnis Dan Kewirausahaan Jurnal Ilmiah STIE MDP Hal -39, 2(1), 39–51. 221 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement Endah Vestikowati1,Agus Nurulsyam2,Irfan Nursetiawan3 : Identification of Potential Object of Natural Tourism Based on Local Advance in Ciamis Regency ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 ADOPTION MANAGEMENT LEADERSHIP NITA VILLAGE REGENCY OF EAST NUSA TENGGARA SIDE TO VILLAGES SIMPANG RIMBA DISTRICT CONSTRUCTION BANGKASELATAN BANGKABELITUNG ISLAND PROVINCE 1 Rosalita Agustini 2 Benny Sigiro 3 Dessy Mayasari Universitas Terbuka Pangkal Pinang ; rosalita@ecampus.ut.ac.id Universitas Terbuka Pangkal Pinang ; bennys@ecampus.ut.ac.id Universitas Terbuka Pangkal Pinang ; dessy@ecampus.ut.ac.id/ Abstract The especially development in village be based on tradition and culture which develop from time to timeazas on meeting conference and principiltogetherasgotongroyong.Gotongroyong as model lifes together that upholdssolidaritasazas and fratenita, with musyawarah as model participation which involves all classes in plan and implementationt builder, in life nitavilagge society the common until now.The habit of mutual cooperation and mutual cooperation is maintained and preserved well in various areas of life,esspecially to take decisition with plan and implementation development of village. By application of principplegotongroyong and musyawarahmenas is Government and society will be hope stand of build village beside byself supporting and stand alone. SimpangRimba village in showwingthelast three years in 2008-2010, no division at the village level in subdistrictSimpangRimba.Split show just step orchard is 20 orchard in 2008 and than higher be 27 orchard in 2010. although there has been a split in 2009, althout total worker in orchard higher in 2010 years be 32 workers more than last years 19 workrs. Rt in 2008 amounted to 58 devices then to 115 devices in the year 2010. For village devices in 2008 as much as 55 then to 34 devices in 2010.in progress development, beside needed humant resources needed to capital for progress development so that the development process can fast.For 2008-2010 the totalhelp for development and help from society in simpangrimbang higher for 2007 total 1.4 bilion be 5.07 billion in 2010 years. There ratio with village which have progress for management village, is include leader management village. Keynote: leadermanagement, nita Village, SimpangRimba Village. 222 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement Endah Vestikowati1,Agus Nurulsyam2,Irfan Nursetiawan3 : Identification of Potential Object of Natural Tourism Based on Local Advance in Ciamis Regency ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 UNIT 1 INTRODUCING According to written history and oral tradition that evolved over time, the name 'Nita' is derived from the name of a large tree that grows in the midst of a village called Nita2 tree. Under the auspices of this tree in the old days when a shelter or a break even 'terminal between villages', including a market or place of buying and selling between villagers at that time. The name of the tree and the place is then passed down from time to time in the usual mention of E'i Nita, Lau Nita, Le Nita, Wali Nita, Wawa Nita or Reta Nita, to indicate where the origin and destination of travel or place of residents called 'Natar Nita'. This is the origin of naming Nita Village or Nita Village with Nita Tree as a symbol of the name and history of its mention. The Nita population at that time live in groups or called'Kloang' in a customary or tribal unit with a common house called 'lepo' and headed by a tribal chief4. From 'kloang' or 'tribe' an, 'Lepo' is what forms a unity called 'Natar' or Kampung under the leadership of the Village Head. From historical records and oral stories developed, recorded approximately 7 (seven) tribes or lepos who lived and developed in those days up to now such as; LepoGete (Queen / King), LepoKolit, LepoDegodona, LepoGeronpun, LepoLorat, Lepo Orin Bao and Lepo Tour Orin Gete. In the course of time along with the expansion of the Dutch East Indies to Indonesia and Flores in particular, then also formed a new model of government in each village with the mention of each. Among other 'Natar Nita' became the territory of Kapitan Nita (more or less the same as Kampung) with the first Head of Kampung or KapitanPhilipusMudaMeak da Silva and Raja Nita (the name of the Head of the Kampung alliance or called Kingdom) Don Juang da Silva. Subsequently by the Government of the Dutch East Indies, the Kingdom of Nita later affiliated with the Kingdom of Sikka and Nita himself became Hamente under the leadership of Captain Don Pederico da Silva. 223 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement Endah Vestikowati1,Agus Nurulsyam2,Irfan Nursetiawan3 : Identification of Potential Object of Natural Tourism Based on Local Advance in Ciamis Regency ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 1. Study of various sources of oral and written history of Nita Village. 2. Tree Nita is a tree with large and tall species, leafy and has fruit that can be consumed and used as a snack of the population at that time. Based on the story of hereditary, where Nita Tree is located at that time located in the area of Nita's shopping location now. 3. And to preserve the symbol of Nita Village, then on January 08, 2014, has planted a tree Nita in the yard of Nita Village Office through simple traditional ceremony as a sign of sustainable culture and symbolic description of Nita Village to be known and not forgotten by the current generation and who will come. 4. The term 'Tribe' is derived from the Portuguese word 'Suco' which means a unity of citizens or individuals living and living within a certain family or territory, led by a 'ChefeSuco' or tribal chiefs as wise elders who lead the existence of a tribe for generations and sustainably. At present Nita Village has established a Village Adat Institute with membership consisting of the representatives of each 'lepo' or the above mentioned tribes under the name of Customary Institute 'WatuPitu'. In 1958, Sikka District Government was formed and Hamente Nita became Nita District with the First Chief of PhilipusMudaMeak da Silva and who became Head of Nita Village at that time was HendrikusGlekoKolit. In 1967, the term Kampung changed to New Gaya Village and later became the village as it is today that is Nita Village. Nita Village Government is officially and legitimately as New Nita Gaya Village based on Governor's Instruction KDh Tkt. 224 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement Endah Vestikowati1,Agus Nurulsyam2,Irfan Nursetiawan3 : Identification of Potential Object of Natural Tourism Based on Local Advance in Ciamis Regency ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 I Nusa Tenggara Timur Number 1/2/1967 dated 04 December 1967. In 1999, the area of Nita village government was divided into 2 (two) villages namely Nita Village and Takaplager Village. History of Village Development The main characteristic of development in the village based on tradition and culture that developed from time to time is based on deliberations and principles of mutual cooperation. Gotong-royong as a pattern of life that upholds the principle of solidarity and fraternity, and deliberation as a model of participatory communiqué involving all community groups in the planning and implementation of development. In the community life of Nita Village in general until now, the habit of mutual cooperation and mutual consultation is maintained and maintained in various fields of life, especially in the process of policy making and planning and implementation of village development. Patterns of mutual cooperation and mutual consultation can be seen from: a) Habits of gotongroyong in garden work and cultivation of land, bhakti village activities, construction of citizens' houses or facilities UNIT 2 VILLAGE PROFIL SIMPANG RIMBA 1.1 Overview of SimpangRimba Village, SimpangRimba Village is one of the villages in SimpangRimbaSubdistrict, South Regency with 30,960 Km2 with administrative boundaries as follows: • Regency of Bangka Kota and Regency of Central Bangka in the north • South is adjacent to Warehouse Village • West by Permis Village • East borders with the village of PangkalBuluh and Malik Geographically SimpangRimba Village is a lowland land with a slightly wavy ground condition. In accordance with geographical conditions, SimpangRimba 225 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement Endah Vestikowati1,Agus Nurulsyam2,Irfan Nursetiawan3 : Identification of Potential Object of Natural Tourism Based on Local Advance in Ciamis Regency ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 village has tropical climate with 2 seasons: dry season between April to September and rainy season between October and March, while the average rainfall is 191.5 mm to 208.9 mm. Air temperature ranges from 23.2 C to 24.1 C with an average air humidity of 84.0% to 80%. 1.2 Typology and Level of Village Development Based on the specific conditions of the potential advantages of natural resources, human resources and institutional potential and the potential of infrastructure and facilities in determining the direction of development and community development based on the characteristics of comparative and competitive advantage, SimpangRimba Village has typology as a village (agricultural village / plantation village). It is characterized by the vast majority of its inhabitants having livelihoods as farmers or planters. The level of development of SimpangRimba village is the village (swadaya), this means that the village of SimpangRimba is a self-help village. Village Administration The village of SimpangRimba consists of: 1.Dusun: 4 Dusun 2. Rukun residents: 4 RW 3. Rukun neighbor: 13 RT The organizational structure of the Village Government consists of the Village Head and Village Devices, namely the Village Secretary, Field Technical Officer and Territorial Element. 1. Village Head: 1 person 2. Village Devices; 3. Village Secretary: 1 person 4. Field technical executor: 4 people 5. Territorial elements: 4 persons 226 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement Endah Vestikowati1,Agus Nurulsyam2,Irfan Nursetiawan3 : Identification of Potential Object of Natural Tourism Based on Local Advance in Ciamis Regency ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Structure organization goverment of SimpangRimba village Structre organization simpang rimba Village head Village secretary village staf Head government bisnis Head hamlet I Head people welfare bisnis Head development bisnis Head hamlet. II Head hamlet. III Head general bisnis Head hamlet. IV sourcr : SimpangRimba village 2015 Tabel 1.1 the table from staff simpang Rimba village : No. Nama Jabatan 1. Aswi Pj. Kepala Desa 2. Lisa Anggraini Plt. Sekretaris Desa 3. Yanto Kepala Urusan Pemerintahan 4. Nur Ikhwan Kepala Urusan Umum 5. Komang Darmika Kepala Urusan Pembanguan 6. Mansyur Amron Kepala Urusan Kesejahteraan Rakyat 7. Erninda Winarsih PHL Operator Desa 8. Zainal Kepala Dusun I 9. Triyono Kepala Dusun II 10. Ahmad Soleh Kepala Dusun III 227 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement Endah Vestikowati1,Agus Nurulsyam2,Irfan Nursetiawan3 : Identification of Potential Object of Natural Tourism Based on Local Advance in Ciamis Regency ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 No. 11. Nama Jabatan Amni Kepala Dusun IV Sumber : Buku Administrasi Desa Simpang Rimba, Tahun 2016 1.2 The Tabel organization BPD No. Nama Jabatan 1. PEPEN EFENDI Ketua 2. ABDUL ABAS Wakil Ketua 3. JAKA MULYA Sekretaris 4. BAHRUDI Anggota 5. CECEP A G Anggota 6. AHMAT TAUFIK Anggota 7. ROHMIATI Anggota Sumber : Buku Administrasi Desa Simpang Rimba, Tahun 2016 1.3. Mition and Vision Simpang Rimba Village Vision of Simpang Rimba Village that is: "The creation of a Simpang Rimba village community that is prosperous and prosperous with the improvement of infrastructure in a multidimensional field through a trustworthy, accountable government, with insight on the empowerment of village communities based on science and technology and IMTAQ". The Simpang Rimba Village Mission is a more operational description of the vision. The description of this vision is expected to follow and anticipate any future environmental change from efforts to achieve Simpang Rimba Village Vision. 228 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement Endah Vestikowati1,Agus Nurulsyam2,Irfan Nursetiawan3 : Identification of Potential Object of Natural Tourism Based on Local Advance in Ciamis Regency ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Taking into account the potential and obstacles both internal and external, then formulated the Simpang Rimba Village Mission: a. Improving facilities and infrastructure to accelerate the implementation of village development; b. Creating security and order conducive to spur business and investment climate. c. Improving the quality of human resources; d. Improving the quality and quantity of public services through the administration of clean and open village administrations; e. Improve the management of resources wisely and wisely through the empowerment of village communities oriented to mastery of science and technology. 229 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement Endah Vestikowati1,Agus Nurulsyam2,Irfan Nursetiawan3 : Identification of Potential Object of Natural Tourism Based on Local Advance in Ciamis Regency ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 CHAPTER II VILLAGE CONDITION 2.1 Simpang Rimba Village Condition Before Implementation of Village Funds Village funds begin to enter the village through the village government at the end of 2015. As for village conditions before the village funds, the source of village expenditure is practically relying only from the Village Fund Allocation (Dana Dana Desa) which utilizes for the fund to finance all fields, government, development field, field of coaching, and empowerment field. Thus, it is certain that there are very few activities in the village, especially in the areas of development and empowerment. Because the fund is still divided with other fields. Development carried out in the village was still minimal, it can be seen that the absence of facilities and infrastructure posyandu like buildings and equipment. Implementation of Posyandu activities is in three locations of activities. And the activity was still riding in the homes of local residents in each hamlet. The access road in the village of Simpang jungle where the condition of the village consists of transmigration residents and consists of 3 transmigration areas, it is certain that road conditions still need improvement either to increase the main road from access to each transmigration area, improvement of road quality for access area agriculture, and improving the quality of roads to develop spatial layout and spatial homes of citizens. So this is needed by the village. The water channels in each hamlet are still minimal. And the condition of hilly settlement land, and there are also residential areas close to the land with a lot of water content. Thus causing the road less durable because it is caused by the erosion of the rain water. And the road was easily damaged. 230 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement Endah Vestikowati1,Agus Nurulsyam2,Irfan Nursetiawan3 : Identification of Potential Object of Natural Tourism Based on Local Advance in Ciamis Regency ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 And because there is still a lack of water channels in the area then when entering the rainy season, the water can not be directed properly so that sometimes can go into the home page of the citizens or into the home residents. Means of sport is still minimal because of the many hamlets that exist in the village of jungle intersection. While the income from the village was still minimal, so pembanguna for facilities and sports facilities were still minimal. 231 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement Endah Vestikowati1,Agus Nurulsyam2,Irfan Nursetiawan3 : Identification of Potential Object of Natural Tourism Based on Local Advance in Ciamis Regency ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 CHAPTER III USE OF VILLAGE FUNDS 3.1. Village Funds Fiscal Year 2015 The existence of village funds that have been disbursed by the government at the end of the quarter of 2015 to all villages in Indonesia was not yet applicable to the village of Simpang Rimba. The village fund that should be fully enjoyed by the Simpang Rimba village government as well as the community until December 31, 2015 can not be disbursed due to administrative requirements and village planning documents as a condition of disbursement of Village Funds by Simpang Rimba village government at that time can not be fulfilled. In the year 2016, there had been a transition of leadership of the Village Head. Since at the beginning of 2016 the tenure of the village head of the previous period has been exhausted and replaced by Pj. Simpang Rimba Village Head, Aswi, was chosen through deliberation of BPD and local community leaders and then submitted to the Simpang Rimba Sub-district Head. So that the village government of Simpang Rimba is led by Pj. Head of Simpang Rimba Village, Aswi, from the beginning of 2016 until the inauguration of the selected village to be implemented in early 2018. And in 2016, village funds 2015 Fiscal Year is still given the opportunity to be redeemed to the village government Simpang Rimba. However, after coordinating and consulting with the local government, the disbursement of the Village Fund for Fiscal Year 2015 is not implemented. So that the realization of the distribution and the realization of the implementation of the Village Fund for Budget Year 2015 Simpang Rimba Village is Rp 0, -. 232 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement Endah Vestikowati1,Agus Nurulsyam2,Irfan Nursetiawan3 : Identification of Potential Object of Natural Tourism Based on Local Advance in Ciamis Regency ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 3.2. Village Funds Fiscal Year 2016 In 2016, Simpang Rimba Village, Simpang Rimba sub-district, South Bangka Regency, received a funding from the Village Fund for Budget Year 2016 of Rp647.009.624, -. Basic use of village funds for the Year 2016 namely: 1. Regulation of the Minister of Village, Development of Underdeveloped Regions, and Transmigration of the Republic of Indonesia Number 21 of 2015 concerning the Establishment of the Priority of Village Fund Usage Year 2016. 2. Regulation of the Minister of Village, Development of Underdeveloped Regions, and Transmigration of the Republic of Indonesia Number 8 Year 2016 on Amendment to Regulation of the Minister of Village, Development of Underdeveloped Regions, and Transmigration of the Republic of Indonesia Number 21 of 2015 on Determination of Priority of Village Fund Usage Year 2016. The Simpang Rimba Village village government funding plan for 2016 is directed to the field of Development and Empowerment. Here is a table of plans for the use of the Village Fund Year No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Tabel. 3.2.1 rencana Penggunaan DD Tahun Anggaran 2016 Rencana Bidang Kegiatan & Kegiatan Volume Biaya Bidang Pembangunan Pembangunan & Peningkatan Jalan di Dusun 3 Pembangunan Shiring / Drainase di Dusun 4 Pembangunan Shiring / Drainase di Dusun 2 Pembangunan Jembatan di Dusun I Bidang Pemberdayaan Kegiatan Pemberdayaan posyandu, up2k dan bkb Kegiatan pemberdayaan anak yatim dan masyarakat kurang mampu Kegiatan peningkatan kapasitas lembaga pendidikan di Desa Total Rencana Biaya 1555 Meter 316 Meter 275 Meter 1 paket Rp. 130.000.000,- 1 paket Rp. 53.800.000,- 1 paket Rp. 30.000.000,- 1 paket Rp. 16.200.000,- Rp. 130.000.000,Rp. 150.000.000,Rp. 137.009.624,- Rp. 647.009.625,- 233 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement Endah Vestikowati1,Agus Nurulsyam2,Irfan Nursetiawan3 : Identification of Potential Object of Natural Tourism Based on Local Advance in Ciamis Regency ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 CHAPTER IV DISCUSSION Stephen.P.Robbins argues that more and more organizations today are facing the dynamic, and changing environment, and which cause the necessity to change There are six kinds of forces that work as a stimulant for change that is: • The changing nature of the workforce • Technology • Economic surprises • Changing social trends • The "new" world politics • The changing nature of competition (briefly expressed: "change: making things different" A number of challenges to Change In the study of individual behavior and organizational behavior, there are symptoms that organizations and their members often have. Viewed from a certain angle, it is positive 234 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement Endah Vestikowati1,Agus Nurulsyam2,Irfan Nursetiawan3 : Identification of Potential Object of Natural Tourism Based on Local Advance in Ciamis Regency ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Bidang Pembangunan Pembangunan Sarana Prasarana Desa Nama Kegiatan Lokasi Volume : Pembangunan Peningkatan kualitas jalan : Dusun III Desa Simpang Rimba : 1555 meter Foto Kegiatan : 30% Foto Kegiatan : 100% 235 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement Endah Vestikowati1,Agus Nurulsyam2,Irfan Nursetiawan3 : Identification of Potential Object of Natural Tourism Based on Local Advance in Ciamis Regency ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Pembangunan Sarana Prasarana Desa Nama Kegiatan Lokasi Volume : Pembangunan Shiring / Drainase : Dusun IV Desa Simpang Rimba : 316 meter Foto Kegiatan : 100% Foto Kegiatan : 100% 236 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement Endah Vestikowati1,Agus Nurulsyam2,Irfan Nursetiawan3 : Identification of Potential Object of Natural Tourism Based on Local Advance in Ciamis Regency ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Pembangunan Sarana Prasarana Desa Nama Kegiatan Lokasi Volume : Pembangunan Shiring / Drainase : Dusun II Desa Simpang Rimba : 275 meter Foto Kegiatan : 100% Pembangunan Sarana Prasarana Desa 237 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement Endah Vestikowati1,Agus Nurulsyam2,Irfan Nursetiawan3 : Identification of Potential Object of Natural Tourism Based on Local Advance in Ciamis Regency ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Nama Kegiatan Lokasi Volume : Pembangunan Jembatan di Dusun I : Dusun I Desa Simpang Rimba : 1 Paket Foto Kegiatan : 0% Foto Kegiatan : 100% 238 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement Endah Vestikowati1,Agus Nurulsyam2,Irfan Nursetiawan3 : Identification of Potential Object of Natural Tourism Based on Local Advance in Ciamis Regency ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Bidang Pemberdayaan Nama Kegiatan Lokasi : Kegiatan Pemberdayaan posyandu, up2k dan bkb : Desa Simpang Rimba Foto Kegiatan : 100% Nama Kegiatan Lokasi : Kegiatan pemberdayaan masyarakat kurang mampu : Desa Simpang Rimba anak yatim dan Foto Kegiatan : 100% 239 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement Endah Vestikowati1,Agus Nurulsyam2,Irfan Nursetiawan3 : Identification of Potential Object of Natural Tourism Based on Local Advance in Ciamis Regency ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Nama Kegiatan Desa Lokasi : Kegiatan peningkatan kapasitas lembaga pendidikan di : Desa Simpang Rimba Foto Kegiatan : 100% Tabel 3.2.2 Realisasi Penggunaan Dana Desa Tahun 2016 No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Bidang Kegiatan & Nama Kegiatan Volume Bidang Pembangunan Pembangunan & Peningkatan Jalan di 1555 Meter Dusun 3 Pembangunan Shiring / Drainase di Dusun 316 Meter 4 Pembangunan Shiring / Drainase di Dusun 275 Meter 2 (5 x7) Pembangunan Jembatan di Dusun I Bidang Pemberdayaan Kegiatan Pemberdayaan posyandu, up2k Biaya 1 paket Rp. 130.000.000,Rp. 129.818.220,Rp. 149.926.509,Rp. 136.999.998,- 1 paket Rp. 41.200.000,240 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement Endah Vestikowati1,Agus Nurulsyam2,Irfan Nursetiawan3 : Identification of Potential Object of Natural Tourism Based on Local Advance in Ciamis Regency ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 6. 7. dan bkb Kegiatan pemberdayaan anak yatim dan masyarakat kurang mampu Kegiatan peningkatan kapasitas lembaga pendidikan di Desa Total Realisasi Total Penyaluran DD TA 2016 Silpa DD TA 2016 Total Persentase Realisasi DD TA 2016 per 31 Desember 2016 1 paket Rp. 30.000.000,- 1 paket Rp. 16.200.000,Rp. 634.144.727,Rp. 647.009.624,Rp 12.864.897,98,01% 3.3. Use of Village Funds in 2017 Development of Village Infrastructure Facility in 2017, Simpang Rimba Village, Simpang Rimba Sub-district, South Bangka Regency, received a funding from the Village Budget for Budget Year 2017 of Rp809,647,085, -. Basic use of village funds for the year 2017 namely: 1. Regulation of the Minister of Village, Development of Underdeveloped Regions, and Transmigration of the Republic of Indonesia Number 22 Year 2016 On Determination of Priority of Village Fund Usage Year 2017. 2. Regulation of the Minister of Village, Development of Underdeveloped Regions, and Transmigration of the Republic of Indonesia No. 4 of 2017 on Amendment to the Regulation of the Minister of Village, Development of Disadvantaged Regions and Transmigration of the Republic of Indonesia Number 22 Year 2016 Concerning the Establishment of Village Funds Priority in 2017. The Simpang Rimba Village village government funding plan for 2017 is still directed to the development and empowerment field. However, it is reinforced with the priority of using village funds through 4 priority uses of village funds: 1. 1 (one) Village 1 (one) Rural superior product, 2. Village Embung Development, 3. Formation of Bumdesa 4. Development of Village Sports Facilities Rencana penggunaan Dana Desa Tahun 2017. 241 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement Endah Vestikowati1,Agus Nurulsyam2,Irfan Nursetiawan3 : Identification of Potential Object of Natural Tourism Based on Local Advance in Ciamis Regency ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12 13. 14. Tabel. 3.3 rencana Penggunaan DD Tahun Anggaran 2017 Rencana Bidang Kegiatan & Kegiatan Volume Biaya Bidang Pembangunan Pembangunan Pagar Desa Dusun I Pembangunan Pagar Desa Dusun IV Pembangunan Drainase /shiring Dusun RT.01/02 Pembangunan Drainase /shiring Dusun RT.02/02 Pembangunan Drainase /shiring Dusun RT.02/03 Pembangunan Drainase /shiring Dusun RT.03/03 Pembangunan Jalan Usaha Tani RT.02 Pembangunan lapangan bola volly Dusun III Pengadaan sarana prasarana alat-alat olah raga Pembangunan & penyediaan Sarana prasarana Posyandu Bidang Pemberdayaan Pemberdayaan posyandu, UP2K dan BKB Kegiatan pendidikan PAUD peningkatan kapasitas lembaga TK /TPA penyertaan modal awal BUMDesa 255 meter 255 meter 102 Meter Rp. 116.809.624,Rp. 116.700.000,Rp. 56.250.000,- 102 Meter Rp. 56.250.000,- 102 Meter Rp. 56.250.000,- 102 Meter Rp. 56.250.000,- 100 meter 1 Paket 1 Paket Rp. 26.475.000,Rp. 31.525.000,Rp. 44.762.461,- 1 Paket (6x4) Rp. 79.675.000,- Total Rencana Biaya Rp.62.200.000,Rp7.800.000,Rp. 23.700.000,Rp.75.000.000,- Rp. 809.647.085,- Bidang Pembangunan Pembangunan Sarana Prasarana Desa Nama Kegiatan Lokasi Volume : Pembangunan Pagar Desa : Dusun I Desa Simpang Rimba : 255 meter Foto Kegiatan : 0% 242 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement Endah Vestikowati1,Agus Nurulsyam2,Irfan Nursetiawan3 : Identification of Potential Object of Natural Tourism Based on Local Advance in Ciamis Regency ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Pembangunan Sarana Prasarana Desa Nama Kegiatan Lokasi Volume : Pembangunan Pagar Desa : Dusun IV Desa Simpang Rimba : 255 meter Foto Kegiatan : 0% Foto Kegiatan : 100% 243 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement Endah Vestikowati1,Agus Nurulsyam2,Irfan Nursetiawan3 : Identification of Potential Object of Natural Tourism Based on Local Advance in Ciamis Regency ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Nama Kegiatan Lokasi Volume : Pembangunan Saluran Drainase /shiring : Dusun RT.01/02Desa Simpang Rimba : 102 meter Foto Kegiatan : 40% Foto Kegiatan : 100% 244 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement Endah Vestikowati1,Agus Nurulsyam2,Irfan Nursetiawan3 : Identification of Potential Object of Natural Tourism Based on Local Advance in Ciamis Regency ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Nama Kegiatan Lokasi Volume : Pembangunan Saluran Drainase /shiring : Dusun RT.02/02Desa Simpang Rimba : 102 meter Foto Kegiatan : 40% Foto Kegiatan : 100% 245 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement Endah Vestikowati1,Agus Nurulsyam2,Irfan Nursetiawan3 : Identification of Potential Object of Natural Tourism Based on Local Advance in Ciamis Regency ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Nama Kegiatan Lokasi Volume : Pembangunan Saluran Drainase /shiring : Dusun RT.02/03 Desa Simpang Rimba : 102 meter Foto Kegiatan : 40% Foto Kegiatan : 40% 246 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement Endah Vestikowati1,Agus Nurulsyam2,Irfan Nursetiawan3 : Identification of Potential Object of Natural Tourism Based on Local Advance in Ciamis Regency ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Nama Kegiatan Lokasi Volume : Pembangunan Saluran Drainase /shiring : Dusun RT.03/03 Desa Simpang Rimba : 102 meter Foto Kegiatan : 40% Foto Kegiatan : 100% 247 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement Endah Vestikowati1,Agus Nurulsyam2,Irfan Nursetiawan3 : Identification of Potential Object of Natural Tourism Based on Local Advance in Ciamis Regency ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Nama Kegiatan Lokasi Volume : Pembangunan Gedung Posyandu : Dusun I Desa Simpang Rimba : 4 x 6 meter Foto Kegiatan : 100% 248 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement Endah Vestikowati1,Agus Nurulsyam2,Irfan Nursetiawan3 : Identification of Potential Object of Natural Tourism Based on Local Advance in Ciamis Regency ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Kegiatan Pemberdayaan Nama Kegiatan : Kegiatan Pemberdayaan posyandu, UP2K dan BKB Lokasi : Desa Simpang Rimba 249 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement Endah Vestikowati1,Agus Nurulsyam2,Irfan Nursetiawan3 : Identification of Potential Object of Natural Tourism Based on Local Advance in Ciamis Regency ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Nama Kegiatan Lokasi : Kegiatan pemberdayaan bagi lansia : Desa Simpang Rimba Tabel. 3.4 Realisasi Penggunaan DD Tahun Anggaran 2017 No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Rencana Bidang Kegiatan & Kegiatan Bidang Pembangunan Pembangunan Pagar Desa Dusun I Pembangunan Pagar Desa Dusun IV Pembangunan Drainase /shiring Dusun RT.01/02 Pembangunan Drainase /shiring Dusun RT.02/02 Pembangunan Drainase /shiring Dusun RT.02/03 Pembangunan Drainase /shiring Dusun RT.03/03 Pembangunan Jalan Usaha Tani RT.02 Pembangunan lapangan bola volly Dusun III Pengadaan sarana prasarana alat-alat olah raga Volume Biaya 255 meter 255 meter 102 Meter Rp. 101.500.000,Rp. 101.177.000,Rp. 46.250.000,- 102 Meter Rp. 46.250.000,- 102 Meter Rp. 46.250.000,- 102 Meter Rp. 46.250.000,- 100 meter 1 Paket 1 Paket Rp. 0,Rp. 0,Rp. 0,- 250 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement Endah Vestikowati1,Agus Nurulsyam2,Irfan Nursetiawan3 : Identification of Potential Object of Natural Tourism Based on Local Advance in Ciamis Regency ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 10. 11. 12 13. 14. Pembangunan & penyediaan Sarana prasarana Posyandu Bidang Pemberdayaan Pemberdayaan posyandu, UP2K dan BKB Kegiatan pendidikan PAUD Peningkatan kapasitas lembaga TK /TPA Penyertaan modal awal BUMDesa 1 Paket (6x4) Rp. 55.775.000,- Rp.30.200.000,Rp 2.000.000,Rp. 9.900.000,Rp.0,- Total Realisasi Tahap I DD TA 2017 Rp. 485.552.000,- Pagu Dana Desa TA 2017 Total Transfer Dana Tahap I (60%) Rp.809.647.085,Rp.485.788.251,- Total % realisasi Dana Desa Tahap I TA 2017 per September 2017 99,95% 251 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement Endah Vestikowati1,Agus Nurulsyam2,Irfan Nursetiawan3 : Identification of Potential Object of Natural Tourism Based on Local Advance in Ciamis Regency ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 CHAPTER V CONCLUSION ANS SUGGESTION 4.1 Conclusions The conclusion of the use of village funds from Fiscal Year 2015 - Fiscal Year 2017 at Simpang Rimba namely: 1. The existence of village funds for Simpang Rimba village government has a very big and positive impact both on development and empowerment field especially when compared to before the existence of village fund. 2. Village funds for Fiscal Year 2015 are not realized. 3. The use of Village Funds for Fiscal Year 2016 is realized at 98.01%. 4. The use of Rural Funds for the fiscal year 2017 of Phase I to the report as of September 2017 has reached 99.95% of phase I. 5. The use of FY 2016 Village Fund, directed at drainage / Shiring, Bridge construction, road quality improvement. And the field of empowerment for the needs of local communities. 6. The use of the FY 2017 Village Fund is more in the direction of infrastructure development based on the needs of local communities, drainage development, and construction of Posyandu buildings (to support public health facilities and infrastructure) and empowerment areas for the needs of local communities. 4.2 Suggestions 1. Coordination and facilitation and facilitation for the village still need to be done & synergize from planning, implementation, and evaluation of activity. 2. The village government should still coordinate with the village counselors and related SKPD so that the use of village funds is particularly in line with the priority direction of the use of village funds and other regulations on which the village funds are used. 252 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement Endah Vestikowati1,Agus Nurulsyam2,Irfan Nursetiawan3 : Identification of Potential Object of Natural Tourism Based on Local Advance in Ciamis Regency ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Village Head Role in E-Village Budgeting in Banyuwangi District 1 2 Irma Fitriana Ulfah Dr. Alifiulahtin Utaminingsih, M.Si, Leni Tiara Sandy Universitas Brawijaya Malang irmafittt@gmail.com, alifmaskan@gmail.com, lenitiara@gmail.com Abstrack Village law of 2014 giving new changes related to village finance. It is a consequence of financial help from APBN or village finance. Each district and village competing to manage village finance in order to achieve transparent and accountable village finance. Banyuwangi district is a district that providesa new breakthrough in village finance management trough e-village budgeting (e-VB). The setting of this e-VB is regulated in regent regulation no 15 2015 about Village Finance Management Regulation. Previously, e-VB already launched on 7 December 2014 by Minister of Village, Underdeveloped Region and Transmigration, Marwan Ja’far in the tomb of heroes Wisma Raga Satria Banyuwangi. E-VB is a system of village finance management that includes planning, act, arrangement, report and responsibility of village finance. E-VB system integrates between village and DPMD website and Bappeda Banyuwangi. That is whythe role of village head becomes very important in the e-VB implementation. Village head responsible for the orderly of village finance management as the requirement of budget disbursement. in 2015, all the village in Banyuwangi district already does the planning and finance arrangement through e-VB. In 2016, the whole 189 villages already reach the reporting phase through the e-VB system. While in 2017, Banyuwangi District trying to integrate e-VB with a new another governmental system. Keyword: village head role, village finance, e-VB A. Preliminary One of the biggest challenges in the Jokowi era is the village finance management that transparent and accountable. It is simply because there is a new change related to village finance. The village law 2014 mandated a specific budget that coming from APBN for a village or well known as village finance. Each village achieves fund 253 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement Endah Vestikowati1,Agus Nurulsyam2,Irfan Nursetiawan3 : Identification of Potential Object of Natural Tourism Based on Local Advance in Ciamis Regency ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 around 1 billion annually. The village fund itself will be transferred through District Income and Purchasing Budget that is used to fund the village management, developmental implementation, society coaching and social empowerment (District Law No 14 Tahun 2015 article 1 about village fund). Village fund becomes new fund source in village income besides PADes, ADD, profit sharing and other village fund source. The amount of village fund that bigger than other fund source provide consequences to village government. Several possible consequences are the demand of preparation and commitment of village government to be able to manage village fund according to the budget logic. Based on that, it is needed some comprehensive effort to facilitate and direct village government to be capable of doing the activity program in more prepared, transparent and accountable. Banyuwangi governmental district through Society and Village EmpowermentAgency creates an innovation that named with Electronic Village Budgeting (e-VB), as one effort to facilitate village government in more effective, transparent and accountable village fund. E-VB is an application system of village fund governmental management. It has several functions including planning, administration until reporting of village fund. Initiative to creates e-VB comes up first time in 2014 that involve cooperation between Banyuwangi Governmental District especially society and village empowerment agency, planning and area developmental agency, communication and technological information agency, and village government in the whole Banyuwangi district. Implementation of e-VB is regulated in regent regulation no 15, 2015 about village finance management. The regent regulation is referred to the village law no 6, 2014. Oneof the points explained about village finance, especially about the village head authority toward village finance management. Village head is the highest authority power holder in the village finance managerial ( article 75 of village law). It means that village head has a vital role in the success or failure of budgeting distribution. Based on that, village head is demanded to understand the distribution mechanism up to the responsibility of village finance to avoid any budget abuse. 254 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement Endah Vestikowati1,Agus Nurulsyam2,Irfan Nursetiawan3 : Identification of Potential Object of Natural Tourism Based on Local Advance in Ciamis Regency ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 e-VB application in Banyuwangi is not automatically getting support from the whole stakeholder, there is a pro and contra before this system is legally applied. At the beginning of 2014, Banyuwangi district governmental district intends to apply e-VB system is not directly accepted by village government. A lot of village head refuse the new system since they think that manual administration system is easier to understand rather than the new technology. However, the whole of village head finally agrees to accept after getting socialization by the district government. The e-VB system is finally launched in the late of 2014 by Banyuwnagi governmental district. Since that, village head along with secretary and treasurer actively apply e-VB system. One of Banyuwangi governmental district authority effort to support village government enthusiasm is by increasing the support intensity and training of e-VB per month. B. Literature Revies  Village Finance Management According to domestic minister rule no 113, 2014 article 1, explained that village finance management is a whole kindof activity that including planning, implementation, administration, reporting and village head responsibility. The whole kind of activity will be managed in 1 year of budgeting plan, starting from 1 January up to 31 December. Later on, village finance needs to be based on the village finance management principle. The principle itself will be consist of transparency, accountability, participation,and discipline (as stated in regent rule article 2 no 15, 2015). If the village finance principle is not applied then village head will the one who responsible for this. Village head is the main actor that holds the main power of village finance management. As mentioned in Minister of Home Affair regulation no 113, article 2 paragraph 1, 2014, village head has authority: a. Set the policy about village income and expenditure budget b. Set the technical implementation of village finance management c. Set the staff that in charge of taking the village finance d. Agreeing on expense for activity that set in the village income and expenditure budget planning, and 255 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement Endah Vestikowati1,Agus Nurulsyam2,Irfan Nursetiawan3 : Identification of Potential Object of Natural Tourism Based on Local Advance in Ciamis Regency ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 e. Doing the action that resulting expense for village income and expenditure budget Village head is not working alone dealing with village finance management but helped by the technical implementation of village fund management or so-called PTPKD. PTPKD here means village staff that helping village head to do village financial management. As stated in Minister of Home Affair no 113, article 4 paragraph 1, 2014, PTPKD consist of the secretary, section chief, and treasurer. 1) Village Secretary Village secretary as technical implementation coordinator of village financial management (minister of home affair regulation no 113, article 5, paragraph 1, 2014), have authority: a. Arrange and apply the policy of village income and expenditure budget planning; b. Arrange village rule about income and expenditure, changing of it and also the responsibility of the implementation of it; c. Controlling the activity implementation the set in the income and expenditure planning; d. Arrange report and accountability of village income and expenditure budget implementation, and e. verified the proof of village income and expenditure budget. 2) Section Chief Section Chief act as the activity implementation as their field (Minister of Home Affair no 113, article 5, 2014), has a role: a. Set the planning of activity that becomes their responsibility; b. Doing the activity with or along with village community institution that is already set in the village income and expenditure budget planning; c. Doing the expense action that resulting activity of expenditure; d. Controlling the activity implementation; e. Reporting activities development to the village head; and f. Preparing the budgeting document for expenditure activity 256 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement Endah Vestikowati1,Agus Nurulsyam2,Irfan Nursetiawan3 : Identification of Potential Object of Natural Tourism Based on Local Advance in Ciamis Regency ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 3) Treasurer The treasurer is the element of village governmental staff that competent in the field of finance administration or management of village finance (Minister of Home Affair no 113, article 1, 2014), having a role: a. Accepting, keeping, paying, administrating, manage, responsible the village financial budget and expenditure budget in order to implement village income and expenditurebudget plan; b. Take a note or record every income and expense, doing the end of the administration in exact planned time; and c. Deposit the wholediscount and tax income that has been taken into the country income account as stated in the law. C. Method This research is a qualitative research. The aim of qualitative research is to understand the sign that does not need any quantification or cannot be measured in a quantitative way (Hill in Widarsono, 2005:11).The research approach is case study approach. Case study research can be referred to as research method or strategy toward certain research in a certain case (Yin, 2003:1). In this research, case specification that chosen by the researcher is focused on ‘Village Head Role in E-Village Budgeting in Banyuwangi District’. The research subject is taken by purposive sampling technique that doing some examination from information in a chosen key group to be examined further (Nasution, 2003:53). It means that researcher taking a key sample that having a lot of information that suitable for the research discussion.Respondentis the one that becomes the target or directly connected with the research theme or so-called village head of Banyuwangi District. Research data is taken by interview, observation and documentation process.. researcher using depth interview, it is a kind of interview that doing deeper with interview guidancetowardinformation that is already determined before (Moleong, 2014 \: 186). Observation is done by doing field visit, for example, the time when doing the interview. Documentation is taking by collecting any written stuff or unwritten documents such as recording and photo. 257 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement Endah Vestikowati1,Agus Nurulsyam2,Irfan Nursetiawan3 : Identification of Potential Object of Natural Tourism Based on Local Advance in Ciamis Regency ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 D. Discussion Banyuwangi is the widest district in east java. It is even can be categorized as the biggest in Java island.The width of Banyuwangi district is around 5.782,50 km2, that consist of wood area around 183.396,34 ha or about 31,72%, village area around 66,152 ha or 11,44%, plantation width around 82.143,63 ha or 14,21%, housing area about127.454,22 ha or other(RPJMDBanyuwangi 22,04%, the rest District 2010-2015). is used as road, Administratively, field and Banyuwangi districtconsists of 24 kecamatan, 28 kelurahanand 189 of the village. North area of Banyuwangi district is close to Situbondo district, while the east side is Bali Strait. The southern side is limiting by Indonesian Ocean while the west side is Jember and Bondowoso district. In geographic, Banyuwangi district in Java island is the furthest from Jakarta as the main city. However, the internet connection of Banyuwangi district cannot be called to be defeated by other big cities. It is simply because Banyuwangi is chosen by PT. TELKOM as the first city to implement the digital society system. Digital Society (disco) is a new program by Telkom to open up the access to telecommunication for society. PT Telkom choose Banyuwangi as a national role model since this district has rapid economic growth level. According to the statistical data, the economic growth of Banyuwangi district achieves7,8 % point in 2012 (Data of Statistical Agency of Banyuwangi District in 2012). Banyuwangi district has reached 11 ranks from 50 lists of richest district or city in Indonesia 2012 that released by Warta Ekonomi 12edition in 2012.Besides that, this district is in the third rank of investigation place destination.Officially, Telkom cooperates together with Banyuwangi district governance to launch Banyuwangi Digital Society (B-Diso) program in 2013. The existence of B-Diso program provides an effecton the increase of internet connection facility in Banyuwangi. The effortthant continuoususuallytaken by Banyuwangi governance to create a society that familiar with the internet is supported by the increase of the expenditure budget for tools and facility. Until now on, the expenditure budget to support this program is around ten billion per year including the expense to set connection and other. Bandwith expense itself is already achieved1,5billion and 200 Mbpscan reach up to the village area. In 2014, 258 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement Endah Vestikowati1,Agus Nurulsyam2,Irfan Nursetiawan3 : Identification of Potential Object of Natural Tourism Based on Local Advance in Ciamis Regency ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Banyuwangindistrict governance targeted to set more than 1000 Wifispot to be installed in public area. In the first trimester in 2015, Banyuwangi already builds 1500 WiFi spot that spread around praying facility and green open area (gis.banyuwangi.kab.go.id). Until now on, the WiFi spot keeps increasing until reached village area. That is why Banyuwangi district governanceuses it to increase public service quality and administrative activity with e-government basis. One of online application facility is using WiFiconnection from Banyuwangi district called e-VB. WiFi availability until the village area in the whole Banyuwangi district area makes the society gets easier to access information and participate in order to increase transparency and accountability of village governance. Village Problem Since village can obtain a big amount of fund per year, it resulting some problem in several village governances in Indonesia. The problem also exists in Banyuwangi district. In general, the issue will be divided into two, the human resource as financial administrator and technical problem related to village finance administration process. Banyuwangi district itself has 189 villages that spread in an area with a width of 5.782,50 km2. In the other side, Banyuwangi governance staff that is in charge to accompany and guide the process of village finance management only around 35 people from DPMD. It is absolutely irrelevant amount since there is abundant village number spread across Banyuwangi district. The limited human resource from DPMD resulting minimum guidance and control toward village finance. Automatically, it will result in the lateness of fund and improper budgeting allocation. Besides a minimum guidance and companion, village governance capacity in Banyuwangi district is also less capable to plan and understand the village rule. Village governance understanding toward village rule is a must, especially for village secretary that having an authority to arrange village rule. Village rule itself is guidance for village governance in realizing the planning of village income and expenditure budget. Village rule that has been legitimated by village head will be processed in the next stage of village finance level. That is why, before getting legitimate, village governance need to examine again whether it already suits with the priority of village development. Another related problem regarding a human resource of village governance is the less optimal of systematic planning of village development. Village governance should be 259 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement Endah Vestikowati1,Agus Nurulsyam2,Irfan Nursetiawan3 : Identification of Potential Object of Natural Tourism Based on Local Advance in Ciamis Regency ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 able to catch aspiration and real need of its society. In fact, most of the villagegovernance is only work to fulfill their responsibility as village staff. The quality and capability of village governance still in minimum level. It is simply because their job is only limited in administrative role and not an innovative one. Village governance staff tend to create village income and expenditure budget that consist of routine expense and only provide minimum priority to develop infrastructure and activity that focused on society empowerment. Village society idea that useful for developmental success cannot beaccommodated in a planning and budgeting by village staff. Amount of fund that received by village needs to be balanced with the increasing of transparency and accountability of village finance management. However, the problem gets arise when the reporting system of village governance is still not accurate enough. It is simply because the planning, administration, andfinancial reporting process in Banyuwangi village still work on the manual system. It makes it difficult to provide an accountable village financial report because of a lot of factors that resulting report arrangement failure. Village finance report should be made in a high accuracy level as a prove of village governance responsibility for the use of the budget in one of the period. The technical mistake of the procedural issue is easy to happen in the arrangement of APBDes, RPJMDes, RKPDes up to the village finance responsibility report. The common technical problem that usually appears in village governance in Banyuwangi issimilar financial report arrangement between village governance with the minister of finance, the basic unit price of goods and service between one village and other, the presence of unbalance of more or less usage of budget usage. Not only that, another kind of problem is about the lateness of financial report, incomplete prove of purchasing a note for responsibility letter, and unstandardized village income and expenditure budget. From the whole technical problem of village financial administration and management that explained above, there will be a low possibility to provide a valid data. Automatically, it will affect into a less optimal and full of manipulationpolicymaking. Electronic Village Budgetingor e-VB is a kind of application system of planning, administrating, and village financial report based on the website, it is integrated into a district area. This program is functioned to increase transparency of budgeting and developmental monitoring in the rural village area in the whole Banyuwangi district. 260 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement Endah Vestikowati1,Agus Nurulsyam2,Irfan Nursetiawan3 : Identification of Potential Object of Natural Tourism Based on Local Advance in Ciamis Regency ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 This system is created by communication and information agency in application and information technology management which is started in 2014. During preparation and implementation process of e-VB, DPMD of Banyuwangi district cannot be separated from other SKPD such as transportation agency, communication and information agency, inspectorate, bappeda, governance agency, Kecamatan, village head and village staff in the whole Banyuwangi village. E-VB adopted the online application model arrangement in district area which is called district finance system or well known as an information system of management planning. Administration and reporting. e-VB model image using the platform of SIKD / SIMRAL, makes village governance staff get easier to operate village finance administration in a faster way. Besides that, e-VB with its open source and open platform basis have some advantages since it can be developed according to the need of Banyuwangi governance. the e-VB system is directly connected to DPMPD office and Banyuwangi Bappeda. DPMD is in charge to control and guide the village finance administration to get faster, exact and effective. Bappeda keeps its role as a facilitator of village financial planning development. The E-VB operational zone only exists in the administrative area of Banyuwangi district, if it is accessed outside Banyuwangi area then it will need to apply the connection or its VPN in transportation agency where the user is located. In its implementation process, it is not easy to put an innovation of technology that used to do manual way then change it into an internet system. That is why several stagesneed to be done in order to make it suitable enough with the need of e-VB implementation. The needed preparation is the readiness human resource of village staff to change the old way into a new way. Besides that, it also needs the application readiness to support e-VB implementation. Some effort that needed to be done to support human resource readiness will begin with socialization process, training for village governance about planning, administration, and village finance report by using e-VB application. While preparation of application starts with the making of application will be paid through special funding payment by Banyuwangi district APBD in 2014, around 40.000.000. in the other side, it needs to pay attention to a laptop, computer, electrical connection, and internet as supporting tools of this innovative program. 261 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement Endah Vestikowati1,Agus Nurulsyam2,Irfan Nursetiawan3 : Identification of Potential Object of Natural Tourism Based on Local Advance in Ciamis Regency ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 An e-VBapplication that has open sourcesystem is opening the possibility to be replicate or imitate by another district. However, since e-VB is already patented becomes belonging to Banyuwangi district governance then anyone who willing to apply this system in another area will need to make MoUbetween district head. There are already a lot of district governance that comes to Banyuwangi to learn or sharing knowledge about financial management through e-VB, those governance region are Situbondo, Madiun, Pacitan, Trenggalek, Bangkalan, Ponorogo, Lamongan (east java), Pati (central of java), Cirebon, Pangadaran, Bappemas, Bappeda of west java province, STPDN Padang lecturer and many more (e-VB application mechanism document, 2016: 6).  Village Finance In 2015, village fund that sourced from APBN of 2015 budget year around Rp. 59.888.614.000,- (fifty-nine billion eight hundred eighty-eight million six hundred fourteen thousand rupiahs) for around 189 villages in the whole banyuwangi district (banyuwangi village governance data DPMPD, 2015). Village fund that achieved by the village in the whole area of banyuwangi district drastically increased in 2016, around Rp. 134.467.216.000,- or 124,53 % (banyuwangi village governance data DPMPD, 2016). Bigger village fund that achieved by the whole village in banyuwangi district showing the increase of budget usage in the village. Automatically, this increased level needs more accompany and guidance connected with the planning consultation up to the funding expenditure to get the maximum result. Increased rate of village fund in 2016 get along with the rise of real district income of Banyuangi district. The increasing level is around Rp 462 Milyar in the first trimester of 2016. That amount is increased about 18,45 % from the total of total district income in 2016 around Rp. 2,5Trilyun.Realization of those income coming from various fund sources such as district tax, retribution, district wealth management and other legal PAD. Balance from central governance is also included. More fund that accepted by Banyuwangi district governance means the rise of ADD that allocated to the village in the area of the district. Usage optimization is urgently needed along with budgeting distribution including the whole fund that sends into village income and expenditure budget arrangement. Village finance management started from planning, administration up to 262 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement Endah Vestikowati1,Agus Nurulsyam2,Irfan Nursetiawan3 : Identification of Potential Object of Natural Tourism Based on Local Advance in Ciamis Regency ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 reporting and responsibility become the important part that should be done. Moreover, it also needs to be supported with transparency and accountability from budgeting management to avoid any improper usage.  Village Head Role Village governance is a vital actor in the e-VB implementation. It will act as the village finance online system implementer. The village finance that previously used manual system start to change into a technological system. It makes village government especially village head is demanded to be able to adapt and learn new thing in the village finance management system. Based on that, in December 2014, Banyuwangi district governance ask whole village head, treasurer and village secretary to train in operating the e-VB system for the first time in DPMD hall. This activity is one effort to increase the human resource capability of village staff through conventional training. District governance along with whole village head of Banyuwangi district agreed to cooperate together in held e-VB training and companion for village staff especially treasurer staff. Just like at the beginning of 2015, where the village financial process still in planning stage. Training that held in intense period is a kind of companion dealing with data entry ofR-APBDes, from DPMD and communication and information agency. In this stage, the whole 189 villagesare already finished the R-APBD Des and APBD Des arrangement of 2015 period through e-VB. Next, in the middle of 2015, the process reaches the administration process where most of this stage is the responsibility of village treasurer. However, village head still holds an active role to monitor the treasurer performance. It is simply because village head needs to agree on the payment request and dispositioned it to treasurer staff to do payment for the expenditure of the fund, both for development or empowerment activity. Village staff ability percentage reach around 25,92%or about 49 village that has capable of accomplished data entry process starts from the middle up to the end of 2015. The decreasing of village ability percentage in processing village finance in the administration stage is the problem for village head, DPMD or related SKPD. It is simply because e-VB is a new budgeting system for the village so there will be may village staff that feels difficult to apply it. As an effort to overcome the problem, DPMD getting more enthusiast to do training and guidance program especially for the village that is not being 263 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement Endah Vestikowati1,Agus Nurulsyam2,Irfan Nursetiawan3 : Identification of Potential Object of Natural Tourism Based on Local Advance in Ciamis Regency ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 able to finish up to the administration process. Not only that, DPMD is also coming up with the idea of “DD/ ADD clinic“ to help a village in doing faster ADD and DD fund gaining according to the applied legal law. The service that provided by DPMD in ‘DD/ ADD clinic’, such as consultation, faster process, facilitate, monitoring, reporting, and assistance. DD/ADD clinic is commonly named as ‘ e-VB clinic’, it is because the whole ADD/DD fund gaining process worked with the e-VB system. This clinic is located in the areaof DPMD Banyuwangi district office.Serve schedule of ‘DD/ADD clinic’ in 2015 is every day with working hours as follow: - Working hour: starting from 07.00 – 21.00 WIB; - Day off: starting from 10.00 – 13.00 WIB. DPMD hard working in servicing village governance consultation including data entry of e-VB up to reporting print out is success enough. The presence of DD/ADD clinic is proven to be able to increase the significance of funding expense for the fund that sourced from village fund or ADD. Based on e-VB clinic evaluation result, here is the percentage of funding the expense of DD/ADD during 2015: 1. Disbursement of ADD fund in 2015 is around 100%; 2. Disbursement of DD fund in 2015: 99%. The success of disbursement of the fund in 2015, makes village head become more motivated to increase the village staff performance in managing village finance through e-VB in the next year. One of village head strategy and DPMD is by implementing refresh e-VB activity. refresh e-VB activity is held in turn in the village and monitoring how far the village staff development with e-VB. It means that not an only human resource that needs some refresh, e-VB as application system also needs to be developed and renewing related to the needs. DPMD along with communication and information agency create ‘technical control team’ to renewing the e-VB application system. This working team is already legalized with the letterBanyuwangi DPMD district head no: 188/27/424.021/2016 on 2 April 2016 about the creating of shaping a technical controlling team of e-VB renewing application system. Based on that regulation, the main job description of the team are as follow: 264 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement Endah Vestikowati1,Agus Nurulsyam2,Irfan Nursetiawan3 : Identification of Potential Object of Natural Tourism Based on Local Advance in Ciamis Regency ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 a. preparing material that needed to renewing the application system; b. preparing the usage of e-Village Budgetingapplication system renewing; c. helping DPMD job in order to create a great village financial administration through renewing of the e-VillageBudgetingapplication system. E-Vbhas several benefits for village head such asfirst of all,helping to create an easier making of village financial document. The presence of an e-VBsystem for village finance, providing many easiness for village governance especially village head and treasurer. The report that should be worked for a month now can be done in faster period. It is simply because the village financial document that created not need to be made manually but automatically from the e-VB system. Financial document as output that produced from e-VB can be downloaded if the planning of data entry and administration of village financial management is already done. Financial document is as followRKPDes,RAPBDes, APBDes, BKU, tax book, R- PAPBDes, P- APBDes,realization report of the first semester, realization report of the end of the year. second, producing more accountable village financial report to avoid corruption. Financial management becomes more transparent and accountable through the e-VB system. Third,increasing society trust toward village financial management. Society becomes more critical toward the increasing of a fund that entering the village. E-VB is also making possible for society to supervise the village financial budget. E. Conclusion and Recommendation Electronic Village Budgetingor e-VB is a kind of application system that includes planning, administration, and reporting of village financial report based on a website that integrated into one district. This program is functioned to increase transparency of budgeting and monitoring of the village development in the whole banyuwangi district. It is simply because e-VB is an internet-based application. That is why it is needed stakeholder supervision to monitor the data input that is done by village staff. Through this supervision, the development level and budgetabsorption level can be easily known whetherit is a physical and nonphysical fund usage. In this case, village head has an active role in cooperating with DPMD, communication and information agency and bappeda to provide training and assistance for the village that still has a problem in 265 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement Endah Vestikowati1,Agus Nurulsyam2,Irfan Nursetiawan3 : Identification of Potential Object of Natural Tourism Based on Local Advance in Ciamis Regency ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 funding disbursement. DPMD also has the initiative to provide “DD/ ADD clinic“ to help a village in funding disbursement process to gain ADD and DD as stated in the applied legal law. F. Daftar Pustaka Nasution. 2003. Metode Research (PenelitianIlmiah), Jakarta: BumiAksara. Moelong, Lexy J. 2014. Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif, Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya. Wisadirana,Darsono. 2005. Metode Penelitian dan Pedoman Penulisan Skripsi Untuk Ilmu Sosial. Malang: UMM Press. Yin, Robert K.2003.Studi Kasus: Desain dan Metode, Jakarta: PT. Raja Grafindo Persada. Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 113 Tahun 2014 Tentang Pengelolaan Keuangan Desa. Peraturan Bupati Banyuwangi Nomor 15 Tahun 2015 Tentang Pedoman Pengelolaan Keuangan Desa Di Banyuwangi. RPJMD Kabupaten Banyuwangi 2010-2015 –Bab II. 266 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement Endah Vestikowati1,Agus Nurulsyam2,Irfan Nursetiawan3 : Identification of Potential Object of Natural Tourism Based on Local Advance in Ciamis Regency ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 THE PATTERN OF GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP IN COASTAL RECLAMATION POLICY AT MAKASSAR CITY 1 1 Andi Samsu Alam 2 Afni Sarifudin Hasanuddin University ; alamandi@rocketmail.com 2 Hasanuddin University; afni.amiruddin@gmail Abstract This research aimed to determine and describes the implementation of partnership of South Sulawesi Provincial Government with PT. Yasmin BumiAsrias developer in the implementation of coastal reclamation in Makassar City, as well as factors that influence it. To achieve these objectives, the researcher used qualitative research methods by elaborating data descriptively. Data collection technique is done by observation, interview, and document and archive by using qualitative-descriptive analysis technique. The results of research indicate: Firstly, in achieving the utilization of provincial strategic space (KSP) by the government of South Sulawesi that aims to create a public space which is called Center Point of Indonesia (CPI) area located in coastal area of Makassar city. By utilizing the existing space on the coast, the government of South Sulawesi conducts coastal reclamation activities. The government of South Sulawesi has involved a second party in the implementation process located at Center Point of Indonesia (CPI). The involvement of second party is PT. YasmnBumiAsri as developer. The establishment of partnership pattern in the government of South Sulawesi with PT. Yasmin BumiAsri is the reclamation in Center Point of Indonesia (CPI). PT. Yasmin BumiAsri will work all reclamation process around 157.23 Hectares. The development of Center Point of Indonesia(CPI) is based on the national spatial plan based on Government Regulation No. 26 of 2008. One of them is Mamminasata (Makassar, Maros, Sungguminsa, and Takalar). In its division, the governmentland will utilize the results of reclamation about 50.6 Ha and for developer will use about 106.7 Ha, it is in accordance with the stipulation of Master Plan which has been agreed by the Government of South Sulawesi and PT. Yasmin BumiAsri. The reclaimed land will be utilized by the construction of public facilities such as mosques, green-open areas, State homes, government offices, museums and integrated-modern areas includes residential and commercial areas (shopping centers, hotels, apartments and offices) that aimed to create South Sulawesi Province as a public area and improve economic and social quality in Makassar. Secondly, factors affecting the partnership between the governments of South 267 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement Endah Vestikowati1,Agus Nurulsyam2,Irfan Nursetiawan3 : Identification of Potential Object of Natural Tourism Based on Local Advance in Ciamis Regency ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Sulawesi Provincial with PT. Yasmin BumiAsrias developer include supporting and inhibiting factors. Supporting factors are capital and equipment aid, government policy. While, inhibiting factors are land acquisition and no licensing of reclamation by the central government. Keywords: Partnership pattern, government, private, coastal reclamation policy INTRODUCTION The birth of a reclamation policy aims to increase land coverage for an appropriate activity in the area. For example, the utilization of reclamation land for industrial use, container terminal, tourism and residential area. In addition, this reclamation activity can also be utilized for the conservation of coastal areas. Coastal reclamation activities have long developed in several countries around the world. It because the need for land to meet the needs of the community and to increase the development of a country increasingly minimal. Countries that have developed largescale coastal reclamation activities include: Japan, Korea, China, Dubai, Singapore, and several other countries in the world. These countries develop reclamation activities and maximization for business activities and national development so as to increase State revenues which are then channeled to the welfare of the people but still paying good attention to the condition of environment. Reclamation is a subsystem of coastal system whereas in positive-law in Indonesia the regulation on reclamation can be seen in Act No. 27 of 2007 on the Management of Coastal Zone and Small Islands article 1 point 23 provides the definition that reclamation is an activity undertaken by persons in order to increase the benefits of land resources in terms of environmental and socioeconomic conditions by means of landfilling and drainage. In article 34 explains that it can only be implemented if the social and economic benefits are greater than social and economic costs. However, the implementation of reclamation is also required to maintain and observe such matters as: (a) the sustainability of life and livelihoods of the people, (b) a balance between the utilization and coastal environment conservation, as well as the technical requirements for taking, dredging and stockpiling.141 Makassar is a capital of South Sulawesi Province. It is a largest city in the eastern part of Indonesia and second largest metropolitan area outside of Java, after Medan. It has also been the capital of the State of East Indonesia. Currently, Makassar is in the giant construction of a coastal reclamation area or more familiar with Center Point of Indonesia (CPI). This area is located on the west side of Makassar city. In this area, there are various facilities; i.e business centers, tourism, education, and residential. The object of building in the area is already planned in a Master Plan. In the future, Center Point of Indonesia (CPI) will represent Makassar city nationally and internationally. 141 Act No. 27 of 2007 on the Coastal Management of Small Islands Article 1 point 23. 268 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement Endah Vestikowati1,Agus Nurulsyam2,Irfan Nursetiawan3 : Identification of Potential Object of Natural Tourism Based on Local Advance in Ciamis Regency ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 In the process of development planning, an aspect of transparency should be built based on the freedom to participate in formulating development policies at the local level. Informal institutions and organizations can be given space in determining the direction of development so that they feel and take responsibility for the success of development. In general, explained that collaborative governance is a process which involves various stakeholders who are bound to carry the interests of each agency in achieving common goals (Cordery, 2004; Hartman et.al., 2002).142 The government not only controls the internal capacity in implementing a policy and the implementation of program. The lack of ability, resources and networks that support the implementation of a program or policy, encourage the government to cooperate with various parties, both with the government (public), private parties and communities and civil society so as to establish collaborative cooperation in achieving the program or policy. In the development of coastal reclamation as implemented by the local government, the government of South Sulawesi in cooperation with PT. Yasmin BumiAsrias developer related to the implementation of coastal reclamation in Makassar is one of the packages in the mega project of Center Point of Indonesia (CPI). The concept of Center Point of Indonesia(CPI) is a modern area city of “Citraland City of Losari Makassar that is integrated with residential and commercial centers.”Center Point of Indonesia (CPI) will be built on an area of 157 hectares. The government of South Sulawesi is cooperating with the private sector, PT. Yasmin BumiAsri as a private company winning the tender and CiputraGroup through PT.Ciputra Surya which is believed to be the developer, hence will occur land division. Although the interest things that make researchers interested in conducting research related to this cooperation, based on the cooperation agreement, there are about 157.23 hectares of land to be reclaimed, about 50.6 hectares of land reclamation submitted to the government of South Sulawesi. The land will be a public area for the development of public facilities, such as mosques, State homes, Monasminiature, greenopen areas, and also government offices. The rest of land is given to the private sector in managing the area to develop a new city called Citra Land City of Losari for residential and commercial areas. Based on the division of land is beneficial to the private sector because it is known to reclaim the Center Point of Indonesia (CPI) about 157.23 hectares, the government only gets 50.6 hectares of compensation, while the developer will get 106.7 hectares, whereas the land is state-owned. Apart from the above problems as for negative impact as well as the threats that arise due to coastal reclamation that impacted on the environment of fishermen community is narrower fishing area and trapped. Before the fishermen can find shells within two hours can get a big sack shells but now more difficult because built the straight road from Losari to TanjungBayang, a long-established and well-ordered coastal ecosystem can be destroyed or lost due to reclamation. The result is the destruction of coastal and marine areas that will ultimately impact on the economy of fisherman. The loss of marine life can make fish that used to have fewer food sources so that the fish will migrate to other areas or towards the deeper sea, this will certainly affect the income of local fishermen. 142 SubrnoAgustinus 2016. Kebijakan PublikdanPemerintahanKolaboratifIsu-isuKontenporer. Page 174 269 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement Endah Vestikowati1,Agus Nurulsyam2,Irfan Nursetiawan3 : Identification of Potential Object of Natural Tourism Based on Local Advance in Ciamis Regency ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 As described above related to the implementation of coastal reclamation in Makassar which requires interference or cooperation from private sector.This research titled “Pattern of Public and Private Partnership in Coastal Reclamation Policy in Makassar City.” METHOD OF RESEARCH The data collection techniques used in research, as follows: 1. Interview Interview is a data collection technique conducted through the process of question and answer in research that took place orally between two people or more in the face to face hear directly various information or verbal information through direct dialogue between researchers with the informants. 2. Observation Observation is a direct observation of the object of ongoing studies to obtain information and information as accurate data about the things studied and to know the relevance between the answers of informants to the existing reality, by making direct observations in the field that is closely related to the object of research. 3. Documents and Archives In this technique we search literature for review, the researcher collect data from previous research in the form of books, scientific work and thesis. This documentary method is a method of collecting data from non-human sources. Documents and archives related to research focus are among the most important data sources in research. The documents in question are written documents, drawings/ photographs, previous research reports as well as scientific papers. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In the utilization of Kawasan Strategic Provinsi (KSP) area, the provincial government itself will utilizes strategic area space by building the Center Point of Indonesia (CPI) as a public area located in coastal areas, the utilization of space according to Act No. 26 of 2006 on spatial arrangement as stipulated on Article 10 paragraph (1) states that the authority of the provincial government in the implementation of spatial planning covering arrangements, guidance and supervision on the implementation of spatial arrangement of provinces, and districts/ municipalities, as well as on the implementation of spatial planning of provincial and district/municipalities strategic areas. In the spatial utilization of provincial region, the government of South Sulawesi Province has launched 11 priority programs, as follows: 1. Construction of road network 2. Clean water 3. Regional final disposal site 4. Installation of wastewater treatment plant 270 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement Endah Vestikowati1,Agus Nurulsyam2,Irfan Nursetiawan3 : Identification of Potential Object of Natural Tourism Based on Local Advance in Ciamis Regency ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 5. Go-Greenactivities 6. Drainage 7. New city 8. Makassar Industrial Area I/II 9. Education area of Gowa regency 10. Takalar Maritime Area, and 11. Center Point of Indonesia (CPI) located in Makassar In the construction of Center Point of Indonesia (CPI) is based on the national spatial plan as the Government Regulation No. 26 of 2008. One of them is Mamminasata area (Makassar, Maros, Sungguminasa, and Takalar). This national strategic area in Makassar was established on Presidential Decree No. 55 of 2011 on Urban Spatial Plan of Makassar. In the implementation of reclamation by the government of South Sulawesi involves the second party that is on development in the Center Point of Indonesia (CPI). The involvement of second party is PT YasmnBumiAsri as referred to in the cooperation agreement of reclamation activities in Makassar city. The pattern of partnership as established in the government of South Sulawesi together with PT. Yasmin BumiAsri is in the reclamation of development site Center Point of Indonesia (CPI). The development of Center Point of Indonesia(CPI) is based on the national spatial plan based on Government Regulation No. 26 of 2008. One of them is Mamminasata (Makassar, Maros, Sungguminsa, and Takalar). National Strategic Area in Makassar was established on Presidential Decree No. 55 of 2011 on Urban Spatial Plan of Makassar. One form of urban planning in the area with a relatively limited land is reclamation as contained in Minister Regulation of Domestic Affairs No.1 of 2008 on urban area planning guidelines. Coastal reclamation is a costal activity undertaken by people in order to increase the benefits of land resources from an environmental and socioeconomic point of view by means of confinement and drainage. In reclamation refers to several legislation including Presidential Regulation No. 122 of 2012 on reclamation in coastal areas and small islands, as Minister Regulation of Maritime and Fisheries Affairs No.17 of 2013 on reclamation licensing in coastal areas and small islands and Minister Regulation of Public Works No. 40 of 2007 on spatial planning guidelines for coastal reclamation area. Based on this matter, in 2009 the government of South Sulawesi initiates the development of Center Point of Indonesia (CPI) with a reclaimed location on the west area of Makassar. The location of Center Point of Indonesia (CPI) project is located on Metro Tanjung Bunga whose project work began in 2009 to date, precisely located on the developing land of Losari Beach of Makassar and before the Center Point of Indonesia (CPI) project started before 2009 the land area of 157.23 Ha is called Center Point of Indonesia (CPI) has been submitted from the government of Makassar to the government of South Sulawesi Province through the Decree of the Mayor of Makassar stating that the Center Point of Indonesia (CPI) area has an area of 157.23 hectares. 271 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement Endah Vestikowati1,Agus Nurulsyam2,Irfan Nursetiawan3 : Identification of Potential Object of Natural Tourism Based on Local Advance in Ciamis Regency ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 The construction of Center Point of Indonesia (CPI) area started with the preparation of permits, feasibility studies and environmental impact analysis in 2010. The construction process was started by the government of South Sulawesi Provincial in 2011 by building linkage-bridges from Metro Tanjung Bunga as well as road to developing land in front of Losaribeach. In 2012 continues with the construction of embankments. In 2013, through direct appointment PT. Yasmin BumiAsriis believed by the government of South Sulawesi Provincial to carry out reclamation work on the construction of Center Point of Indonesia (CPI) area of 157.23 hectares. Based on the cooperation agreement between the government of South Sulawesi Provincial and PT. Yasmin BumiAsri, about 50.47 Hectares of reclaimed land will be submitted to the government of South Sulawesi Provincial of the total development of Center Point of Indonesia (CPI) area. The constructions activities of Center Point of Indonesia (CPI) have had environmental impact analysis documents compiled in 2010 initiated by the government of South Sulawesi Provincial and have received approval from Technical Commission Team of AMDAL BLHD of Makassar. Based on the Government Regulation No. 27 of 2012 on environmental permits, Article 50 states that the responsibility of the initiative business is obliged to change the environmental permit, if activities that have obtained an environmental permit are planned to make changes. On the environmental permit of development activity of Center Point of Indonesia (CPI) due to the following changes:  Shifting of location ordinate point of Center Point of Indonesia (CPI) area  Change the initiator of activity from the department of spatial and settlement of South Sulawesi Province to PT. Yasmin BumiAsri  Changes the method of reclamation implementation This change of environmental permit is preceded by a document change by drafting the Addendum of EIA and PKL-RPL documents. This is confirmed by a letter from the environmental protection agency of Makassar No. 660/207/VII/BPLH/2013 on 16 July 2013 concerning the Addendum on the changes in the conceptual design of area and the changes of responsible initiators. The objectives and benefits of reclamation activities in the Center Point of Indonesia (CPI) area as follows: This activity aims to build a super-mega area as a business center, tourism and education and refers as Center Point of Indonesia (CPI) of 157.23 hectares, with the concept of regional development that leads to the concept of waterfront. 50 hectares of the reclamation area of Center Point of Indonesia (CPI) will be built public facilities such as mosque, green-open area, State homes, government office, museum and others. The rest of area by 107 hectares will be developed as a new city with modern integrated-area comprising residential and commercial areas (shopping centers, hotels, apartments and offices). The benefits of these activitiesinclude:  Establish Makassar city as one of the development centers in Indonesia, especially in the eastern Indonesia region. 272 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement Endah Vestikowati1,Agus Nurulsyam2,Irfan Nursetiawan3 : Identification of Potential Object of Natural Tourism Based on Local Advance in Ciamis Regency ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2  Availability of mainland space in Makassar city that can be utilized for economic activity, especially to build global business strategic region.  Availability of public space in Makassar city  Utilization of developing land due to sedimentation into productive area.  As part of coastal protection system so as to prevent and control the abrasion in Makassar city  Give a view that can beautify the face of Makassar city  The activity of Center Point of Indonesia (CPI) development is expected to be a “Landmark” especially for Makassar city and in common for Indonesia so that become the pride of communities.  Can encourage people’ economic growth and South Sulawesi province The construction of Center Point of Indonesia (CPI) area in Metro Tanjung Bunga, Latte Village of MarisoSubdistrictof Makassar city is located in the land that will be reclaimed about 157.23 Ha. On the reclaimed land will be built public facilities such as mosques, green-open areas, State homes, government offices, museums, and integrated-modern area includes residential and commercial areas (shopping centers, hotels, apartments and offices). Table The Construction of Planning Land of Center Point of Indonesia (CPI) Area No Description Width (Ha) 1 State Home 6,36 2 New City Centre 5,76 3 Mosque 1,27 4 Outdoor Museum 2,10 5 Monument/Tower Plaza 0,20 6 Government Offices 2,49 7 Commersial/Mixed Use 51,93 8 Residential 52,15 9 Parks 24,87 10 Road and other facilities 10,1 Total 157,23 The ongoing activities on the location of Center Point of Indonesia (CPI) to date include: 273 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement Endah Vestikowati1,Agus Nurulsyam2,Irfan Nursetiawan3 : Identification of Potential Object of Natural Tourism Based on Local Advance in Ciamis Regency ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 a. The construction of access road Roads built within the Center Point of Indonesia (CPI) area can be accessed in both directions through the East (precisely Siloam hospital) and the West (around Trans Mall). The road dimensions for these two roads are very different. For access from the East, a 40 meter wide road is equipped with 80 meters long bridge with a road length of approximately 500 meters. For access from the west is an existing road (long road) with a width of 8 meters. b. The Installation of Sheet Piles Sheet Piles that has been installed along 786 meters. In addition to Sheet Pilesis also performed the installation of wave break such as concrete 422 meters of and groin (elephant stone material) 588 meters. c. Reclamation Activities of reclamation that have been implemented are 92.336 m2. The material used is landfilling and sand. Landfilling and sand are obtained by transportation from Gowa and Takalar. The mobilization of landfilling and soil materials generally uses western access roads. The activity of beach reclamation will be done by PT. Yasmin BumiAsri. d. The Operation of Basecamp The number of Basecamps built at the location is 3 units and it is used as an office and resting place for workers. e. The Construction of State Homes The construction of State home is done on 5.77 Ha of land with a building area of approximately 28.000 m2 (Source: UKL-UPL of State Home, 2015). f. Acceptance of Workers The number of workers involved in the activities at the Center Point of Indonesia (CPI) area to date is 1.112 workers includes 20 experts, 557 skilled workers and 535 unskilled workers. The allocation of worker for each activity is presented in the following table. The need of workers at the Center Point of Indonesia (CPI) No Description Workers Expert Workers Origin Skilled Unskilled Expert Skilled Unskilled 274 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement Endah Vestikowati1,Agus Nurulsyam2,Irfan Nursetiawan3 : Identification of Potential Object of Natural Tourism Based on Local Advance in Ciamis Regency ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Hoarding 1 Developing land area 5 115 75 Local Local Local 2 Area 1 1 83 75 Local Local Local 3 Area 2 1 84 70 Local Local Local 4 Area 3 1 74 60 Local Local Local 5 Area 4 1 74 60 Local Local Local 6 Area 8 1 84 70 Local Local Local Geotekstile and PVD 1 Area 1 1 4 15 Nationa l Local Local 2 Area 2 1 4 15 Nationa l National National 3 Area 3 1 4 15 Nationa l National National 4 Area 4 1 4 15 Nationa l National National 5 Area 8 1 4 15 Nationa l National National 1 Temporary Administrator Office Building 1 4 15 Local Local Local 2 Office Building 1 3 6 Nationa l Local Local 3 Normalizatio 1 n of fisherman lane 8 5 Nationa l Local Local 4 Borohole 1 1 4 12 Nationa l Local Local 5 Borohole 2 1 4 12 Nationa l Local Local 20 557 535 1112 Others Total 275 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement Endah Vestikowati1,Agus Nurulsyam2,Irfan Nursetiawan3 : Identification of Potential Object of Natural Tourism Based on Local Advance in Ciamis Regency ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Sumber: PT. Yasmin BumiAsri, 2016 As the cooperation contract made by the government with PT. Yasmin BumiAsri on Monday, 29 July 2013 at Makassar and the signatories to the agreement are Dr. H. SyahrulYasinLimpo, SH, MH, M.Si as Governor of South Sulawesi Province with Dr. Adityawarman M. Kuowagam, SH, M.Kn as the main director of PT. Yasmin BumiAsri. The cooperation agreement between the government and PT. Yasmin BumiAsri based No: 515/III/PEMPROV/2015 and No: 255/YBA/III/2015 on the reclamation of Center Point of Indonesia(CPI) area. In the decree, the Governor of South Sulawesi Province acts for and on behalf of the government of South Sulawesi Provincial, referred to as THE FIRST PARTY. The President Director of PT.YasminBumiAsri acting for and on behalf of the company is referred to as THE SECOND PARTY in the cooperation agreement. In the agreement that the SECOND PARTY is the investor who will carry out the work package of the reclamation project of Center Point of Indonesia (CPI). While, the FIRST PARTY will develop the area of 157.23 Ha of land, known as Center Point of Indonesia (CPI) area and located in west of Losari beach,Mariso and tamalateSubdistrict of Makassar. Also, in the agreement states that the FIRST PARTY in order to develop the Center Point of Indonesia(CPI) area, need to cooperate with other parties namely the SECOND PARTY. Table The legal basis for this cooperation agreement is done based on: 1. Act No. 26 of 2007 on spatial planning 2. Government Regulation No. 15 of 2010 on the implementation of spatial planning 3. Presidential Regulation No. 55 of 2011 on Urban Spatial Plan of Makassar, Maros, Sungguminasa, and Takalar. 4. Presidential Regulation No. 122 of 2012 on Reclamation in Coastal Area and Small Island. 5. Minister Regulation of Home Affairs No. 1 of 20098 on Urban Planning Guidelines. 6. Regional Regulation of South Sulawesi Province No. 9 of 2009 on the Spatial Planning of South Sulawesi Province. 7. Regional Regulation of Makassar No. 6 of 2006 on Spatial Plan of Makassar city 8. Governor Decree of South Sulawesi Province No. 2026/IV/2011 on the Determination of Center Point of Indonesia (CPI) Area. 9. Governor Decision of South Sulawesi No. 604/175/2009 on the Determination of Center Point of Indonesia (CPI) Area. 10. Mayor’ Decree of Makassar City No. 604/175/Kep/2009 on the Determination of Location for the Construction of Center Point of Indonesia (CPI) Area in West of Losari beach in Tamalateand MarisoSubdistrictsof Makassar. 276 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement Endah Vestikowati1,Agus Nurulsyam2,Irfan Nursetiawan3 : Identification of Potential Object of Natural Tourism Based on Local Advance in Ciamis Regency ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 For the rules of land division after the implementation of reclamation, the government of South Sulawesi Province and PT. Yasmin BumiAsri has agreed the 157.23 Ha of land to be divided i.e the government will get 50.6 Hectares of land and the investor will get 106.7 Ha of land, this is appropriate with the planning of the government. For the rule has been agreed in the cooperation agreement in terms of object and scope of implementation work of Center Point of Indonesia (CPI) as for the object and scope of work associated with the cooperation agreement in the scope of work is hoarding and landfilling and taludconstruction on an area of approximately 157.23 Ha with the following requirements: a. Among area wide is approximately 121.11 Ha based on the certificate of use rights of the Government of South Sulawesi Provincial No. 200011/MacciniSombala with a letter No. 04880/MacciniSombala dated 1 August 2013 issued from the object of reclamation by the SECOND PARTY upon the consent of the FIRST PARTY. b. The object of reclamation by the SECOND PARTY is approximately 145.12 ha in accordance with the updated Master Plan and design criteria and technical plans provided by the SECOND PARTY and approved by the FIRST PARTY. c. To satisfy the work object of the SECOND PARTY which is the remaining area of approximately 12.11 Ha, will be set by both parties in accordance with the provisions of legislation. For more detail related to the division of reclamation land as for rights and obligations that have been agreed by the government of South Sulawesi province with PT. Yasmin BumiAsri namely the FIRST PARTY in this case: 1. The government of South Sulawesi Province shall be entitled to obtain work in the form of reclaimed land of approximately 50.47 Ha and talud infrastructure at the Center Point of Indonesia (CPI) with the following requirements: a. An area of approximately 38.47 Ha is set with the Master Plan b. The remaining area of approximately 12.11 Ha is determined then based on the regulation of legislation. c. Total reclamation land of approximately 50.47 Ha is the use right on behalf of the government of South Sulawesi Provincial based on the prevailing laws and regulations. 2. The SECOND PARTY shall be entitled to obtain the working result in the form of reclaimed land of approximately 106.76 Ha at the Center Point of Indonesia (CPI) area in accordance with the master plan and the reclaimed land by the SECOND PARTY then appealed for the right to use the building on behalf of the SECOND PARTY under the prevailing law. 3. Site position the reclaimed division result as intended for the FIRST PARTY and the SECOND PARTY shall be determined by an updated master plan which has 277 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement Endah Vestikowati1,Agus Nurulsyam2,Irfan Nursetiawan3 : Identification of Potential Object of Natural Tourism Based on Local Advance in Ciamis Regency ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 been prepared by the SECOND PARTY and in accordance with the FIRST PARTY. The obligations of the parties namely the government of South Sulawesi Province and PT. Yasmin BumiAsrirelated with cooperation agreements as folows: 1. The FIRST PARTY’ obligations: a) Preparing the reclamation site in accordance with the Master Plan to build the Center Point of Indonesia (CPI) area, wherein in it there has been investment from the FIRST PARTY and other government elements. b) Preparing the administration and documents that are authority of the local government of South Sulawesi Province as required in accordance with the provisions. c) Together with the SECOND PARTY facilitate and/or solve social, political, legal and environmental problems relating to the implementation of the Center Point of Indonesia (CPI) area. d) Resolve and/or handling legal issues and/or claims related to claims of ownership and control of land in the area of the reclamation at the Center Point of Indonesia (CPI), which was substituted by the SECOND PARTY where necessary, in accordance with applicable laws and regulations. 2. The SECOND PARTY’ obligations: a) Submitting Detail Engineering Design (DED) based on master plan and design criteria and technical plan. b) Perform location acquisition by conduct reclamation work c) Store resources, materials and other equipment for the reclamation of the Center Point of Indonesia (CPI) area. d) Obtain the permit for reclamation in accordance with legislation and undertake hoarding and landfilling and build a talud on the Center Point of Indonesia (CPI) area. e) Fulfill the Master Plan of the Center Point of Indonesia (CPI) area. f) Meet all costs incurred in relation to the employment of the Center Point of Indonesia (CPI) area. g) Assist in administering and issuance of certificates of use rights to the reclaimed land that has been submitted to the FIRST PARTY. The government of South Sulawesi Province with PT. Yasmin BumiAsri entered into an agreement for the period of reclamation in the Center Point of Indonesia (CPI) area, while the period of implementation as follows: 1. The work of reclamation will be conducted for the longest period of 1.700 (one thousand seven hundred) calendar days, starting from the signing date of the 278 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement Endah Vestikowati1,Agus Nurulsyam2,Irfan Nursetiawan3 : Identification of Potential Object of Natural Tourism Based on Local Advance in Ciamis Regency ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 cooperation agreement on 6 March 2015 and in that period the SECOND PARTY shall complete the reclamation working including the reclaimed land which becomes the rights of the FIRST PARTY are gradually submitted without waiting for the completion of the entire land is reclaimed. This obligation does not arrive at the reclaimed land where the completion schedule shall be determined by the FIRST PARTY with the SECOND PARTY together. 2. The SECOND PARTY shall prepare a schedule for the implementation and the types of work approved by the FIRST PARTY. 3. And certain things and upon request of the SECOND PARTY the working time may be extended after approval of the FIRST PARTY based on the following reasons: a) The existence of obstacles and interference from other parties in order to acquire location and permit from the area. b) The existence of obstacle outside the agreed design. c) The existence of design changes d) Delays by the FIRST PARTY or any problems arising outside the capabilities of the SECOND PARTY. e) Force Majeure 4. Extension of employment time shall be set forth in the form of additional agreement as part of which is not separated from this cooperation agreement. 5. If the SECOND PARTY is negligent at the expiration of the provisions of time as the agreement and if the SECOND PARTY’ delay is not caused by one of the reasons for the reasons set forth, then the FIRST PARTY has the right to followup. 6. Sanction of this delay shall be valid for a maximum period of 3 (three) months, and if past 3 (three) months and the SECOND PARTY no longer intend to carry out reclamation work by making a written statement, the parties agree to terminate the cooperation in accordance with the agreement of this agreement by adjusting the permit for the implementation and permission of the reclamation site in accordance with the reclamation completed by the SECOND PARTY with the provisions of all consequences arising from the termination of such cooperation shall become the burden and responsibility of the SECOND PARTY.Factors affecting the cooperation of the government of South Sulawesi with PT. Yasmin BumiAsri in coastal reclamation policy in Makassar City The implementation of coastal reclamation in Makassar is an activity that is conducted in a planned, comprehensive and involving various aspects that must be done in an integrated and well-planned. In the activities of coastal reclamation are influenced by various factors both in support and inhibit the process. The factors that influence the cooperation of the government and Private in the reclamation policy in Makassar as follows: 1. Government policy 279 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement Endah Vestikowati1,Agus Nurulsyam2,Irfan Nursetiawan3 : Identification of Potential Object of Natural Tourism Based on Local Advance in Ciamis Regency ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 The implementation of reclamation policy has been regulated and there are also rules which are used in the implementation of the policy, especially the coastal reclamation, namely the construction of Center Point of Indonesia (CPI) area where the government along with the developers to share in the implementation of coastal reclamation policy in Makassar but on the basis of made agreements (MOUs) that have been agreed upon. 2. Funding and equipment The funding and equipment required from the government of South Sulawesi is also a supporting factor of cooperation between the governments of South Sulawesi with PT. Yasmin BumiAsri for the implementation of coastal reclamation. The Center Point of Indonesia (CPI) project is a policy of the government of South Sulawesi which is funded by the cost sharing system of the regional budget of South Sulawesi. But with the limited cost so that the government of South Sulawesi is not able to fulfill part of the implementation of the reclamation activities, the government of South Sulawesi took the private company, PT. Yasmin BumiAsri as the developer. PT. Yasmin BumiAsri is obliged to hoard and establish reclamation field. From the condition of the reclamation is big enough then from funding sources involving PT. Yasmin BumiAsri in the form of cooperation must indeed partner and utilize other sources for the development of the Center Point of Indonesia(CPI) area. To the extent that public and private roles can be synergized, society is not harmed, and public functions are not lost. Inhibiting factors the cooperation between the governments of South Sulawesi with PT. Yasmin BumiAsri in coastal reclamation policy in Makassar. In the cooperation by the government of South Sulawesi with PT. Yasmin BumiAsri, there are obstacles in the implementation of cooperation as follows: 1. Land acquisition Land acquisition in Makassar especially at the reclamation location is a constraint felt by both parties (the government of South Sulawesi and PT. Yasmin BumiAsri). To solve this problem takes a long time. The problem is the implementation of infrastructure projects that are still waiting for the process or certainty of the land to be used. As interview with Mr. AbdGaffarPallu said: “All the land used by the government along with the developers becomes a problem because many elements claiming that the area owned by them, but the government has been eligible and we (the government of South Sulawesi Province) has won it. It becomes a problem to the implementation of this cooperation (interview on 14 February 2017)”. As mentioned above in the submitting of land acquisition, there are still some parties who claim the land in the reclamation site is owned by the parties who want to seek profit. 2. Permit of Reclamation Implementation by the Central Government 280 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement Endah Vestikowati1,Agus Nurulsyam2,Irfan Nursetiawan3 : Identification of Potential Object of Natural Tourism Based on Local Advance in Ciamis Regency ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 The absence of a reply letter from the ministry and fishery and marine affairs is related to the implementation of reclamation which is one of the requirements of reclamation implementation. Letter of permission from the ministry of marine and fisheries affairs is one of the procedures in the implementation of reclamation permit. The necessity of the letter considering the location of the Center Point of Indonesia (CPI) is a National Strategic Area (KSN – Kawasan Strategi Nasional) in MAMMINASATA (Makassar, Maros, Sungguminasa, Takalar) area. CONCLUSION Based on the results and analysis of research, then we obtain conclusions and suggestions as follows: 1. The implementation of coastal reclamation in Makassar is initiated by the government of South Sulawesi Province in realizing the utilization of space on the coastal area in Makassar city which is a strategic area of the province by establishing the Center Point of Indonesia (CPI). To realize the Center Point of Indonesia (CPI) area as well as efforts made by the government by utilizing the existing space in coastal areas in Makassar is conducting coastal reclamation activity. The purpose of implementing the Center Point of Indonesia (CPI) area is to create South Sulawesi as a public area and improve the economic and social qualities of Makassar city. However, in its implementation the government of South Sulawesi Provincial requires funding and equipment as well as things that support in the implementation of reclamation, therefore the role of private parties is very important to overcome the limitations in the implementation of the program. The role of private sector is facilitated by government through Public Private Partnership (PPP). The private sector in the implementation of coastal reclamation is PT. Yasmin BumiAsri. In the implementation of coastal reclamation together with the government of South Sulawesi and private sector i.e PT. Yasmin BumiAsri related to the cooperation agreement No: 515/II/PEMPROV/2015 and No: 255/YBA/III/2015. For reclamation activity has the legal basis of reclamation planning and development of the Center Point of Indonesia (CPI) contained in Presidential Regulation No. 122 of 2012 on reclamation in coastal areas and small islands, article 3. Minister Regulation of Domestic Affairs No. 1 of 2008 on Urban Area Planning Guidelines, articles 24,25,26 and 27. Presidential Regulation No. 55 of 2011 on RTR Mamminasata Urban Areas 2011. The letter from Regional Environment Agency of South Sulawesi No. 660/5155/I/BLHD, related Environmental Impact Analysis of the Center Point of Indonesia (CPI). The first point of this letter, it is explained that the document of Environment Impact Analysis of the Center Point of Indonesia (CPI) has been approved by EIA Commission of Makassar according to the decision of the Head of Regional Environment Agency of Makassar No. 660.2/546/BLHD/V/2010. As well as the third point stating that the approved EIA, through the decision of Head of Regional Environment Agency of Makassar No. 660.2/546/BLHDV/2010 dated 24 May 2010 stated still valid. For the determination of location permit and reclamation implementation have been issued by the government of South Sulawesi Province No: 664/6273/TARKIM. 281 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement Endah Vestikowati1,Agus Nurulsyam2,Irfan Nursetiawan3 : Identification of Potential Object of Natural Tourism Based on Local Advance in Ciamis Regency ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 With various legal basis, among others, Act No. 26/2007 article 10 on Spatial Arrangements and Regulation of South Sulawesi Provincial No. 9 of 2009 on Spatial Planning of South Sulawesi Province. The letter also stated clearly that the Governor gave permit for the reclamation to PT. Yasmin BumiAsri 157.23 Ha in the Center Point of Indonesia (CPI) area. 2. Factors affecting the cooperation of the government of South Sulawesi Provincial together with PT. Yasmin BumiAsri in the implementation of reclamation include supporting and inhibiting factors. Supporting factors include government policy, funding and equipment. While, inhibiting factorsincludes land acquisition and permitting of reclamation implementation by the central government, namely the ministry of marine and fisheries affairs. Suggestions 1. Local government needs to find a good reclamation model that is beneficial to the general public, give attention to every need of the community and prioritizing every need. The government should also adhere to every rule in every policy that will be made so that in every implementation of the policy does not arise problems, besides the need for transparency related to the implementation of the policies undertaken with the parties who will be involved, it is necessary for the government because it concerns the interests of people. The communities need to know it so that feel that they can also involve in every decision related to the reclamation. It can also overcome inequalities and negative things such as corruption, collusion and nepotism can occur. 2. Both the local government and the community and private parties are advised to cooperate in the implementation of development in Makassar by increasing the supporting factors and minimizing the inhibiting factors in development in Makassar city. REFERENCES Books: Alam, Samsu. Buku ajar bagi tenaga akademik Unhas Kebijakan Pemerintahan. 2012. Makassar. Ali, Faried., Andi SyamsuAlamdanSastro M. Wanto. (2012).Studi Analisa Kebijakan., Konsep, Teori dan Aplikasi Sampel Teknik Analisa Kebijakan Pemerintah. Bandung: RefikaAditama. Arief, Hasrat, dkk. 2013. Pedoman Penulisan Proposal dan Skripsi. Universitas Hasanuddin. Makassar. Center for Policy &Manajement. Studies, FISIPOL UGM. (2016).KebijakanPublikdanPemerintahanKolaboratif. Yogyakarta: PenerbitGava Media. 282 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement Endah Vestikowati1,Agus Nurulsyam2,Irfan Nursetiawan3 : Identification of Potential Object of Natural Tourism Based on Local Advance in Ciamis Regency ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 ChoirlHuda, Moch. 2013. Jurnal: PengaturanPerizinanReklamasiPantaiTerhadapPerlindungan Lingkungan Hidup. Perspektif Surabaya. DeniDjakapermana, Ruchyat. Jurnal: ReklamasiPantaiSebagaiAlternatif Pengembangan Kawasan. Edi Suharto.2007. Analisis Kebijakan Publik. Bandung. Haris, Syamsuddin, (Ed), 2005. Desentralisasi dan Otonomi Daerah (Desentralisasi, Demokratisasi dan Akuntabilitas Pemerintah Daerah). Jakarta : LIPI Press Hasni. 2010. Hukum Penataan Ruang dan Penatagunaan Tanah. Jakarta. Rajawali Pers: Helmi. 2012. Hukum Perizinan Lingkungan Hidup. SinarGrafika: Jakarta Juliati M Jafar, Tesis, Hak Atas Tanah. PerpustakaanAirlagga. Kansil, C.S.T, 1991. Pokok-pokok Pemerintah Daerah, Jakarta :Rineka Cipta. Labolo, Muhadam. (2014).Memahami Ilmu Pemerintahan suatu kajian, teori, konsep dan pengembangannya. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers. Rellua, Olivianty . 2013. Proses Perizinan dan Dampak Lingkungan TerhadapReklamasiPantai. Lex Administratum Rajab Masyur. 2014. Baham ajar metodekualitatif. Jurusan sosiologiUnhas. Soenarko, H. 2003. Public Policy. Surabaya: Airlangga University. Subarsono, AG. 2005 .Analisis Kebijakan Publik. Pustaka Pelajar: Yogyakarta Subarsono Agustin. 2016. Kebijakan PublikdanPemerintahanKalaboratifisuisukontenporer.Gava Media. Yogyakarta. Syafiie, InuKencana. 2013, Ilmu Pemerintahan. Jakarta: Bumi Aksara Tangkilisan, Hessel Nogi. S. 2003. Implementasi Kebijakan Publik. Jakarta Tangkilisan, Hessel Nogi. S. 2003..KebijakanPublik Yang MembumiJakarta: Regulations: Undang-undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2004 tentang Pemerintah Daerah. Undang-Undang No.26 Tahun 2007 tentang Penataan Ruang. Undang-Undang No. 27 Tahun 2007 tentang Pengelolaan Wilayah Pesisir Pulau-Pulau Kecil. Undang-Undang No.32 Tahun 2009 tentang Perlindungan dan Lingkungan Hidup. dan Pengelolaan Undang –Undang 23 tahun 2014 tentang Pemerintah Daerah. Peraturan Pemerintah No 38 Tahun 2007 Tentang pembagian urusan Pemerintahan antar pemerintah, Pemerintah Daerah Kabupaten/Kota 283 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement Endah Vestikowati1,Agus Nurulsyam2,Irfan Nursetiawan3 : Identification of Potential Object of Natural Tourism Based on Local Advance in Ciamis Regency ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Peraturan Pemerintah RI No. 47 Tahun 1997 tentang Rencana Tata Ruang Nasional. Peraturan Presiden Republik Indonesia No. 122 Tahun 2012 tentang Reklamasi di Wilayah Pesisir dan Pulau-Pulau Kecil. Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 15 Tahun 2010 tentang penyelenggaraan penataan ruang. Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 27 Tahun 2012 tentang Izin Lingkungan. Perda Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan No 9 Tahun 2009 Tentang perencanaan tata ruang Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan Perda Kota Makassar No tahun 2015 Tentang Perencanaan tata ruang Kota Makassar Data Online: ArtikelTentangPerjalananReklamasidi Kota Makassar (http://www.ruangreklamasi.com/artikel-lain/perjalanan-reklamasi di- Makassar.html) di akses pada 26 September 2016. Berita rakyatku tentangdasarhukumreklamasipantaihversipemprov-sulsel (http://news.rakyatku.com/read/2353/2016/04/29/inilah-dasar hukumreklamasi-losari-versi-pemprov-sulsel?page) di akses pada 20 Februari 2017. Koran merdekatentangperistiwagegerreklamasipantai Makassar (https://www.merdeka.com/peristiwa/geger-reklamasi-pantai Makassar.html) di aksespada 20 Februari 2017. http://citralandcitymakassar.com/product-knowledge/diakses pada 28 Februari 2017. 284 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement Endah Vestikowati1,Agus Nurulsyam2,Irfan Nursetiawan3 : Identification of Potential Object of Natural Tourism Based on Local Advance in Ciamis Regency ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL OBJECT OF NATURAL TOURISM BASED ON LOCAL ADVANCE IN CIAMIS REGENCY 1 Endah Vestikowati 2 Agus Nurulsyam 3 Irfan Nursetiawan 1 Galuh University; vestiunigal@gmail.com 2 Galuh University 3 Galuh University ; irfan.nursetiawan@gmail.com Abstract One form of poverty alleviation can be done by exploring the potential of Natural Resources without eliminating local wisdom to be used as a new economic resource and making the society more prosperous, and can be used as a source of increasing the original revenue for the local government. This is in line with Law No. 23 of 2014 on Regional Government, Article 36 paragraph (1) states that the parameters of economic potential include: (1) economic growth; and (2) regional superior potential. One of them that can be the potential of the regional superiority of Ciamis Regency, namely in the field of natural tourism. Nature tourism is any form of activities related to recreation and tourism activities that utilize the potential of Natural Resources, both in a natural state and after there is a cultivation effort. Nature tourism can also be said as recreational and tourism activities that utilize the potential of nature to enjoy the natural beauty that is still natural or that has been made by humans. This study aims to identify the potential of natural attractions based on local wisdom in Ciamis regency. The research method used, that is descriptive qualitative research approach. The research results are known that Ciamis Regency has some potential of natural attractions based on local wisdom that is divided into 3 (three) categories, namely: (1) superior natural attractions; (2) new natural attractions; and (3) pre-construction natural attractions. The leading natural tourist attraction is a tourist attraction that has had advantages in the attractiveness, location and intensity of tourist visits. The ones that are included in the leading tourist attraction in Ciamis Regency, include: Astana Gede Kawali, Nature Tour Curug Tujuh, Kampung Kuta, Site Mount Susuru, Situ Lengkong Panjalu, Pangcalikan Mount Padang Site, Keramat Kuning Lakbok Site, and Karangkamulyan Site. The new natural tourist attraction is a tourist destination destination for tourists, including: Wana Wisata Cipangalun and Grand Sayang Kaak. While the pre-construction tourist object is a tourist attraction that is still in the planning stage of development, including: Pine Forest Darmacaang, Gunung Sari Tourism Village, Wana Wisata Ipis Sand and Nature Tourism Karaton Kata Kunci: Tourism; Nature tourism; local wisdom. 285 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement Endah Vestikowati1,Agus Nurulsyam2,Irfan Nursetiawan3 : Identification of Potential Object of Natural Tourism Based on Local Advance in Ciamis Regency ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 INTRODUCTION Sustainable development is one of the goals and solutions of government in alleviating poverty. Following the end of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in 2015, it is now transformed into Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as a new development agreement that encourages shifting changes toward sustainable development based on human rights and equality to promote social development, economy and environment. . Poverty as the main problem in the joint of social life, both at the central level and at the regional level. The level of community welfare is part of poverty alleviation indicators. Required strategies and solutions for the creation of a prosperous society. Because poverty is basically the base of social problems that often appear in the grassroots community. The number of poor people is shown in table 1.1, as follows: Table 1. Number of Poor People by Regency / Town Year 2015-2016 Number of poor People by Regency/Town (thousand people) 2015 2016 Tasikmalaya regency 208.12 195.61 Ciamis regency 104.87 98.77 Tasikmalaya town 106.78 102.79 Banjar town 13.42 12.74 Garut regency 325.67 298.52 Source: Central Bureau of Statistics, 2017. Nama Wilayah 286 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Environmental Politics : Model of Networks Governance Policy in Water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java Muhammad Kamil : Environmental Politics : Model Of Networks Governance Policy in water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Based on the table, the number of poor people in Ciamis regency in 2015-2016 decreased, from 104.87 thousand people to 98.77 thousand people. Nevertheless, poverty alleviation should still be a top priority for the local government of Ciamis Regency, since there are still 98.77 thousand people who are still classified as pre-prosperous and must be transformed into prosperous society. One of poverty alleviations can be done with the natural resources without ignoring local wisdom to be a new economic resource and create a more prosperous society, and can be used as a source of local revenue for local government. This is in line with Law No. 23 of 2014 on Regional Government, Article 36 paragraph (1) is expressed as a parameter of economic potential: (a) economic growth; and (b) regional superior potential Therefore, the Regional Government of the Regency/Town which has authority to explore and develop the regional superior potential, particularly in the tourism sector which includes: (a) management of Regency / Town tourism attraction; (b) management of the strategic area of the Regency / Town tourism; (c) management of tourism destinations of Regency / Town; and marking the list of Regency / Town tourism businesses. One of the excellent potential area of Ciamis Regency, namely in the field of natural tourism. Nature tourism is any form of activities related to recreation and tourism activities that utilize the potential of Natural Resources, both in a natural state and after there is a cultivation effort. Nature tourism can also be said as recreational and tourism activities that utilize the potential of nature to enjoy the natural beauty of either natural or made by humans. Nature tourism can be used as a life-balancing medium after a variety of activities, because by doing nature tourism allows us to obtain physical and spiritual pleasure Opportunities in the tourism sector can be seen from the number of tourist arrivals in the area. Because basically the development of tourism sector can not be separated from tourists, both local tourists and foreign tourists have contributed in the development of a tourist attraction. Tourists are a source of income for the tourism sector and an increase in the number of visits will have an impact on increasing economic activity in the area. Ciamis Regency has some excellent tourist attractions, such as Astana Gede Kawali, Nature Tourism Curug Tujuh, Kuta Village, Susuru Mountain Site, Lengkong Panjalu Lake, Jambansari Site, Pangcalikan Mount Padang Site, Keramat Kuning Lakbok Site, and Karangkamulyan Site, nature managed by private parties. But tourism activities must be in harmony with environmental management principles. Tourism ecology and tourism development in an area is needed planning, as well as adhering to the carrying capacity of the environment. In addition, local wisdom that becomes uniqueness in one region can create harmony between man and nature. The preservation of nature can be influenced by the rules contained in the local community, for example the existence of a sacred forest that should not be exploited to make the natural wealth in the region is still awake. This is in line with Regional Regulation of Ciamis Regency No. 16 of 2016 on Master Plan of Regional Tourism Development of Ciamis Regency Year 2017-2027, where the target of determining Master Plan of Regional Tourism Development are as follows: a. the controlled development of tourism in the territory of Ciamis Regency, whether carried out by the government and private and public; 287 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Environmental Politics : Model of Networks Governance Policy in Water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java Muhammad Kamil : Environmental Politics : Model Of Networks Governance Policy in water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 b. the creation of harmony between the areas / zoning utilization / cultivation, in accordance with its designation; c. compilation of plans and integration of regional development programs in the effort to optimize tourism resources; d. to inventory the actual and potential tourist attraction in Ciamis regency; e. the establishment of the concept of tourism development of Ciamis Regency (Vision and Mission), based on planning approach and strategic issues related to tourism development of Ciamis Regency, and the philosophy of development of national tourism with environmental and cultural perspective; f. the identification of the leading tourist areas of Ciamis Regency in accordance with the established criteria; and g. the existence of policies and programs of tourism development of Ciamis Regency, as well as indications of tourism development activities in the leading tourist areas . Based on Regional Regulation of Ciamis Regency Number 16 year 2016 about Master Plan of Regional Tourism Development of Ciamis Regency Year 2017-2027 and description related to nature tourism potential, so we as researcher are interested to identify the potential of nature tourism object based on local wisdom in Ciamis Regency. This research was conducted with the aim to identify the potential of natural tourism resources that have the power of attractiveness and high competitiveness, and can create the leading tourist attraction in Ciamis regency. Identification of the potential of this natural tourist attraction aims in an effort in the development of tourism industry in Ciamis regency. 1. Theoritical review 2.1 Tourism Concept The potential and diversity of Natural Resources provides opportunities in creating and developing tourism at the local level. The development of tourism is inseparable from the carrying capacity of the environment and the topography of a region. In addition, demographic or population distribution can also be a determinant in the existence of the tourism industry. According to Soemarwoto, Otto (2004: 309) states that "Tourism is an industry whose survival is determined by good or bad environment." Good environmental conditions, then the tourism industry will develop well as well. According to Murphy (in Pitana, I. Gde and Gayatri, Putu, G, 2005: 45) states that Tourism is the whole of the related elements (tourists, tourist destinations, travel, industry, and others. Based on that, then every tourist destinations always experience renewal and addition of new products in accordance with the needs of the tourists. According to Priyanto and Safitri, Dyah (2015: 76) states, that Tourism is a whole series of activities related to the movement of humans who travel or stopover from his residence. Based on this tourism activities are also the same as the pilgrimage activities. Because tourism seems to be associated with a religious pilgrimage commonly done by traditional society. Environmental support can also be a motivation for tourists to come to the sights, if the environment is good and it allows the tourism industry to survive in the era of global challenges. 288 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Environmental Politics : Model of Networks Governance Policy in Water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java Muhammad Kamil : Environmental Politics : Model Of Networks Governance Policy in water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 This is in line with Leiper's opinion (in Pitana, I.G and Diarta, I.K.S, 2009: 63), there are 7 (seven) major sectors in the tourism industry, including: (a) the marketing sector; (b) the transportation sector; (c) accommodation sector; (d) the attractiveness sector; (e) tour operator sector; (f) the support sector; and (g) the coordinating sector. Tourism or tourism activities should be in harmony with the conservation of nature and the environment. According to Barus, Sekar I.P, et al (2015: 143) states that "Tourism is an activity that directly touches and involves the community so as to bring various impacts on the local community.” The harmony is intended for economic growth and public welfare as the impact of tourism activities does not cause social problems and environmental pollution. Therefore, it is in line with Law Number 10 of 2009 on Tourism, it is mentioned that tourism is organized with the principle of: (a) upholding religious norms and cultural values; (b) uphold human rights, cultural diversity and local wisdom; (c) provide benefits to the welfare of the people, justice, equality and proportionality; (d) preserving nature and the environment; (e) empowering local communities; (f) ensuring integration between sectors, among regions; (g) obeying the code of ethics of world tourism; and (h) upholding the unity of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. 2.2 The concept of Nature Tour Nature tourism is also closely related to conservation activities of Natural Resources. So there are some zoning (grouping of territory) for natural attractions. It is intended to protect biodiversity and maximum utilization of tourism objects and be implemented in several National Parks. According Arief, Arifin (2001: 74) states, that: "Zone of the Park area is divided into: (1) Traditional utilization zone; and (2) Zone rehabilitation. " 1.3 Concept of Local Wisdom Local wisdom as the guidance of life and science as well as various life strategies tangible activities undertaken by local communities in answering various problems in the fulfillment of their needs. According to Permana (2010: 20) states, that local Wisdom is a creative response to geographic-political, historical, and situational situations that are local. Local wisdom can not be separated from the culture of a very diverse society, from the customs to the civilization that is physical. Such diversity will form a plural society. According to Pelly (Herimanto and Winarno, 2014: 100) states, that horizontally people are grouped or classified by: (a) Ethnic and racial or genetic origin; (b) regional languages; (c) Custom or behavior; (d) Religion; and (e) Clothing, food, and other material cultures. Local wisdom can be a capital in the development of a tourist village in an area. Because local culture is a strategic asset in rural development efforts. Physical and nonphysical civilization in a village must be optimized by the local village government in order to be a driver of development, especially in the tourism sector. The development of tourist village as one of tourism business strategy has become a solution in improving the prosperity of pre-prosperous society. The tourist village has transformed into a major sector for local government. In tourism activities, tourist villages have a special attraction for tourists. With the natural wealth still preserved, the tourist village still preserves the customs. In addition, the culture that is born from the interaction of the 289 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Environmental Politics : Model of Networks Governance Policy in Water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java Muhammad Kamil : Environmental Politics : Model Of Networks Governance Policy in water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 local community becomes the added value of the uniqueness and cultural distinctiveness of the area. The tourist village with its local wisdom can be the choice of tourists in enjoying the rural atmosphere and learning the culture of the local community. Priyanto and Safitri, Dyah (2015) stated that tourism village is defined as a form of integration between attractions, accommodation, and supporting facilities presented in a community life structure that integrates with the prevailing traditions. Determination must meet the requirements, among others: a. Accessibility is good, making it easy for tourists to visit by using various types of transportation. b. Have interesting objects in the form of nature, cultural arts, legends, local food, and so to be developed as a tourist attraction. c. The community and village officials receive and provide high support for the tourist villages as well as the tourists who come to their villages. d. Security in the village is assured. e.Availability of adequate accommodation (lines of liaison), telecommunications, and labor. f. It is either cold or cold. The uniqueness of local culture as a local wisdom that must be preserved to make the tourist village as a miniature of cultural diversity that has the value of tourism potential. The cultural pluralism of the community in the tourist village can be explored as another potential in the village development effort to be more advanced and has a pluralist characteristic. The strategy of developing a local wisdom-based tourist village refers to the physical and non-physical potential of each village to be developed, this is related to the uniqueness of each village in selling its potential to be used as a base capital as a tourist village. Development of local wisdom-based tourist village is an activity that is not easy to do if it is not supported by all components of the community in the village. As an example is the potential of existing local wisdom such as rice harvesting activities that begin using certain ceremonies, rituals asking for rain and so on. It will not be a potential local wisdom if it is only done incidentally by the individual landowners. The potential that should appear on the surface as a cultural activity is not visible because it is not done communally and only private, but if the ceremony is carried out communally and packaged, scheduled by all owners of rice fields or certain communities it will become an interesting tourist attraction. According to Manteiro, Maria C.B (2016) stated that the development strategy of local wisdom-based tourism village needs to pay attention to the following matters: (a) marketing of tourist village packages showing the selling value of the village; (b) the management of a sustainable tourist village and the preservation of the tourist village itself; (c) the empowerment of the village community itself as part of the tourism village's potential; (d) unusual tourist village packaging so as not to give a general impression to visitors; (e) avoid any conflicts of interest among the tourist villages; and (f) can improve the economy of rural communities used as tourist villages. 290 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Environmental Politics : Model of Networks Governance Policy in Water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java Muhammad Kamil : Environmental Politics : Model Of Networks Governance Policy in water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Village sustainability remains a priority in the development of tourism sector based on local wisdom. The village government has contributed to village development based on local wisdom and utilization of available resources. In addition the village government should be able to maintain harmony between villages and between communities that are pluralist (diverse), and support the existence of tourist village as one of the economic support for the village community. 2. Research Methodology The research method used in this research is descriptive research method. This study to describe or explain the phenomena that exist, both natural phenomena or human engineering. According to Nana.S, Sukmadinata (2010: 72) argued, that "Descriptive research is a form of research the most basic". Descriptive research is a form of research the most basic and intended to describe or explain the phenomena that exist, both natural and human engineering. In this study, researchers describe the potential of natural attractions in Ciamis regency. Technique used in this research, that is triangulation of data. According to Lexy, J. Moleong (2011: 330) argued that "Triangulation is a technique of checking the validity of data that utilizes something else." So in this study conducted by: a) comparing the observation data with interview data; b) compare what people say in public with what is said personally; c) compare what people say about the research situation with what it says all the time; d) comparing a person's circumstances and perspectives with the opinions and opinions of people such as ordinary people, middle or high educated people, resident, governmental people; e) compare the results of interviews with the contents of a related document. 3. Research Results and Discussion 4.1 Analysis of Nature Tourism Object in Ciamis regency Ciamis Regency is located on land with morphological conditions flat-corrugated to the mountains. The mainland structure of Ciamis Regency is largely composed of plateau and lowland. The northern part is a mountain with a height of 500-1000 m about 19%. Central part towards the West is a hill with a height of 100-500 m about 49%, while the middle to the east is a lowland and swamp area with a height of 25-100m about 14%. With the topography and demographic conditions Ciamis Regency has a very large potential in the utilization of Natural Resources as an economic resource and as a potential superior area, especially in the field of natural tourism. 4.1.1 The best natural attractions Tourism as a variety of tourism activities must be supported by various facilities and facilities adequate infrastructure. It is intended that the development of the tourism industry will be more advanced. In the province of West Java in 2015 the number of guests of local tourists in non-star hotels reached 3,324,486 people, BPS (2017) .So that the number of tourists who are usually dominated by local tourists who come to a tourist attraction becomes one indicator in a tourist area best. 291 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Environmental Politics : Model of Networks Governance Policy in Water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java Muhammad Kamil : Environmental Politics : Model Of Networks Governance Policy in water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Superior tourist area is a tourist area that has the advantage of attraction, location and or intensity. Objects included in the leading tourist attraction in Ciamis Regency, hi: Astana Gede Kawali, Nature Tour Curug Tujuh, Kuta Village, Site Mount Susuru, Situ Lengkong Panjalu, Pangcalikan Mount Padang Site, Keramat Kuning Lakbok Site, and Karangkamulyan Site. Superior tourist area is a tourist area that has advantages in the attraction, location and or intensity of tourist visits. The ones that are included in the leading tourist attraction in Ciamis Regency, include: Astana Gede Kawali, Nature Tour Curug Tujuh, Kampung Kuta, Site Mount Susuru, Situ Lengkong Panjalu, Pangcalikan Mount Padang Site, Keramat Kuning Lakbok Site, and Karangkamulyan Site. 4.1.2 The New Nature Tourist Attraction The rapid development of tourism industry causes not only from the government, local governments that can be the organizer of tourism, the private sector also create a lot of new natural attractions. The new natural attractions as a tourist attraction that became the destination of new destinations for tourists, including: Wana Wisata Cipangalun and Grand Sayang Kaak. Wana Wisata Cipangalun takes the concept of Waterpark managed by private parties. But `tourism activities in the place is still with the theme of nature tourism. In addition, the new tourist area Grand Sayang Kaak is currently one of the new tourist destinations in Ciamis District. Management of the attraction is done by local youth, so that management involves community participation. 4.1.3 Pre-Construction Attractions Object With the loss of a portion of the potential of the Ciamis Regency's original revenuegenerating region after Pangandaran becomes a new regency, the Ciamis Government is obliged to explore another new potential for continued development. Among them by maximizing natural resources and human resources (HR) that are owned in an integrated, well planned and integrated. One of the great potential that can be developed is the tourism sector. Because actually in the area of Ciamis Regency is still a lot of tourism potential that has not been explored and has not been maximally empowered. So there are some tourist attraction in Ciamis Regency which is still in development planning stage, including as follows: Forest of Pinus Darmacaang, Gunung Sari Tourism Village, Wana Wisata Ipis Sand and Nature Tourism of Karaton. One of the natural attractions preconstruction, namely Gunung Sari Tourism Village. Tourist village as a village whose overall life is directed to become a tourist destination that is supported by the potential of natural resources, human resources and socio-cultural life that is unique or outstanding compared to other villages. So the concept of the village, namely agro-tourism whose management will be implemented professionally through the Village’s Company namely BUM Gunungsari Village. 3. Conclusions Ciamis Regency has some potential of natural attractions based on local wisdom that is divided into 3 (three) categories, namely: (1) leading natural attractions; (2) new natural attractions; and (3) pre-construction natural attractions. The leading natural tourist attraction is a tourist attraction that has had advantages in the attractiveness, location and intensity of tourist visits. The ones that are included in the leading tourist attraction in Ciamis Regency, include: Astana Gede Kawali, Nature Tour Curug Tujuh, Kuta Village, Site Mount Susuru, 292 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Environmental Politics : Model of Networks Governance Policy in Water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java Muhammad Kamil : Environmental Politics : Model Of Networks Governance Policy in water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Situ Lengkong Panjalu, Pangcalikan Mount Padang Site, Keramat Kuning Lakbok Site, and Karangkamulyan Site. The new natural tourist attraction is a tourist destination for tourists, including: Wana Wisata Cipangalun and Grand Sayang Kaak. While the pre-construction tourist object is a tourist attraction that is still in the planning stage or development planning, including: Darmacaang Pine Forest, Gunung Sari Tourism Village, Wana Wisata Ipis Sand and Nature Tourism Karaton 293 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Environmental Politics : Model of Networks Governance Policy in Water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java Muhammad Kamil : Environmental Politics : Model Of Networks Governance Policy in water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 BIBLIOGRAPHY Arief, Arifin (2001) Forest and Forestry. Yogyakarta: Kanisius. BPS (2017) Number of Poor People by year 2015-2016. (online) at : http://www.bps.go.id/[11 December 2017]. Herimanto dan Winarno (2014) Basic Social and Cultural Sciences. Jakarta: Bumi Aksara. Manteiro, Maria C.B (2016) Village-Based Tourism Development Model Based on Local Wisdom as a Poverty Reduction Strategy at Rote Ndao regency, Nusa Tenggara Timur. 2 (2). 93-101. Moleong, Lexy, J (2011). Qualitative Research Methodology Revised Edition. Bandung : PT. Remaja Rosdakarya. Nana.S, Sukmadinata (2010) Educational Research Methods. Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya. Otto, Soemarwoto (2004) Ecology, Environment and Development. Jakarta: Djambatan. Pitana, I.G dan Diarta, I.K.S (2009) Introduction to Tourism Science. Yogyakarta: C.V Andi Offset. Pitana, I. Gde dan Gayatri, Putu. G (2005) Sociology of Tourism, Yogyakarta: C.V Andi Offset. Regional Regulation of Ciamis Regency No. 16 of 2016 on Master Plan of Regional Tourism Development of Ciamis Regency Year 2017-2027. Permana (2010) Local Wisdom on Baduy Disaster Mitigation. 15 (1). 67-76. Priyanto dan Safitri, Dyah (2015) Development of Cultural Tourism Village Potential Review of Tourism Village in Central Java. 4 (1). 76-84. Sekar I.P, dkk (2015) Analysis of Tourism Object Potential and Community Readiness in Community-Based Village Tourism Development in Linting Lake Area Deli Serdang Regency. 143-151. Law No. 10 of 2009 on Tourism. Law No. 23 of 2014 on Regional Government 294 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Environmental Politics : Model of Networks Governance Policy in Water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java Muhammad Kamil : Environmental Politics : Model Of Networks Governance Policy in water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 APPARATUS RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT MODEL IN THE FOREMOST, OUTLYING AND REMOTE (3T) (STUDY IN REGION CENTRAL MOUNTAINS PAPUA) 1 1 2 Rudi Hartono Ismail 2 Taufiq Akbar Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Wamena Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Wamena Email: ketua_stia@yahoo.com or stisipwamena@gmail.com Abstract This writing aims to determine the factors of the gap of human resources and find models of human resource development in the area of Administrative outermost and isolated. Model Development of human resources Apparatus of disputes in areas that are at the forefront of the outermost and isolated regions. Model development in this study was built in order to create good governance and true in the implementation of regional autonomy so that the quality of life in the area increas or the same as other areas. Developing human resources in remote areas one of the obstacles is the culture of the local community, economic model, educational capital and local legal or political system. Through this research we were able to develop human resources in the region Apparatus outermost and remote. This research was done using a survey method and model development. The expected result is a prototype and a model of human resource development in the area of Administrative outermost and remote. This strongly supports the government program of national strategic issues related to the theme of Human Development and Competitiveness (Human Development & Competitiveness) Keywords: community culture, economic model, capital education and legal system / politics. INTRODUCTION 295 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Environmental Politics : Model of Networks Governance Policy in Water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java Muhammad Kamil : Environmental Politics : Model Of Networks Governance Policy in water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 The World Bank considers Indonesia as a country in Asia that has successfully transformed the situation from highly centralized to highly decentralized country. In fact, the most decentralized (from the most centralized country to the most decentralized country) by handing over authority to the local majority, the provincial and district / city.Undang-udang 1945 put in the position of regional autonomy must (a must system) with respect uniqueness of each region in the archipelago. According to the founders of the nation, the founding fathers of our heterogeneity as a keniscayaan. This area where development is at the heart of national development. The theory reads that national development will not succeed without good regional development. Regional progress is highly determined the quality of human resources, in addition to the wealth of natural resources. The quality of human resources is needed to face global competition and catch up with other regions. High-low quality of human resources can be seen from the quality of education, health, and the economy of society. The strategic measures to encourage the success of development is creating a system of good governance (good governance), which is needed ethics bureaucracy and high working culture followed by an increase in knowledge and understanding of government actors on-grammatical principles of good governance. The 2004-2009 National Development Plan (RPJM) and the National Strategy (Stranas) of PDT, specify 199 districts as underdeveloped areas (including 26 districts on the border), whose locations are spread over eastern Indonesia (KTI) of 123 districts (62% ), Sumatera 58 sub-provinces (29%), and Java and Bali 18 Sub-Provinces (9%). Disadvantaged areas are districts where communities and their districts are underdeveloped, for reasons of: 1) low potential and management of natural resources; 2) limited access to growth; 3) low socio-economic infrastructure; 4) the population is scattered and isolated. Presidential Regulation No. 90/2006 on the second amendment of Presidential Regulation No. 9/2005. The development program of disadvantaged regions, focused on social, cultural, economic, regional finance, accessibility, and infrastructure availability aspects. The main problems of disadvantaged areas are 1) The quality of human resources is relatively low; 2) Lack of facilities and infrastructure (Infrastructure); 3) Limited access to the economy, information and technology; 4) Disruption of security and disaster; and 5) Is a border area and isolated. Departing from that the development of human resources in Papua Province is still considered to be less of a problem in the areas that are in the outermost and outermost areas, this is reflected more compotitive overall competition from the aspects of life experienced by society and government in developing potential of each region. Disparities can be felt in Papua and the central mountains of Papua especially after specific things have to be done by the region but human resources are not available so it is very difficult to do. Human 296 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Environmental Politics : Model of Networks Governance Policy in Water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java Muhammad Kamil : Environmental Politics : Model Of Networks Governance Policy in water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 resource development is a process undertaken to develop the knowledge, skills and abilities of workers, as well as the competencies developed through training and development, organizational learning, leadership management, and knowledge management for improved performance. It is very interesting to areas that are deemed to be minimal human resources, especially in remote areas and the outermost in reforming management of human resources as a strategic areas of the organization and should be seen as an extension and development of how traditional management to manage human effectively and moderen. There are at least two theoretical perspectives selected as the 'state of the art' in the implementation of this hotel.First activities there sat u main theories resource human management, and the second there are four theorys of the development model that is cultural, educational capital, economic system and political / legal system as supporting theory. The method according to Andrew E. Sikula development (1981) in Mangkunagara (2003: 60) is the most commonly used Some of the methods include management development "training methods, untherstudies, job rotation and planned progression, coaching-counseling, junior boards of executives or multiple management , committee assignments, staff meetings and projects, bussines games, sensitivity training, and other development methods ". B. Writing method The method used in this paper is to use the survey method and the study of literature as well rely on deepening the orginal reference and analysis of the potential of thinking is based on long-term projections in model development. C. Theory The study of the theory became a reference in analyzing the issues raised among them are: 1. Human Resource. According to Chris Rowley and Keith Jackson (2012: 88), the development of human resources is a process undertaken to develop the knowledge, skills and abilities of workers, as well as the competencies developed through training and development, organizational learning, leadership management , and knowledge management for the benefit of performance improvement. While Sedarmayanti (2007: 61) says that Human Resource Development needs to recognize the necessary skills, audit the available skills, take action to adapt skills to current and future business needs and create a process of improving the learning of organizations and individuals associated with business needs. Furthermore 297 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Environmental Politics : Model of Networks Governance Policy in Water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java Muhammad Kamil : Environmental Politics : Model Of Networks Governance Policy in water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Sedarmayanti (2007: 60) says that the strategy of human resources through the development of human resources in achieving a competitive advantage in innovation, quality, cost leadership and by hiring employees who are better than that employed a competitor to develop the capability of strategic and support as well as facilities to improve skills , the development of learner organizations using focused training that has been designed to improve work productivity so as to produce measurable improvements in cost-effectiveness. Decree of the Minister of Administrative Reform No. 63 / KEP / M.PAN / 7/2003 on General Guidelines for the Implementation of Public Service; Letter of the Minister of Administrative Reform No. 11 / M.PAN / 1/2004 of the declaration of the Year of Public Service Improvement and Implementation Guidelines; Decree of the Minister of Administrative Reform No. KEP / 25 / M.PAN / 2/2004 on General Guidelines for Preparation of Public Satisfaction Index Service Unit Government Agencies; and the Decree of the Minister of Administrative Reform No. KEP / 26 / M.PAN / 2/2004 on Technical Guidelines for the Implementation of Transparency and Accountability in Public Service. Overall Decree of the Minister of Administrative Reform is trying to break through the other side of the service in order to accelerate the realization of public service excellence by improving the quality of the government apparatus performance through implementation of transparency and accountability in public service. 2. Culture Society According to Richard, (2010: 98) that culture is just a habit in a place or the usual way in a place so rarely managers think about it impact on an organization. But when managers are concerned with culture because its role is very important in the success of an organization. Furthermore Richard (2010), defines culture as a set of values, beliefs, understandings, and core norms held by members of the organization. The principles, traditions and ways of working that are shared by the members of the organization and affect the way they act (Robbins & Coulter, 2010; 63). Organizational culture is believed to be one of the key factors deciding (key variable factors) the success of organizational performance (Kotter and Heskett, 1992). Organizational culture is defined as a pattern of basic assumptions found, created or developed by a particular group with the intention that the organization learns to overcome or overcome the problems arising from external adaptations and internal integration that has been running well enough, so it needs to be taught to new members as the right way to understand, think, and feel with regard to the problems (Schein, 2004). 298 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Environmental Politics : Model of Networks Governance Policy in Water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java Muhammad Kamil : Environmental Politics : Model Of Networks Governance Policy in water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 3. Economic System The role of human resources in an environment of economic globalization, especially the implementation of the Asean-China Free Trade Agreement (ACFTA) which comprehensively implemented in 2010, and currently Indonesia has to include some ASEAN economic community. Economic globalization later became very populer.Hampir issue every opportunity, whether in seminars, conferences, mass news media never misses discuss this one word, namely globalization ekonomi. Issue about economic globalization was still at the macro level, the understanding of the public in knowing the impact in general which appears to daily life or against the new trend. Entering the era of economic globalization one effort to maintain sustainable economic growth rate will be heavier. Due to the challenges facing the wider and more complex, among them are: First, the problem of high cost economy and the still low quality of human capital in various sectors contribute in enlarging the challenges that must be faced. Secondly, the comprehensive implementation of ACFTA in 2010 has had an impact with the opening of employment in technical services, enabling job seekers from ASEAN member countries in the field of expertise to freely compete for the best opportunity. Hence, the industry can choose the best of their will. However, labor apportunities applies only to workers who meet the proficiency standard (competency standard). The view of development that eliminates the distinction between economic development and social development such as that proposed by the UN Secretary General U Thant that "Development is growth plus change; change in turn is social and cultural as well as quantitative ". This view is also applied to the development of education in harmony with economic factors, social, and politik. Those planners tend to give lower ratings to the achievement of social justice rather than to the achievement of economic growth, or the spread of attitudes in line with the efficient production. That efficiency of social science view stresses that modernization is not just mean the presence of factories, but the presence of an mental attitude suitable for running these factories. The development process is what that occur in mental attitude (state of mind); specifically an assessment with high against a rational consideration in deed and in the organization to work together efficiently. Human resources that have been prepared are always left behind by technological advances.This condition is always a challenge and gap in the development of human resources and technology mastery. The above challenges can actually be solved through systematic efforts oriented to quality management, technology mastery.Enhancement of the ability to innovate and 299 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Environmental Politics : Model of Networks Governance Policy in Water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java Muhammad Kamil : Environmental Politics : Model Of Networks Governance Policy in water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 affiliated. In this way, it is also an opportunity to overcome the human resource gap to become an economic power and strength to compete. According to data from Susenas in September 2012, the number of poor people in Indonesia reached 28,594,000 people indicates that in this country there are still many people who are poor, when viewed between the province then Papua with the population is not so much compared with other provinces, the population the poor reached 976,000 people with a population of 2,833,381 people this means almost 50% of the population of Papua is poor. For Papua poverty severity index classified the most highest compared to other provinces in Indonesia which is 2.44 percent. Of these poverty factors indicate that human resources are still low because poverty is synonymous with underdevelopment. While the Human Development index data nationally in 2011 was the lowest Papua province from across propins i there is 65.36 percent. 4. Capital of Education Education is a process of transferring knowledge or development of the potentials of the subjects of students to achieve optimal development and human civilization through the process of transformation of the main values, or can also be interpreted as a process of personal development in all its aspects to realize the human virtuous. According Siagian (2008: 3) believes that various institutions, although they have no resources and wealth in the form of money, but if they have human resources who are educated, skilled, disciplined, diligent, willing to work hard, have a work culture, very big for private institutions and open wide to develop. Education is a learning process that produces experience provides personal wellbeing, both physically and mentally. Nowadays, humans factors in the process of economic development has more being realized. Developments in the countries are building shows that the physical capital of an any kind favored by economists is only meant for a small portion than growth ekonomi. This factor greatly impede the pace of development is a human being as the subject and the construction company itself . Increasing the degree of education of the population is an important effort in the development of human resources. 5. Political / Legal System In a relatively short period of time, Indonesia is undergoing a massive decentralization. On the one hand there is a decentralization of power from the hands of the presidential institution to the higher institutions of other countries, especially the House of Representatives having a relatively large power to control the policy-making process. On the other hand, decentralization of political and administrative authority from center to region. The effect is quite 300 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Environmental Politics : Model of Networks Governance Policy in Water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java Muhammad Kamil : Environmental Politics : Model Of Networks Governance Policy in water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 significant to the political actors such as local government, local political, nongovernmental organizations and the local elite. According to Henk S Nordhot, (2014: 6) says that Indonesia is now placed in the broader context of the currents of international capital, but the strength and the relative autonomy of the State who are not bi s a neglected, in the absence of a powerful indigenous bourgeoisie. Furthermore Robison (1986) in Henk S Nordhot (2014; 6) states that the new capitalism that had its origins from within the bureaucracy, which is funded by oil revenues and international aid, while a capitalist class that is small and dependent operating abroad it gives birth the concept of authoritarianbureaucratic capitalism, in which the State has a strong position. According to Henk S, (2014; 112) that politics and politicians are sometimes replaced with a more friendly terms in the form of politicians, which has long been a category that is dirty. The word politics, for example, is used to describe the strategies that people do in order to pursue their own interests. However, most local communities are not knowledgeable enough, uninvolved, sometimes even ignorant and therefore more passive, easier to develop cynical attitudes, and sometimes even believe that politics is something that s a bi not applied for them. C. Discussion The discussion in this paper are centered on: 1. Resource Development Government Personnel Human Resources Development is a process of increasing knowledge, skills, and capacities of all residents of a community (MM Papayungan, 1995: 109). Meanwhile Payaman J. Simanjuntak argues that: "Human Resources contain two meanings: First, Human Resources contain the understanding of work effort or service that can be given by someone in a certain time to produce goods and services. While the second definition of Human Resources are concerned human beings capable of working to provide the services or work effort (Payaman J. Simanjuntak, 1985: 1). Furthermore Sedarmayanti (2007: 61) says that the development of human resources need to identify the necessary skills, audit skills available, take action to adapt the skills with the needs of business today and the future and creating a process of improving the learning of organizations and individuals t erkait with needs. Sedarmayanti (2007: 61) says that the development of human resources need to identify the necessary skills, audit skills available, take action to adapt the skills with the needs of the present and future as well as creating a process of increasing learning organizations and individuals related to the needs of the community . Today so is complex problems that occur in society that government organizations become the foundation of society in overcoming the problems which occurred mainly in areas classified as 3 T (Frontier, Outermost and Remote) that they really need attention and handling the maximum to avoid cracking and disintegration of the nation . T main objective organization of local 301 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Environmental Politics : Model of Networks Governance Policy in Water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java Muhammad Kamil : Environmental Politics : Model Of Networks Governance Policy in water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 government in this case to provide maximum service to the community for regional development is needed either in the form of knowledge, skills and attitudes, so that people are better prepared for the construction carried out, but more importantly bagimana Apparatus local governments prepare Its resources to provide better service, because when Apparatus Resources which has the ability to manage the region, especially in the era of autonomy will provide prosperity for its people, but today many constraints faced by the region, especially Resources qualified human expertise. Human Resources become very important for all organizations today. According Sianipar that along with the introduction of regional autonomy, the level of service at the local level would actually be felt by the community in improving the quality of public services. This means that the Apparatus Resources is part of the whole public service system element that is so vast and complex, because the tug a s and function of apparatuses that are so important and strategic. Today, the function of apparatuses become more complex, not just a function of setting, managing, and controlling it, but more oriented to the function of empowerment (empowering), opportunity (enabling), openness (democratic) and partnerships (PPP) in decision-making, making and implementing policies in public service efforts. To form a figure apparatuses, especially in the area of Remote like the one in the central highlands of Papua where the geographical conditions are very extreme and underdeveloped society does take time and a long process and the efforts should not be stopped. Personnel management needs to be addressed, ie starting by doing the correct recruitment pattern in accordance with the rules and based on competence. Similarly in the development of employees, Job Performance Appraisal (PPK), career patterns, payroll, promotion, dismissal and so on. All changes that need to be done with commitment and consistency are high. Immediate changes can be made is the improvement of skills or competencies through education and training (diklat) and non diklat.Perubahan through training and training can be done by conducting various courses, formal or non formal education or other education related to upgrades or technical competence as well as a change of mindset, moral, and behavioral apparatuses. Although changing the mindset, morals and behavior through training apparatuses is not easy, but it still needs to be done. While the enhancement of ability or competence through non-training can be done by creating situations and working conditions conducive to the occurrence of capacity improvement, periodic mutations, creating harmonious personal relationships and so forth. 2. Cultural Approach Model, Economic System, Capital Education and Political System / Law 302 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Environmental Politics : Model of Networks Governance Policy in Water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java Muhammad Kamil : Environmental Politics : Model Of Networks Governance Policy in water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Apparatus Resources Development in areas including 3 T (Frontier, Outermost and Remote), so is complex and diverse in the face. leaders rarely think about the impact on an organization. But if the leadership approach pera n culture because culture is very important in the success of an organization, and how-c makatradisi fig worked adopted leh o Apparatus local governments can affect the way they act or work. Organizational culture is believed to be one of the key factors deciding (key variable factors) the success of organizational performance (Kotter and Heskett, 1992). An organizational culture that exists today in government organizations as a pattern of basic assumptions were discovered, invented or developed with the intention that the organization learns to overcome or cope with her problems arising from external adaptation and internal integration that has been running pretty well, so need to be taught to new members as a right way to understand, think, and feel with regard to these issues. On the other hand the economic system becomes attractive models made in an approach adopted in remote areas. Really be felt as a servant of the State who spread were playing with the duties and responsibilities in the outermost and isolated (3T). With such conditions, economic problems, high cost and low quality of human capital in various sectors contribute to enlarge the challenges faced by the Apparatus. The low income and welfare APPARATUS. The reward system is still not running as a reward system, because of the salary scale determined by low-hight rank equally. Though the rank is not always related to competence, task, responsibility, work culture, location or workplace area. Therefore the local economic system approach undertaken in developing apparatuses in remote areas in order to be more competitive it is necessary to differences payroll or reward is given. Capital Educational institutions despite not having the resources and wealth in the form of money, but if it has a human resource educated, skilled, disciplined, diligent, willing to work hard, have a work culture, faithful grabbed a huge advancement for institutional and private open with a width to grow. It seems that the area contained in the region is still very low. Since understanding is in addition to the distance and the general conditions in the face by the Apparatus. Apparatus figure that there has not been in accordance with competence in their field. Not proper Apparatus in their potition priority placement (orientation) requirements the administrative rank and DUK, when the rank is not always in line with this ability. That give an influence also only due to the procurement / recruitment that does not comply with to realize the vision and mission of the organization, then the model educational approach which is owned by the apparatus becomes very important to note dalan support organizational goals. The areas classified as 3T drafting career path taken should be considered in give identification with difficulties encountered. these phenomena, coupled with the provision of "regional autonomy" have encouraged local governments to 303 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Environmental Politics : Model of Networks Governance Policy in Water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java Muhammad Kamil : Environmental Politics : Model Of Networks Governance Policy in water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 undertake a series of innovations and changes to the management of personnel in their areas in a more professional, modern and prosperous direction. Model approach system politics or law on regional Frontier, Outermost and Remote (3T) in developing human resources for Government officials, in need of policy interventions to the development apparatus, which is marked by the enactment of the Governor / Regent / Mayor who incidentally official staff development that has have a rightt, move, and lay in the institution APPARATUS. APPARATUS there are the likelihood that co-opted by the power-of politik in the area. Then a danya confusion between political office and career positions, confusion tersebuttentunya will create government instability, so the career Apparatus is not solely determined by the merit system but political also more dominant. The conditions of their make unclear career planning and security of tenure .The result Apparatus seek and to approach politistersebut officials. It certainly will bring conditions that are not conducive to create professionalism of employees. Whereas civilcerfant use system of merit-based system, but in reality has become spoiled system. All that becomes relatively large absolute power to control the policy-making process. On the other hand, decentralization of political and administrative authority from center to region. The effect is quite significant to the political actors such as local government, local political, non-governmental organizations and the local elite. Conclusion Model Apparatus human resource development in the region outermost and isolated. Become An alternative model offered by the government in managing the human resources Apparatus in government institutions from the cultural aspects of society, economic system, political system and education capital / legal. This development model is built in order to create good governance and true in the implementation of regional autonomy so that the quality of life in the area increased or the same as other areas. Developing human resources in remote areas one of the obstacles is local community culture, economic model, educational capital and local legal or political system Create a good governance (good governance), the necessary political ethics bureaucracy and high working culture followed by an increase in knowledge and understanding of government actors towards principles of governence. With the right system of regional autonomy, provincial and district / city governments are encouraged to establish and develop themselves more freely with 304 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Environmental Politics : Model of Networks Governance Policy in Water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java Muhammad Kamil : Environmental Politics : Model Of Networks Governance Policy in water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 the efforts basis region. The situation also, encourage local autonomy and regional development Outlying, Remote .Governence Outermost regions have the duty and authority sufficient to perform the acceleration and expansion of remote areas, the outermost and foremost in accordance with its local wisdom. The need to change behavior and how a community which is based on universal human values (moral), the principles of social and sustainable development. This change of community perspective is a solid foundation for the establishment of an independent community institution, through the empowerment of the perpetrators to act according to human dignity and dignity. 305 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Environmental Politics : Model of Networks Governance Policy in Water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java Muhammad Kamil : Environmental Politics : Model Of Networks Governance Policy in water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 BIBLIOGRAPHY Anwar Prabu Mangkunegara. 2003. Perencanaan dan Pengembangan sumber Daya Manusia. PT. Refika Aditama, Bandung. Chris Rowley. 2012. Manajemen Sumber daya Manusia: The Key Concepts.PT.RajaGrafindo Persada. Jakarta. Henk S Nordhot dan Gerry van Klinken.2014. Politok Lokal di Indonesia KITLV dan Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia. Jakarta Kotter, J.P. &Heskett, J.L. (1992).Corporate Culture and Performance. New York: The Free Press. Merih Sevilir. (2009). Human capital investment, new firm creationand venture capital.Journal Financial Intermediation University of North Carolina, Carolina, USA 08.002.Hal 1- 26. Phil C. Bryant , David G. Allen (2009), Emerging organizations' characteristics as predictors of human capital employment mode: A theoretical perspective, The University of Memphis, Fogelman College of Business and Economics, Memphis.Journal Human Resource Management Review 19 (2009) Hal.347– 355. Ratu Megalia (2011) Manajemen Peningkatan Kompetensi Aparatur: Studi tentang Implementasi Kebijakan Reformasi Sumber Daya Manusia pada Badan Pendidikan dan Pelatihan di Indonesia,Jurnal Sosio humanika 4(2) Disertasi, ,Pascasarjana Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia.Bandung.Hal 259-286. Richard L. Draft .2010.Era baru Manajemen Edisi 9.PT SalembaEmpat. Jakarta Ruliaty( 2008 ) Implikasi Strategi Pengembangan Sumberdaya Aparatur Pemerintah Daerah Bulukumba Dalam Kaitannya Dengan Kualitas Pelayanan Publik. Jurnal Ekonomi Balance FekonUnismuh Makassar. Hal 110-173. Schein, E.H. (2004). Organizational Culture and Leadership.third edition. San Francisco: Jossey- Bass Publisher. Sedarmayanti, 2007.Manajemen Sumberdaya Manusia :Reformasi Birokrasi dan Manajemen Pegawai Negeri Sipil cetakan ke 6 . Repika Aditama.Bandung. Siagian, Sondang, P. (2008), Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia, Jakarta: Bumi Aksara. Stephen P.Robbins dan Mary Coulter.2010.Manajemen Edisi 10 Jilid 1.PT Erlangga. Jakarta. 306 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Environmental Politics : Model of Networks Governance Policy in Water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java Muhammad Kamil : Environmental Politics : Model Of Networks Governance Policy in water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 TunHuseno( 2011) Learning Organization dalam Peningkatan Kualitas Sumber Daya Manusia Era Globalisasi. Jurnal Manajemen dan Kewirausahaan Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Tamansiswa Padang Vol.2, No.1, Hal 62-78. 307 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Environmental Politics : Model of Networks Governance Policy in Water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java Muhammad Kamil : Environmental Politics : Model Of Networks Governance Policy in water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 SEXUALITY, FANTASY AND URBAN INDUSTRIAL FATIGUE Teza Yudha1 Ana Fitriana P2 Flori. M. Lubis3 1 Padjajaran University; teza.yudha@fisip.unsika.ac.id Singaperbangsa University Karawang ; only_ana80@yahoo.com 3 Singapebangsa University Karawang ; flori.mardianilubis@fisip.unsika.ac.id 2 Abstract The new culture of urban society has produced a distinctive social phenomenon. Related with their fantasies of the lust satisfaction. Free sex and prostitution that flourish in the middle of an industrial city is a phenomenon of today's urbanites. This study attempts to describe the relationship between industrialization and urbanization with the urban sex expression of industrial cities in the context of social life governance by local governments. The writing focuses on the urban sex expression in industrial cities and local government policy in addressing it. The context of local governance in this paper analyzed by using a critical paradigm through the sociological approach of government. The focus of this research is in Karawang regency as one of the largest industrial city in Asia. The results show that urban sex expression tends to escape from the corridors of social and religious norms embodied in various forms. The sexuality of urban society has been dictated by the industry volition. The urban sex expression of free sex and cyber sex is not driven by his desire, but by a production process that is subject to the economic mechanism of capitalism. There is supply and demand causing virtual sex, online prostitution, spa spots, pubs, clubs, discos, hotels as well as karaoke places to grow and thrive in Karawang regency filled with urbanites. Local governments have not been serious and tend to be out of date in terms of the arrangement of negative urban sex expression. Keywords : Urban, Fantasy, Capitalism. INTRODUCTION This paper attempts to describe the relationship between industrialization and urbanization with the urban sex expression of industrial cities in the context of social life 308 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Environmental Politics : Model of Networks Governance Policy in Water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java Muhammad Kamil : Environmental Politics : Model Of Networks Governance Policy in water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 governance by local governments. The writing focuses on the urban sex expression in industrial cities and local government policy in addressing it. The context of local governance in this paper analyzed by using a critical paradigm. Urbanization must be seen as a very complex phenomenon, not just seen as the movement of people from village to city. As one of the areas that became the center of industry in Indonesia, the opening of employment in Karawang Regency has attracted many people to come to Pangkal Perjuangan City with various purposes, starting from finding a job to open a business in this city. Many interesting issues to reviewed, including one of which is about the relationship between industrialization, urbanization and the affairs of the bed (sex appetite). Change, displacement, modernization and urbanization have shifted the way of thinking and the way people live. Sociological, anthropological, psychological and postmodern studies become interesting again to be an analytical perspective on the complexity of urban problems, especially industrial areas such as Karawang Regency. Free sex and urbanization become inseparable and so identical. The proliferation of karaoke and massage parlors mostly as a the practice of prostitution case grows a lot in industrial areas. At least the phenomenon that writers observe in Karawang, which is now known today as the industrial city. Karawang as one of the capital buffer is listed as one of the largest industrial city in Asia. The largest industrial city in Indonesia, even in Southeast Asia with a land area of 13.718 hectares (equivalent to 7.85 percent of the total area of Karawang regency)1. The official site of Karawang2 regency government records that the total number of industries per year in 2011 (consisting of large and small industries) amounts to 9,764 units. The next year increased to 9,920 units. In the year 2012, the next consecutive increase to 9,963 units (in 2013), 10,026 units (Year 2014) and 10244 units (in 2015) with a total investment value reached 25.453 trillion rupiah. Every day, 205.759 people went to work in factories spread in 25 industrial areas in Karawang regency. Babies are born and people come to Karawang every year. The average rate of increase is 1.76 percent (2011 to 2015). Or in other words, Karawang arrival 35 thousand to 40 thousand new people every year. Head of Population and Civil Registry Karawang said 3, the flow of urbanization in Karawang is unstoppable. On average each year, Karawang arrival of 1,000 newcomers from outside Karawang. In 2014, 13 thousand migrants move to Karawang. In the next year, in 2015 Karawang has 17,262 arrivals arriving. This illustrates that the outflow of population from outside to Karawang regency so very large and of course it also became the trigger of many problems in Karawang regency, especially social problems in the community Karawang regency. The substantial employment opportunities faced by the explosion of immense population growth due to immigrants, has made many social problems that must be faced by the Karawang regency government. This paper will focus on the social problems of urban sex expression problem in Karawang regency and how the local government of Karawang regency to address the issue. The author's observation of the phenomenon of sex (prostitution practices and the like) found in many areas in Karawang regency, has encouraged the authors 309 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Environmental Politics : Model of Networks Governance Policy in Water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java Muhammad Kamil : Environmental Politics : Model Of Networks Governance Policy in water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 to observe the relationship between the phenomenon of industrialization and urbanization in Karawang regency with the urban sex expression are working in Karawang. 1. Research Method This research uses qualitative approach with research design using case study. Through a qualitative approach, this research attempts to analyze and describe urban life especially in terms of their sexual expression. In addition, the critical paradigm used in this research will be directed to try to dismantle the hiding dominance behind the relationships of the three actors in local governance ie the government, the owners of capital (industry) and the urban community (urban workers). In this aspect, research attempt to know the government's attitude toward the phenomena that the authors scrutinize. Critical paradigma will use as a point of view or research position in looking at the phenomenon research. While the approach is scientifically, the writer approached the relationship of the three actors in the problem under research using the sociological approach of government. Through this critical pradigma and sociological approach of government, it is expected to analyze and describe the relationship between the government and who is governed (public and private). The behavior and relationship between the three actors in the regulation of public life is a study of the sociology of government. Data collection was done through documentation study, interview and participant observation in the field. In the early part of the study, researchers used literature studies to obtain information on the relationship between industrialization and urban sex expression researched by previous researchers. This becomes a background in approaching the issues that the author interested with. 1. Result and Discuss Ludwig Feuerbach, a young Karl Marx college student philosopher who took Friedrich Hegel's course, said that God is the source of human alienation. Feuerbach's opinion was later denied by Marx who said, humans alienated from himself. Therefore, man is alienated from his work. Suseno (2016) explains, Feuerbach initially assumed that God was created from the human imagination. Man who is estranged from himself (in a state of hunger, helplessness and deprivation) makes a full human projection in his head. A perfectly plenary human being is full of paras, attitudes, properties, possessions, popularity. This projection is then enlarged along with the alienation of the human creator. The bigger, so large that it eats the existentialism of the human creator. This projection (by Feurbach) is named the god (religion). Meanwhile, Karl Marx, anti-test what Feuerbach proposed. According to Marx, the source of human alienation lies in his work. Not on human imagination. Supposedly, says Marx, the process of human production is said to succeed if it can produce a product that projects itself. The production process is done based on the will of the human individual, not the willingness of others who are bound in the contract of work. Those who work in factories are isolated people because they do not make the production process according to their will, only based on economic needs. This alienation is named alienation. Workers are alienated from their own work (Suseno, 2016). So it is with "Fatigue". A term that is also a congenital disease of industrialization in the era of capitalism. Division of Labor, Adam Smith's proposal for efficiency and 310 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Environmental Politics : Model of Networks Governance Policy in Water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java Muhammad Kamil : Environmental Politics : Model Of Networks Governance Policy in water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 productivity in industrial management, has made people working in industry for decades doing the same thing. There is flatness and psychological fatigue in workers. Furthermore the strict discipline of working hours has made the fatigue even more intense. Fatigue in the face of just the same work, the pressure of work, the alienation of workers from the goods they produce, many workers can not afford to buy the products they produce, the accumulation of capital profits from the company also only flows to the owners of capital, all these things have made urban workers experiencing various pressures. In such conditions, entertainment is a means of eliminating fatigue born from daily work. A self-healed working class society and its status as an urban, will escape to an unfortunate entertainment venue still within the power of capitalism. Strinati (2016), said the media (television, film, architecture, advertising, pop music) helped shape urban culture. Postmodernism and popular culture were born out of a working-class consumerism. The more the working class is saturated with its work then experiencing alienation, the more often they become perpetrators of consumerism. Consuming popular culture products is a sedative for workers. A popular culture that is widely condemned superficially and not philosophically by many social thinkers is a natural thing, because it wants to be enjoyed without the thought of the urban people who are already tired with various routines of work and job pressure. This consumptive urban behavior is in line with Leslie's research (2002), based on the industry's realities in Thailand at the end of the 20th century. Thailand is advancing due to increased commodification and commercialization, increasing amounts of foreign investment in tourism and industry. But on the other hand, Thailand is scattered. Consumerism pitted religion and politics in Thailand. It decreased agricultural production and shifted state policy to industry export-based (which also thrived there), urban expansion, and urban emerging. Leslie concludes, consumerism in Thailand is a major cause of corruption, prostitution, drug trafficking and environmental degradation. Consumerism in Thailand became the main caused of women farmers (women in the village, in his paper, Leslie using the term Thai Peasant Women) flocked to the city only to work as prostitutes. They have two goals: first, help the family finances. Second: using the body to earn money in order to meet the desires of their consumerism. From the literature review above, the authors take the view that urbanization is not only a phenomenon of population movement, but also has shifted many things, which then make urbanization a complex phenomenon. Urbanization in Thailand opens up many jobs, abandoning traditional jobs, and for capitalism that is the spirit that shapes settlements and urbanites, all things can become commodities, as long as money is generated, although it sometimes collides with moral and ethical principles. The case study of the emergence of prostitution in urban settlement in Thailand famous for its Buddhist religion has become one of the proofs that capitalism, modernization, industrialization and urbanization is one of the most intact historical narratives that change many views and ways of life, what is or may not, what appropriate or not, and various other views about sex. Modernity with urbanization has made human beings rational, no longer afraid of the religious threat that sexual activity outside of marriage will cause sin and will be punished by God. Rationality makes sex activities drive away flatness from the world of profession and recreation to eliminate fatigue, it also encourages the number of commercial sex workers 311 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Environmental Politics : Model of Networks Governance Policy in Water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java Muhammad Kamil : Environmental Politics : Model Of Networks Governance Policy in water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 emerging, because of the emergence and high demand for sex service orders, economic law is running here. A conference called Jornadas: Against Women's Exploitation in Catalunia, in northern Spain, agrees that the main cause of high and growing prostitution and trafficking of women is due to the high demand for prostitution by men. The outcome of this conference is also in line with the United Nations (United Nations) report (Freire, 2009). It should also be remembered that sex and intimacy are services that can be bought and sold like any other service. Bernstein (2007), calls this the term bounded authenticity, or "restricted authenticity". Or it may mean a temporary or a paid relationship. Nkala (2014), concluded that high unemployment rates forced many young women to do sexual work. In fact, the closure of Bulawayo industrial zone, Zimbabwe, forced young women to use various means to earn an income. Including double job: as a formal employee, as well as prostitute. The existence of demand and supply in this discussion also agreed by Urban Sociologist from University of Indonesia, Hadi4. He said, the proliferation of sex service providers due to two factors. First, the high demand from the urban. Second, from the permissiveness of the urban community. The same treatment can also be given for boarding or rent or an apartment that offers "freedom" to a "cohabiting" couple. What can we explain about urban permissive behavior toward the proliferation of sex providers? One of the arguments that can answer this question is the uprooting of the urban from the religious roots and customs that are very firm and hard in terms of sexual activity outside of marriage, especially with sex service providers. What keeps the urban uprooted from religious roots and customs like in the countryside? First, modernization does encourage secularization, marginalize religion, because the modernization of its spirit is rationality. We have to look at history and remember that capitalism is what gave birth to modernization, industrialization and urbanization. Capitalism ultimately shifts the urban way of life and outlook that is no longer bound to the religiosity and customs that are so firm in the affairs of extramarital sexual relations, including using the services of sex service providers. The high poverty in Karawang coupled with the uprooting of urban people from religious roots and customs has made the effort to earn money by providing sexual services is not too much of a problem anymore. Second, in the life of the urban, individualism arises because of busyness and routine that has been time-consuming, and put religion in the private-sphere. We see, in the villages we still see mutual cooperation to maintain the security of the village with environmental security system, while in urban settlements, what happens is looking for employees or security guards to maintain security. Individualism makes religion into private space. This makes no social safety net created by religion, such as ethics and morals together that refer to religious orders and restrictions in urban settlements. Third, the urban emerging because of the industrialization has another negative aspect with the existence of structural problems, it is much studied by the thinkers of marxist and neo-Marxism. Urban people also generate poverty, high social inequalities and aspects that are most detrimental to poor and uneducated women, eventually becoming commodities to 312 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Environmental Politics : Model of Networks Governance Policy in Water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java Muhammad Kamil : Environmental Politics : Model Of Networks Governance Policy in water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 sell sex services. These three things make the writer want to argue why the urban permissiveness of sexual service providers in urban settlements. It also reaffirms the author's basic argument, that the phenomenon of urbanization has shifted many of the views of human life, especially the issue of sex. In line with the statement of economic law where there is demand then there is certainly a supply, these immigrants also took the field of production of local residents. The hundreds of thousands of working class also invite other migrants (who do not have enough competence to be accepted in industry) to try their fortune in Karawang. Head of Department of Manpower and Transmigration Karawang5 said, unemployment in Karawang per year 2016 reached 114 thousand people. A huge number for an industrial city. These factors led to prostitution and free sex spots in Karawang. The demand of the urban working class, which is due to wander, regardless of the moral control of the family and the moral values of his hometown, is also a fundamental need to fulfill his sexual desire because there is no outlet (far from the couple); coupled with the increasingly narrowing of employment so that both local and urban people (without competence) will be greeted by the demand for prostitution and the availability of nasty points. Qayyum, et al (2013) in a journal taking a case study in Punjab, Pakistan, says the same. The economic crisis, poverty, and debt are the biggest reasons someone engages in prostitution. Although, this reason only becomes a trigger. Hubbard (2011) says, the city (where the urban live) is a sexual site where sexuality is easily accessible. However, the governor, the police, the court, the legislature, also limit the visibility of this sexual site. Phil sorted and divide urban prostitution into four by market type. This calcification is also the author used to map prostitution in Karawang regency that the author thoroughly. First, street sex workers. Sex worker with the characteristics of hung on the roadside. Clearly accessible and public. Servicing in vehicles, public places, and lodging. Geographically, they are widespread in crowded spots even though legally what they do is illegal. In Karawang, they can be found in GOR Panatayudha, SMAN 4 Karawang area (special gay prostitution), and around Johar market. Second, brothels and or spa / massage places that serve sex services. At brothels, sex workers can almost serve all the customer's sexual demands. Whereas in the spa / massage, sexual services are usually limited to oral sex or sex tackle (Phil calls this the term sex on premise). From the results of the tracking, where the spa and massage D'Crown Karawang on Jalan Ahmad Yani, Karawang, had been involved in the business of prostitution6. Karawang regency HIV / AIDS Commission (KPA) staff7 stated, Karawang has 25 location point of prostitution. Meanwhile, Yayasan Kita Kita or Yakiki 8 claimed that prostitution in Karawang amounted to 53 dots. Of course, this point of prostitution is traceable (because it is a public secret), some are not traced because it is only limited consumption. One of the most famous prostitution places in Karawang is Se'er. Located on Jalan Niaga Karawang, next to Karawang Train Station. The rows of semi-permanent brothels. In every home, two or three women offered her. The other point is Kober, aka Kobak Biru. Located in Tegal Danas Village, Telukjambe Barat District, Karawang. Along the path of Pantura, which connects Karawang with Subang, also mushroom a semipermanent brothel. However, unlike Se'er and Kober, sexual service vendors are not coordinated with each other. 313 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Environmental Politics : Model of Networks Governance Policy in Water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java Muhammad Kamil : Environmental Politics : Model Of Networks Governance Policy in water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Meanwhile, homestay prostitution flourishes in downtown Karawang. A board near the rice shop, Pasar Johar; and in the region of Guro I to Guro II the Gor Panatayudha region is the most famous point for the practice of prostitution. Not only prostitution, it is also the safest place to keep the mistress. Third, adult entertainment (sexually oriented business). The urbanites are no stranger to discos, or dugem, offering bare dance services. This type of prostitution usually offers a striptease service. Since it is registered and legally registered, this type of entertainment can be overtly running its business. Of course with curfew limitation. Hubbard (2011) says, adult entertainment such as strip dance usually does not offer sex services. And, if two types of urban prostitution had previously engaged in clandestine sex services, naked dance services usually took shelter in legal places (of course with some provisions, such as not being naked and no physical contact). In Karawang, the author has not found this type of prostitution point. However, adult entertainment is scattered at many points in this city. The visitors are identical with the urban youngsters, and the 35 year olds. Fourth, prostitution is disguised as a place of night entertainment. If the third number of prostitution services operates openly because of holding a legal business license, the fourth prostitution goes stealthily behind the glitter of nightspots. The nightclub business is a bar, restaurant, karaoke and billiards. Of course, they also sell liquor and services of female track-guides. All the urban people are equally understand, the guides of this song can be invited one night stand aka sleeping friends, provided the appropriate fees. From the author's search results, there are at least six nightspots with the type of karaoke and bar in Karawang. Dewi Air Restaurant & Karawang Karaoke which is located on International Road of West Karawang, Sukamakmur Village, Telukjambe Timur; Blue Sky Resto & Karaoke at Jalan Raya Galuh Mas, East Karawang; Inul Vizta Branch 2 at Festive Walk Mall, Galuh Mas Street, East Karawang; Inul Vizta Branch 1 in Supermall Karawang, Bypass Ahmad Yani Street, Karawang; Diva Karaoke at Ramayana Karawang Mall, Bypass Ahmad Yani Street, Karawang; and Aneka Baru Resto on Tuparev Street, West Karawang. Sure, there are many other nightspots that stand in the villages on the edge of downtown Karawang. In addition, like the habits of the urban who have a long time on Saturday night, at certain times there is a live DJ in Karawang. DJs’ live are usually held at restaurants along the West Karawang International Street, and the lobby of star hotels in Karawang. They are drunk, swaying, party, which sometimes ends up in bed in a one night stand relationship. Head of Other Taxes in Regional Income Institution Karawang9 said per year 2016, Karawang Government received Rp 72 billion from entertainment tax. The details, from the tax sector, the government received Rp 13.66 billion. From the restaurant sector, Rp 50.76 billion. And from the entertainment tax of Rp 7.58 billion. Of the total Rp 7.58 billion, karaoke taxes accounted for Rp 1.286 billion; and the massage or reflection parlor taxes contributed Rp 173.59 million. 314 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Environmental Politics : Model of Networks Governance Policy in Water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java Muhammad Kamil : Environmental Politics : Model Of Networks Governance Policy in water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Indeed, the release of urban sexual desire Falkirk can not be simplified in just four points above. Through the internet, pornography and prostitution have also grown rapidly and rapidly. According to statistics from media technology company TechMedia Network, 12 percent of all websites around the world are pornographic sites. And every month, 72 million internet users visit these sites. If there is one place where sex service providers and sex service buyers are protected safely without fear of arrest, then the place is called the internet. The authors can compare with the prostitution practice that is still conventional. For example, every beginning of Ramadan, Civil Service Police Unit and related parties diligently raided the place of prostitution in Karawang. Night entertainment was given an appeal to open at seven o'clock and close before 12 o'clock. One of the places where prostitution is diligently subject to raids is Se'er. Not only raided, where prostitution is often dismantled. Se'er had been unloaded in 201610, 201511, and in 201412. However, as did not deterrent, Se'er and other prostitution place to grow back and even greater. Through technological sophistication, sexual peddlers also have the safest place when their hanging places are flattened by heavy equipment. They can peddle on the internet. Online prostitution in Karawang is not new. Prostitution patrons and prostitutes can search each other on social media. The holder creates an account, the customer performs an account search using related keywords. However, social media accounts are often fake. Precisely, online prostitution spreads and deeply rooted via a forum-shaped website. In addition to more secure because the site address can not be found through the Google search engine, the website is not vulnerable to fake accounts. Forums on websites are impossible to infiltrate a fake account. Therefore, there is a system that regulates the level of customer satisfaction and customer trust. The account of a prostitute can get a star (or cendol in terms of Kaskus forum) when he gives satisfaction and accuracy of service in accordance with what he put on the website. Customers will not visit the account that gets a few stars. The Semprot.com13 is one of the largest free sex and prostitution sites in Indonesia. There are 102 posts that appear when the author searches based on the keyword "Karawang". Not to mention social media like Beetalk, Sayhi, Snapchat, Skout, Bigo, Badoo and Tinder that allow people to fulfill their sexual fantasies and passions do not need to go outdoors, they can access them easily and various fulfillment services are available. We attempts how the ease of technology is exploited by sex service providers to make it easier for people who need information to order sexual services. The development of communication technology that really exploded after the technological revolution, really has made things more complex. Modernization that has deprived people of their roots such as the pattern of life, tradition, and urban religiosity when they are still in the village, making sex among the urban is no longer a matter of reproduction with marriage bonds, but also about recreation. In the phenomenon of information technology based sexual services emerged cybersex study. The virtual world or cyberspace today is a new world, human beings in addition to bearing members of a country called citizen, also bearing members of the virtual world called netizen. These services strolled because the rules in social media and cyberspace can not follow the rapid development of teknlogi. Then how the government of Karawang 315 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Environmental Politics : Model of Networks Governance Policy in Water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java Muhammad Kamil : Environmental Politics : Model Of Networks Governance Policy in water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 regency to address various issues related to urban sex expression? The various modes and practices that emerge as the urban sex expression require the handling of the government as the territorial authority. Actually, there is no uniqueness of prostitution phenomenon in Karawang. Unlike Doli in Surabaya or elsewhere who have their own peculiarities. Vice Regent Karawang Jimmy Akhmad Zamakhsyari, in an interview session on Tuesday (February 20, 2018 at 10 am in the official house of Sekda Karawang) said, the prostitution in Karawang caused by the government failed to provide prosperity to the community. In fact, the government's duty is to take care of the welfare of society, not dwell on the affairs of immoral (prevent and restrict prostitution). The task of preventing and restricting prostitution is the domain of the clergy. Jimmy said, if the Karawang government can give prosperity, then the phenomenon of prostitution never existed. Or at least can be reduced. In terms of legal umbrella, Jimmy acknowledged that the government already has the rules set forth in Perda K314 (Order, Cleanliness and Beauty) number 6 year 2011. For example, set forth in Article 10 paragraph (1), the government has the right to discipline entertainment or disturbing activities public order and tranquility. Through this article, the government can close or restrict nightclubs and spas. In article 15, the issue of prostitution control is further elaborated: the government (entitled) to control the prostitutes who roam the city parks, public facilities, social facilities, hotels and other lodging services. On the other hand, the Provincial Health and Safety Law also gives the right to prostitutes for education, training and skills courses. In article 18, local governments have the right to take precautions against the development of immorality through the control of the circulation of pornography and porno action, as well as other places of entertainment. The government, in article 42, also prohibits all forms of prostitution. The government also imposes sanctions for offenders. In the same law, a fine of Rp 5 million is given to those who commit immorality and other exploitation. Meanwhile, for those who withdraw profits from immorality are subject to sanctions of Rp 50 million. However, Jimmy admitted, the legal umbrella was ineffective. The phenomenon of prostitution has existed since ancient times until now. The government can not fight the phenomenon. However, if the government can prosper society, the phenomenon will decrease more. The government is not present to rehabilitate, but to provide space and opportunities for prostitutes. Risma in Surabaya has been able to close Dolly. Although prostitution is not entirely lost, what Risma does is concrete proof. In addressing the issue of various practices of prostitution, Jimmy expressed the idea that the Local Government open the door of aspiration once a month so that the proposals and complaints can be accommodated. Prostitution begins with welfare, and the government must present a solution, not to fight hard. Jimmy claims, the settlement of the phenomenon of prostitution requires only Rp 10 billion from the total budget of Karawang Rp 4.2 trillion. Of course, this settlement also requires the help of BLK (Training Center), banking, and private (companies) to be asked for its CSR. 316 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Environmental Politics : Model of Networks Governance Policy in Water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java Muhammad Kamil : Environmental Politics : Model Of Networks Governance Policy in water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Jimmy analyzed, the number of prostitutes in Karawang no more than a thousand people. The government is not to stop and close the place of prostitution, but to prepare a solution in the form of a creative space for them to work. How to? According to Jimmy, first, the prostitutes should be recorded first. Once recorded, the next process is the decomposition of the problem: what is behind them doing the deed? Jimmy believes, 95% of prostitution starts from financial and welfare issues. Then the remaining five percent are those who prostitute themselves with vengeance or personal emotion. After the issue, the populist economic program can be run by synergizing the Social Service; Department of Industry and Commerce; and Cooperatives Department. These three agencies must issue an integrated policy involving the private sector. The Social Service handles psychological matters (Jimmy's term to refer to advocacy and mentoring), the Cooperative Office takes care of their business, and the Department of Industry and Trade connects two agencies to be synergistic. The policy model is entrepreneurship. In other areas, Jimmy said, it never fails because there is no mindset of entrepreneurship for the prostitutes and there is no policy escort to the threshold. People's economic program can run when there is escort. Entrepreneurship is the way out for them. Jimmy confessed, it is very difficult to include the prostitutes into the thousands of industries in Karawang. One of the most difficult constraints is due to the age factor. In the company, the requirement to enter as operator maximum age of 23 years and negative stigma audience to the prostitutes so that no company willing to accept them as employees. From the results of the above studies the authors see the attitude of local governments tend not to be serious and have been left behind by development era. First, the government only responds to this problem with the old approach, as the author has explained. The government already has the rules set forth in the regulation of K3 (Order, Hygiene, and Beauty), this is only continuously repeated by the government to approach the problem of sex service providers, while the changes are numerous. Sexual activity and networking is also very advanced and advanced. This is shown one of them is by adapting the services of sex services with the advancement of communication technology, there is even a phone service and chat sex. Second, the government is just like a firefighter, lacking adequate research to predict the development of sex services, as well as a very complex urban phenomenon with negative expressions of urbanity due to social fatigue. The policies made by the government are not serious and without research to understand the problems in depth. Methods of punishment of perpetrators are still the main method, while many other methods should be studied, including predictive and preventive approaches. The government is still very post-pactum, after various cases and public appearances such as the sale of minors for prostitution to online prostitution. Third, the government is not serious and even very rarely involves many parties to discuss to make room for many parties, including scholars with the concentration of their respective studies to advise the government on what steps can be taken in seeking solutions to urban problems and sexual activity which hit moral, ethical and religious rules as well as customs. This is evidenced by the high number of HIV / AIDS developing, this issue is often only a health issue. Urban and sexual activity outside of marriage must be seen in various 317 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Environmental Politics : Model of Networks Governance Policy in Water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java Muhammad Kamil : Environmental Politics : Model Of Networks Governance Policy in water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 approaches, economic, social, cultural, to psychological. Today, the global capitalist life with the commercialization of uncontrolled urban lifestyles as Haryatmoko (2010) said, "Society is beginning to criticize the top-down political model of political communication, which is a political problem defined and discussed only by the government. The government must be cautious in identifying the urgent concerns of its citizens. So, the public space becomes concrete, participation becomes apparent because public consultation process on government policies is possible". Nkala (2014) states, only the absurdity that states that prostitution can be destroyed. The law or prohibition to criminalize prostitutes is an act of unconstitutionality and only sweeps away a small proportion of the practice of prostitution. In line with this, the state needs to be present to not only punish the practice of prostitution, but also to regulate the practice of the oldest profession throughout the history of mankind. Of course, from the above reality, local government needs to adjust to the times and technology. From the description above we can also understand that urban sex expression is an implication of the various pressures provided by the industrial world. It should be recognized that capitalism has its own immune system that is capable of surviving. Through industrial management, discipline and division of labor have made workers as alienated human beings. However, this alienation does not necessarily cause the workers to stop working because the owners of capital also provide incentive mechanisms incentive for the workers. Fantasy about the fulfillment of every need also overshadow every worker including sex. This is the point where the projection of the plane as man as mentioned by Feurbach becomes even greater. The conditions of these urban workers, the structure of the opportunity for capitalism to "exploit" them by exploiting those fantasies by providing various services for the satisfaction of urban workers. The creation of technology is the way to pave the idea. Through this technology, a variety of services are available and accessible to urbanites to meet their sexual desires. Fantasy meets the opportunity (which is essentially created by the capitalist system) has made the workers willing to spend most of their money for their sex satisfaction and give birth to addiction to do it continuously. This condition certainly benefits the owners of capital, why? For owners of capital, such mechanisms have made them more profitable. On the other hand, the urbaners are consciously or unconsciously willing to spend the money they earn from their work without questioning the expenditures for their benefit or not, even the moral and ethical considerations they often resort to in order to satisfy their sexual needs. The fatigue of work has prompted them to rationalize their actions as a reasonable course of action for them because they have gained various pressures in their work. The question of money can be sought. Such consciousness is increasingly sanctioned by the capitalists in order to maintain their existence by providing various means of support. In the writer's view, herein lies the alienation of man as Marx says. Urban workers express their sex activities as described above, essentially not driven by their own volition, but driven by capitalist mechanisms through industrialization and modernization. The system of capitalism creates and conditions the urban to continuously become dependent on the capitals through the creation of a "consumerist society." If so, the relationship between urban (urban workers) and the capitalist is still covered by domination and "exploitation". Then how to do with the government? 318 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Environmental Politics : Model of Networks Governance Policy in Water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java Muhammad Kamil : Environmental Politics : Model Of Networks Governance Policy in water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 As the results of the above research, the government is often absent in this issue. The slow handling, not yet serious attempts made to the outdated ways of governing the expression of urban sex is enough to illustrate that its relationship with the community (the urban) has been ignored. In fact, government relations with capital owners are actually "symbiotic mutualism" or mutual benefit. While the people, who are subjects to be served by the government, do not get the services they are supposed to receive from the relationship between the two (the government with the owners of capital). The way out of this problem, is still only in the level of the idea and has not come into practice. 1. Conclusion Urbanization should be interpreted as a complex phenomenon, not just the migration of villagers to cities. Massive indutrialization with the opening of employment stimulates people to come to karawang. With the logic of industrialization, disciplined working hours, high employment demands, division of labor with specific division of labor that depress humans psychologically, plus the uprooting of urban people from religious and cultural ties make many negative expressions appear. One is sexual activity outside the corridors of social and religious norms. The expression of gray hair in the Industrial City (Kabupaten Karawang) is shown through various forms, namely First, street sex workers; Second, brothels and or spa / massage spots that serve sex services; Third, adult entertainment. Urban people are no strangers to discotheque, or clubbing. Adult entertainment prostitution in Karawang masquerades as a nightclub. Their business is bars, restaurants, and karaoke. In addition, like the habits of the urban who have a long time on Saturday night, at certain times there is a live DJ in Karawang. Live DJs are usually held at restaurants along the West Karawang International Street, and the lobby of star hotels in Karawang. They are drunk, swaying, party, sometimes ending up in bed in a one night stand; Fourth, urban sex expression is channeled through the internet either treats the internat as a satisfying desire or sexual fantasies or as a means of liaison between sex workers with potential customers. From the results of research and discussion above the author views the attitude of local governments tend not to be serious and strategy has been missed by development era and technology. First, the government only responds to this problem with the old approach, which still relies on the Regulation of K3 (Order, Hygiene, and Beauty). In the other hand, the activity and the network of sex services have also been very sophisticated and advanced. Secondly, the government is just like a firefighter, lacking adequate research to predict the development of sex services, as well as a very complex urban phenomenon with negative expressions of urbanity due to social fatigue. The policies made by the government are not serious and without research to understand the problems in depth. Methods of punishment of perpetrators are still the main method, while many other methods should be studied, including predictive and preventive approaches. The government is still very post-pactum, after various cases and public appearances such as the sale of minors for prostitution to online prostitution. Third, the government tends to be not serious and even very rarely involve many parties to discuss to make room for many parties. Facts and data have shown how the government should quickly work to find solutions to problems that researchers have raised. Governments should form an epistemic community of diverse actors with a wide range of skills, to approach, research to find a holistic and 319 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Environmental Politics : Model of Networks Governance Policy in Water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java Muhammad Kamil : Environmental Politics : Model Of Networks Governance Policy in water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 holistic solution to the problems of sexual services in urban areas that have increased HIV / AIDS sufferers as well as damaging cultural and religious joints . women become commodities, including minors to be traded in trading schemes in the world of sexual services. Acknowledgment When I examine the phenomenon of prostitution with this Government Science framework, it arrives at the realization that just how many government affairs and problems are waiting to be resolved. All that is correlated with various aspects that must be seen with glasses from various locations of different viewpoints, and require a source of support from various scholars as well as all the trivia of concepts and theories. Highest thanks to my supervisor Drs. Mudiyati Rahmatunnisa, MA., Ph.D; Dr. R. Widya Setiabudi Sumadinata; Drs. Budhi Gunawan, MA., Ph.D; and Prof. Dr. H. Utang Suwaryo, MA. for his diverse and valuable explanations, and always willing to offer free consultations and enlightening suggestions. I would like to thank my teachers and friends at University of Singaperbangsa Karawang and Padjadjaran University. I also thank my parents, my best friend Sopyan Resmana, Muhnizar Siagian, Faizol Yuhri, Dini Sri Istiningdias, and my sweetheart: Rika Puji Astuti for all the warmth given in accepting all my complaints. References Bernstein, Elizabeth. 2007. Temporarily yours: intimacy, authenticity, and the commerce of sex. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 288pp. Freire, Luna Juliana. 2009. Urban Capitalism and Prostitution An Analysis of Princesas. Divergencias. Revista de estudios lingüísticos y literarios. Volumen 7, número 1. Haryatmoko. 2010. Dominasi Penuh Muslihat, Akar Kekerasan dan Diskriminasi. Jakarta: Gramedia. Hubbard, Phill. 2011. Cities and Sexualities. London: Routledge. Hubbard, Phill. “Making Space for Sex Work”. https://www4.shu.ac.uk/research/cresr/sites/shu.ac.uk/files/040511-hubbard-making-spacesex-work.pdf (diakses pada 20 Februari 2018, pukul 09:07 WIB) Jeffrey, Leslie. (2002). Because They Want Nice Things: Prostitution, Consumerism, and Culture in Thailand. Atlantis, Volume 26.2, Spring/Summer. Nkala, Printah Printer. 2014. Factors That Influence the Increase of Prostitution in Bulawayo’s Business Centre. IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS). Volume 19, Issue 6, Ver. IV. Nawawi, dkk, Pengaruh Keberadaan Industri terhadap Kondisi Sosial, Ekonomi, dan Budaya. Jurnal Sosietas, Vol. 5, no. 2. 2009. Strinati. Dominic. (2016). Popular Culture: Pengantar Menuju Teori Budaya Populer. Jakarta: Narasi-Pustaka. Suseno. Franz Magnis. (2016). dari Sosialisme Utopis ke Perselisihan Revisionisme. Jakarta: Gramedia. 320 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Environmental Politics : Model of Networks Governance Policy in Water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java Muhammad Kamil : Environmental Politics : Model Of Networks Governance Policy in water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Qayyum, Shahid. Et al. 2013. Causes and Decision of Women's Involvement into Prostitution and its Consequences. SAVAP Journal Vol. 4 No. 5. ENDNOTE 1” Karawang, Pusat Ekonomi Baru”. https://adv.kompas.id/2017/01/24/karawang-pusatekonomi-baru/ (acces on 19th February 2018, 09.00 P.M). 2 http://www.karawangkab.go.id/ (acces on 19th February 2018, 10:02 P.M). 3 Antara. “Jumlah Pendatang di Karawang Meningkat” (Ed. Agung Sasongko) http://republika.co.id/berita/nasional/daerah/16/01/18/o15lbi313-jumlah-pendatang-dikarawang-meningkat (acces on 19th February 2018, 10.19 P.M). 4 Savitri, Ayunda Windyastuti “Prostitusi Online Menjamur Karena Ada ‘demand’ dan Sikap Permisif. https://news.detik.com/berita/2898237/prostitusi-online-menjamur-karena-adademand-dan-sikap-permisif/1 (acces on 19 February 2018, 22.31 P.M). 5 Rihanto, Dodo. “Pengangguran di Karawang capai 114 Ribu Orang”. http://www.pikiranrakyat.com/jawa-barat/2016/09/16/pengangguran-di-karawang-capai-114-ribu-orang-380002 (acces on 19th February 2018, 10:21 P.M). 6 Antara “Pemilik Spa di Karawang jadi Tersangka Human Trafficking”. (Ed. Suseno). https://nasional.tempo.co/read/1034840/pemilik-spa-di-karawang-jadi-tersangka-humantrafficking (acces on 20th February 2018, 01.00 A.M). 7 Karawangplus.com “Gila! Karawang Punya 25 Tempat Prostitusi”. https://karawangplus.com/gila-karawang-punya-25-tempat-prostitusi/ (acces on 20th February 2018, 01.10 A.M). 8 Ega. “Menelisik Tempat Praktik Prostitusi di Karawang, Tarif Murah Eksekusi di Hotel (2)” http://portaljabar.net/web/6911/Menelisik-Tempat-Praktik-Prostitusi-di-Karawang,-TarifMurah-Eksekusi-di-Hotel-(2).html (acces on 20th February 2018, 01.15 A.M). 9 Nugraha, Ega. “Panti Pijat dan Karaoke Bantu Tingkatkan PAD Karawang”. http://www.rmoljabar.com/read/2017/01/06/31612/Panti-Pijat-dan-Karaoke-BantuTingkatkan-PAD-Karawang-. (acces on 21th Februari 2018, 10.28 A.M). 10 Raka, Mang. ”Bongkar Seer Habiskan Rp. 30 Juta”. http://www.radarkarawang.com/2016/05/bongkar-seer-habiskan-rp-30-juta.html (acces on 20th February 2018, 02.00 A.M). 11 Luthfiana, Hisyam. ”Jalur Rel Baru, PT KAI Bongkar Komplek Pelacuran di Karawang” https://nasional.tempo.co/read/728681/jalur-rel-baru-pt-kai-bongkar-komplek-pelacuran-dikarawang (diakses pada 20 Februari 2018, pukul 01.18 WIB). 12 Sasongko, Agung. “Sambut Ramadhan, Karawang tertibkan lokalisasi Seer. http://www.republika.co.id/berita/nasional/jawa-barat-nasional/13/12/27/ramadhan/kabar ramadhan/14/06/19/n7f8gw-sambut-ramadhan-karawang-tertibkan-lokalisasi-seer (acces on 20th February 2018, 02.13 A.M). 13 Semprot.com http://46.166.167.16 (acces on 20th February 2018, 04.00 A.M). 14 Peraturan Daerah Kabupaten Karawang nomor 6 tahun 2011 Tentang, Ketertiban, Kebersihan dan Keindahan. 321 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Environmental Politics : Model of Networks Governance Policy in Water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java Muhammad Kamil : Environmental Politics : Model Of Networks Governance Policy in water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 MAKING OF INTERGOVERNMENTAL NETWORKING 1 Budiman Andi Molang Chaerul 3 Muhammad Ashim Khair 2 1 Mulawarman University ;buchos_unmul@yahoo.com 2 Andi Djemma University 3 Mulawarman University Abstract In Indonesia, every Provincial, District or City has an advantage. Their government must think strategically to increase the value of these advantages by relied on resources it has, whether funding, infrastructures, technologies, or human resources. By Act No.23 of 2014, The Central Government has mandated the important of intergovernmental networking. Learned from Japan experience, district and city as local Government could done it through financing the operational of their activities, and sharing of benefits of the intergovernmental networking. In East Kalimantan Province, there was several projects that could be cooperated by Local Government Samarinda and Kutai Kartanegara. Because they were close each other, an airport became very likely as a shared project. As well as in District of North Penajam Paser and Balikpapan City could be in bridge project. They were could take experience from local government in Japan for intergovernmental networking whether sharing burdens and sharing of benefit in their similarly projects. Keywords: Intergovernmental Networking, sharing of burdens, sharing of benefits, japanese experience INTRODUCTION Determination of Act No. 22 of 1999 on local government reform era were revised in Act No. 32 of 2004, and then revised into Act No 23 of 2014 shows that Indonesia has entered a new phase towards decentralization and regional autonomy. In the process, emerging dynamics in which each region competing to build the region. Coordination with the provincial government is not running, as well as with neighboring regions. The resulting dynamics of each regional sector ego is appears. Occupied local government development projects of their respective regions. Areas that abundant natural resources easily perform development activities, while the poorer regions natural resources hang their hopes on the 322 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Environmental Politics : Model of Networks Governance Policy in Water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java Muhammad Kamil : Environmental Politics : Model Of Networks Governance Policy in water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 General Allocation Fund of the Central Government and multiply sources of revenue through levies labeled taxes. Some acknowledge that their local area has a limited capacity in many respects, these conditions have an impact on development than even the achievement of the welfare society. Under these conditions inevitably have to think strategic areas to enhance the value of regional excellence by relying on its limited resources, both in terms of funding, infrastructure, technology, and human resources. Not yet the internal problems of the region, in the form of primordial compete instead worsen the conditions for regional development because one region to other regions are not able to synergize positively in building mutual advantage that can ultimately the welfare of society. The phenomenon can lead to the unity of our region can be fragmented and leads to disintegration.(Thres Sanctyeka, 2009). Concerns about weakening cohesiveness and territorial integrity as a result of the emergence of sectoral ego of each region having the government create a balancing mechanism or the distribution of negative impacts that do not result in counter-productive to the ideals of autonomy. Growing awareness of the negative impact of this then responded by the Government mandated regulation of inter-regional cooperation by Law No. 32 of 2004, and three years later was born the rules below level Government Regulation No. 50 of 2007 about procedures of regional cooperation. In 2009, the minister of Home Affairs issued a technical directive which is a deviation from the PP No. 50 of 2007, ie Minister of Home Affair Regulation (Permendagri) No. 22 of 2009 on regional cooperation as well as the technical guidelines by Permendagri No. 23/2009 on guidance and supervision of interregional cooperation. In addition, Law No. 23 of 2014 on Regional Government in lieu of Law No. 32 of 2004 also regulates the cooperation area. All these regulations are intended as a legal protection andas the basis of the government's motionin cooperation with other regions. Importance of Inter-regional Cooperation Cooperation between regions is an ability of local governments to carry out cooperation with other local governments as well as with other parties, in order to take advantage of "comparative advantage / competitive advantage" possessed by each region, thus forming a partnership and interdependence between regions that are positive and mutually reinforcing (Yudhoyono, 2002). Act 23 of 2014 as previously described mandated intergovernmental cooperation with the local government one another. In the terminology of Law 23/2014, Regulation No. 50/2007, Permendagri 22/2009 uses the term of regional cooperation is an agreement between the governor and the governor or governor with the regent / mayor, or the regent / mayor with the regent / mayor to another, or governor, regent / mayor with third parties, which is made in writing and creates rights and obligations. Cooperation of course based on cooperation between the regions concerned. With respect to regional autonomy, cooperation between government and private / public, between the region, and between the district / city, district and rural / urban, more important to launch a regional development efforts are based on local initiatives. Most local governments in Indonesia has advantages and disadvantages. Since the passing of regional autonomy era, the average head of the region want to make all the activities in their respective regions. Because they want to get a share of any project as much as possible, even if the 323 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Environmental Politics : Model of Networks Governance Policy in Water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java Muhammad Kamil : Environmental Politics : Model Of Networks Governance Policy in water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 project does not fit in their respective regions. For example, If the regency A receives project, regency B neighboring also requested to get the project. Since there is no coordination between regency A and B, the project functions as a pilot project is not utilized properly. Finally, The same project will be implemented every district / city evenly, without exchanging information about the project. It is totally inefficient. By mean regional cooperation to mutually utilize resources that reside in their respective areas. cooperation is crucial to improve the efficiency and transparency of management development in Indonesia. Various kinds of cooperation needs to be established at all levels and should involve both government actors, private, public and private for the changing patterns of development. Sue Goss in Pratikno, Sukmajati, Mas'udi (2007) states that the management and development of inter-regional cooperation could be a joint instrument for the region to advance the implementation capacity of government. This is possible because it is through the development of an intergovernmental network, each local government can do the following things: 1. Identifying the problems together; 2. Facilitate the exchange of information between regions; 3. Being a medium of exchange of technology or resources that exist in each region; 4. Increase capacity in the area of governance; 5. Making the strategy or joint programs between regions, and even do joint policy making Yudhoyono (2008), describes some of the benefits that can be gained from the cooperation between the regions, namely: 1. Sharing of experiences, With the cooperation of each region will be able to share the experience of each to be used by other regions. Thus, an area does not need to experience a trouble / fault that has been experienced by other regions when carrying out certain activities previously carried out by the regions concerned; instead, learn from the experience of other regions, and it can immediately develop at a later stage. 2. Sharing of benefits, With the cooperation potential in cultivating an equally owned by the two / more areas, then mutual benefits obviously will be enjoyed by each region in proportion. 3. Sharing of burdens. Analogous to the principle of sharing of benefits mentioned above, operating expenses in a joint venture must also be shared by the respective areas concerned proportionately. In addition to the benefits, the cooperation area will benefit: 1. Naturally will be able to form a greater force so that the strengths of each region can be synergized to face the threat of environmental, social, economic, cultural and political, 2. Achieve better progress together. This is due each region can be mutually transfer of resources in the form of funding, human resources (intelligence, skill, information), and natural resources, 3. The regions have a better bargaining position, compared to when they walk independently. So they had power within fledging negotiating its interests either on higher government structures as well as to legal entities from within and outside the country, 4.Able to minimize horizontal and conflict conflicts caused by competition between regions that promote primordialism, 5. Synergize and complement: the provision of shared public services, cross-marketing cooperation, and 6. Can do resource efficiency by avoiding service duplication(Thres Sanctyeka, 2009). 324 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Environmental Politics : Model of Networks Governance Policy in Water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java Muhammad Kamil : Environmental Politics : Model Of Networks Governance Policy in water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Development of regional cooperation is critical to look at the many benefits of the regional cooperation. Observing the importance of regional cooperation in governance and management of the local resources in Indonesia should be encouraged to develop an efficient pattern of cooperation, mutual benefit, and to optimize their functions. Inter-regional cooperation experience in Japan Japan among the countries that have implemented a pattern of cooperation in regional development in the country. Implementation of co-operation has been started since the Meiji Period in power. Kazuhisa (2000), in his paper describes the experience of cooperation among regions in Japan. Some experience of inter-regional cooperation in Japan are described briefly below. 1. Local Government and Cooperatives Cooperation Council: Administrative area (including some districts / cities) have been conducted in Japan since the Meiji period in the form of "cooperative government / local government". The members are local governments concerned to undertake joint management if this is more efficient than management by the respective governments. There is also establishment of a Cooperation Council for joint management, improved communication, or for the determination of the integrated regional planning. 2. Submission (trust) Duties: in addition, there is also the delivery of a neighboring administrative tasks to the local governments. For example, local government of A can assign a local school affairs of children living in the border area between area A and area B to local government of B if this is more effective. 3. Provision Joint forces: in Japan, usually several local governments jointly signed an agreement to provide fire extinguishing, natural disasters, or disease prevention apparatus. If there is a major fire in the area A, the apparatus firefighters from area B and C also trying to extinguish the fire in area A. 4. Utilization Shared Facilities: besides the local government facilities such as buildings meeting can be used by residents of the area B and area C because the Government A has made an agreement with B and C. 5. Joint Regional Development Agency: The agency was created by some governments concerned to implement an integrated regional development activities. Accountability of these activities submitted to the agency by the respective governments. 6. Joint Regional Development Fund: The Government of Japan determines a region that has the potential to develop independently as a potential region and set up a fund to cooperative government (or some sort of combination of local government institutions). Funds (amounting to 1 billion yen for the region) can be used in accordance with the joint regional development planning that has been made. The fund can rotate and the profits will be used for the joint tourism promotion, human resource development activities, indigenous cultural preservation activities, exchange activities between regions together and so on. Examples of cooperation among local governments in Japan On the desire or local government initiatives respectively in Japan, Kazuhisa (2000) explained that almost all local governments tried various measures to raise their respective areas. The local government who feel they have no more potential tried to see the opportunities that exist outside the region and began to think the relationship and cooperation 325 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Environmental Politics : Model of Networks Governance Policy in Water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java Muhammad Kamil : Environmental Politics : Model Of Networks Governance Policy in water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 between regions. Although their potential are enough, governments feel the need the new input or mind through contact with the outside. This effort is in accordance with changes in the socio-economic framework of current toward a society that is more concerned with information and cooperation. The government did not have to create or perform its own again, but make contact or cooperation more flexible and softer. Furthermore, Kazuhisa (2000) provides an example of cooperation among local governments in Japan. Example 1. Preparation signs tourism promotion: Cooperative 6 provincial governments in Aomori put up 20 pieces of board together in 6 villages. Theywere formed in 1991 and take advantage of joint regional development funds for the installation of the signs of the promotion. Example 2. Regulation of the shared areas of environmental beauty arrangement: 12 governments in Sub Aso, Kumamoto Province, set together along with local regulations on beauty Environmental Planning in 1994 to maintain and preserve the scenic beauty of the mountainous region of Aso. The contents are; (1) The local people or tourists are prohibited from throwing garbage in parks, roads, rivers, forests, and pages, (2) The owners of land or buildings shall seek to avoid landfill and conserve the environment, and (3) Placement of the vending machine beverage cans should automatically include with the trash. Indeed, no mention of sanctions against offenders, but they can be announced through local government general news. Example 3. Exchange of information governments events: 4 villages in the district of East Uwa, Ehime Province, proclaim this event together in the respective local government news distributed to all residents of their villages. Previously, they were no good communication. After the exchange of information of the event, the villagers A tries to follow the event villagers B and starting to take notice of useful information from outside their village. Villagers received many inputs to generate their villages by means the event. The exchange of information is naturally generate cooperation 4 villages to make news each local government. Example 4. Construction along the building arts: Otawara City Government and West Nasuno Sub at Tochigi Province jointly build Nasuno Arts Building in the border region between two regions. Construction of cultural facilities were the first in Japan. Initially, the Mayor of Otawara offer Head of Village of Nasuno West to build an art gallery together. The goal is to save on the costs of construction and making facilities were much better than that built by the administration itself. The neighboring Kuroiso City Government had already made similar opera house at their own expense, but utilization is less. So by built together, the art building utilization is expected to increase. However, the development process is often deadlocked. Village West Nasuno indisposed because financial conditions are not supportive. Otawara City Government finally offered to let bear while part of the construction cost should be borne by West Nasuno to Otawara for ten years. Example 5. Exchange of friendship between distant regions: Mogami region in the Province of Yamagata, northern Japan, and the Middle Okinawa region in the Province of Okinawa, Southern Japan, began a friendship exchanges in various fields. Both of these areas are very much different in 326 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Environmental Politics : Model of Networks Governance Policy in Water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java Muhammad Kamil : Environmental Politics : Model Of Networks Governance Policy in water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 terms of history, natural conditions, as well as social and economic background. Currently both regions carry out the exchange of children. Children are sent to the region Mogami region of Central Okinawa in the fall and vice versa children sent to the region of Central Okinawa Mogami region in winter. In addition, there is a party of the results of the original commodity in Mogami region who sell commodities originating from the region of the Middle Okinawa in October and a similar party in the Middle Okinawa selling commodity also derived from Mogami region. This party received sufficient attention from the people of both regions. According to a professor, a change of mind must be implemented with vastly different cultural contacts to get new ideas necessary for the revival of the region. Example 6. The system shared providing emergency hospital practice. Usually, hospital or medical practice in Japan is closed on Sundays and other holidays. One town and four villages in Katsuragi, Nara Province, made cooperative emergency hospital practice for a holiday in 1978. With the establishment, residents can enjoy the practice of emergency on holiday. Example 7. Publishingjoint tabloid/news: 20 cities / villages in both provinces (Provincial Tochigi and Gunma Province) forming Ryomo Cooperation Council. The Council publishes Tabloid News (about 80 pages) and disseminate to all citizens who are in the 20 cities / villages and the residents of Tokyo and surrounding. Although divided into two provinces, they have long worked in the field of economics. Daily life and economic activities have been integrated among them, but somewhat less information exchange territory. Cooperation Council Ryomo then try publishing the tabloid. The cost is taken from advertising revenue and staffs seeking client with its own ads. Intercommunication between regions could start from a variety of occasions. The whole village called Yamada in Japan gathered in one place and organized a "Summit Village Yamada". They started hanging out and made a deal just because the name is equally Yamada. There is also a start cooperating on the basis of historical ties, cultural, or national figures. Some of the experiences and examples of cooperation in Japan can we make it anexample and best practice to carry out cooperation activities in Indonesia in general and specifically in East Kalimantan without leaving the mandate of the law. Potential Regional Intergovernmental Cooperation in East Kalimantan It’s an interesting to see a various phenomenas of the development of several districts / cities in East Kalimantan. Regional development in East Kalimantan have almost similar to the dynamics of regional development in other provinces in Indonesia. At the beginning of regional autonomy and decentralization of regional sectoral ego phenomenon appears very high in the construction area. Local governments are competing to build its own country, it resulted in many construction projects are hang up, no benefit, and become a burden to the region. The case of airport development plan in Samarinda and Kutai regency could serve as an example. Samarinda city as the capital of the province create an airport development plan (currently in process). During this time, people who want to Samarinda flight path must pass through Balikpapan (distance 3 hour drive). It’s very detrimental for a business and time standpoint. Finally, the government of Samarinda initiative to make New Samarinda airport construction project in Sei Siring. Meanwhile, Kutai regency (Samarinda neighboring regions 327 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Environmental Politics : Model of Networks Governance Policy in Water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java Muhammad Kamil : Environmental Politics : Model Of Networks Governance Policy in water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 where just 1 hour drive) because it was capable of in terms of funding makes planning also making the airport will be named Sultan Kutai Berjaya. Both projects have not shown encouraging resultsuntil now.Samarinda difficulties in terms of financing, while the government of Kutai Regency problems in land acquisition and permits. Other problems also appeared to build a bridge that connects the city of Balikpapan and North Penajam Paser Regency. There is a difference of perception both governments in determining the location of the bridge construction. Government of North Penajam Paser projecting bridge construction from Nipah-Nipah Penajam Beach to Melawai Beach of Balikpapan. While the Province is projecting the construction of the bridge from Balang Island to Balikpapan. In the construction, Government of East Kalimantan Provincial plans will choose foreign soft loans to finance the project. It’s value is equivalent to 350 million US dollars, or 3.2 trillion (Kaltim Post, 2010). In addition to the same project with the aim of connecting North Penajam Paser with the City of Balikpapan, North Paser Penajam government has cooperated with PT Haskon in financing and workmanship. Construction of the bridge with the same goal could be part of one of them is not effective in its use. The bridge users will definitely prefer a path that more closely if they want to head North Penajam Paser or otherwise to Balikpapan. Not yet the problems that could arise in the workmanship later (costs can swell). Until now (2018) the construction of the bridge has not been done. Observing the issues, it helps if it’s done by means of inter-regional cooperation. Similarly, in the construction of the bridge that connects the Penajam Paser Utara and Kota Balikpapan. Both construction of airports and bridges, associated areas to be modeled after the experience of cooperation among regions in Japan, by doing sharing of burdens (operational costs borne jointly) and the sharing of benefits (profits taken together). Because of the distance of Samarinda and Kutai regency is close, then the construction of airports can be optimized in Samarinda City alone. Moreover, the construction of airports in Samarinda already started the process (still remains uncertain because of cost issues), while in Kutai regency has been no progress at all. Both areas under the coordination of the provincial government, or all three of Samarinda City, Kutai Regency, East Kalimantan Province Government can pursue inter-regional cooperation in financing the construction of the airport operasionasinal and profits later can also be taken together. Even bridge development issues, the East Kalimantan provincial government could coordinate and conduct inter-regional cooperation with the government North Penajam Paser and Balikpapan City and the business (investors) both siting and financing. Apart form inter-regional cooperation in mentioned above, the province can also be a form of regional cooperation between regions that are real and can be developed, among others: the functional interrelationships with neighboring areas, management and natural resources management (forest conservation, Watershed), a prospective economic potential, cooperative business group collaboration facilities, commodities, assistance and donor support. Conclusion The advantages of each region, Including a very much different from other regions, is the potential for inter-regional cooperation are real and need to be considered. Each region needs to strengthen local institutions respectively while still learning from the strengths of people from other regions. The interests of regional cooperation is not only to prevent sectoral 328 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Environmental Politics : Model of Networks Governance Policy in Water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java Muhammad Kamil : Environmental Politics : Model Of Networks Governance Policy in water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 egos emerging regions. By conducting inter-regional cooperation can speed up the development of the region. One thing that is hard to do by self, it's easier when done together. Shortage areas that will be covered by other areas of excellence. In addition, the results of the existing inter-regional cooperation will be enjoyed together anyway. To get to the process of decentralization and regional autonomy, there is no choice but to expand cooperation between regions. Bibliography Anonymous 2005, Undang-Undang Republik Nomor 32 Tahun 2004 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah, Karina, Surabaya Agus Salim; Sallatu, A, M, 2000, Prosiding LokakaryaPerencanaan Pembangunan dan Implementasi Otonomi Daerah Walikota/Bupati se-Sulawesi, PSKM UH, Makassar Amal, Ichlasul; Effendi, Sofian; Mas'ud, Muchtar, Yudhoyono, S, B; et al, 2002, GoodGovernance dan Otonomi Daerah, Yogyakarta, Prosumen and Forkoma MAP UGM Kazuhisa, Matzui, 2000, Network and Capacity Building fUntuk Pembangunan Daerah Dalam Era Desentralisasi. Pratikno, 2007, Kerjasama Antar Daerah: Kompleksitas dan Tawaran Kelembagaan, Jogya Global Media Yudhoyono, S, B, 2002, Pentingnya Networking Antara Pilar Good Governance dan Antar Daerah Sebagai Wujud Integritas Nasional dalam Menghadapi Era Perdagangan Bebas Asean tahun 2003. Sanctyeka, Thres, 2009, Panduan Pembentukan Organisasi Kerjasama Antar Daerah, Semarang Legislations Act No. 32 of 2004 ofRegional Government Act No. 23 of 2014 ofRegional Government Government Regulation No. 50 of 2007 forProcedures of Regional Cooperation Minister of Home Affair’sRegulation No.22/2009 Guidance Of Procedures for Regional Cooperation Minister of Home Affair’sRegulation No.23/2009 the Procedures of the Development and Control of Inter-regional Cooperation Newspaper: Kaltim Post, Tuesday, May 18, 2010 329 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Environmental Politics : Model of Networks Governance Policy in Water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java Muhammad Kamil : Environmental Politics : Model Of Networks Governance Policy in water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 ENVIRONMENTAL POLITICS : MODEL OF NETWORKS GOVERNANCE POLICY IN WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION IN BATU, EAST JAVA Muhammad Kamil Muhammadiyah University of Malang kamil@umm.ac.id; maskamiel@gmail.com Abstract Environmental issues and ecological issues have become central in global politics and discourse. Furthermore, environmental issues have been established as one of the most important Global Constitutions in generating political networks on the implementation of local governance. One of the problems in development is how to maintain balance, ethical dimension and relationships, and create harmonious interaction with the environment through spatial, clear, decisive and directed spatial arrangements, especially on water resource management and conservation aspects. In Batu, environmental issues have produced interaction patterns complicated and complex variations. The strategic value of environmental issues has not been clearly visible in the policy-making process. Much of the policy-making process of putting conservation and environmental management matters only with documents and rhetoric rather than political action. Ecological issues are the responsibility of the government's moral concern as a logical consequence of technological change and a shift in meaning recognizing democracy and politics, and finding the environment as an idea for its development. Therefore, politics should be used to overcome the paradox in managing the environment to gain profit and minimize risk. Keywords: Environmental Policy, Network Governance, Water Resources Management. A. Background: Reflections on Water Resources Management in Batu In realizing good governance in the implementation of government is an attempt to change the government work, making the government accountable and to build actors outside the State to play a role in making the new system in public service including the environment management. Environmental issues in political ecology and sustainable development is the 330 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Environmental Politics : Model of Networks Governance Policy in Water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java Muhammad Kamil : Environmental Politics : Model Of Networks Governance Policy in water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 exploitation and modernism (Proops, 1999). In the methodology, rules of the ecological balance in politics and environmental politics is seen as an attempt to maintain the status quo of the elite (Robbins, 2004). In this context, there is not a purpose of development and management of environmental issues can be realized as well by the state simply by changing the characteristics of the policy makers, especially related to issues of land and water into the community needed. Critics of the politicization of environmental policy still leaves the problem, namely by reconstituting a new ecological construction in political policy (Luke, 2006). Problems of availability of water resources in Batu, mostly caused by the degradation of the quantity of water resources due to surface erosion of more than 5,000 (M3 / km2). Besides the critical land outside and inside the protected forest and land use is not as intended, giving rise to excessive soil erosion and reduced water absorption surface and affect the quantity of irrigation water. The most important factor in the environmental problems of Batu city is the greater the rate of population growth. The rapid surge in population has triggered increasing demand for food, energy, housing and basic human needs. The surge in the number of residents in Batu City since the enactment of regional autonomy has an impact on increasing the intensity of land and water management both in forest area and outside forest area. The activity has a negative effect on the hydrological condition of the whole spring. The constitution No. 23 of 1997 on Environmental Management explained that the conservation of natural resources management of non-renewable natural resources to ensure prudent utilization while maintaining and improving the quality of its value. Water resources conservation is an attempt to maintain the existence and sustainability of the circumstances, the nature and function of water in order to be available in sufficient quantity and quality needs, both at present and in the future. The conservation issue is not only a problem of role society but also environmental conservation resulting from redistribution and renegotiation in local economic development. Moreover, access and control of government to environmental resources have modified through the intervention of external politics, so that environmental conservation is not the main goal in structuring a sustainable environment, but as a result the local economy resulting integration of policy makers and project government (Vaccaro, 2013), A similar phenomenon, that indigenous communities in conserving forests and manage water resources to maintain of the ecosystem balances, prevent denuded forests, reducing potential disasters such as erosion and flooding (Diamond, 2016). This shows that the management of water sources need to be the role of the community and support from the government through regulatory support. The potential need to be developed and utilized to improve the welfare of the community through the conservation of natural resources and ecosystems, in order to achieve a balance between protection and sustainability (Lindsay, et al., 2008; and Can, 2010). The water resources management strategy for fulfilling domestic water needs through joint management methods between government and community. This strategy should be implemented through the protection of conservation areas, drainage springs, institutional and regulatory (Rohmah, 2016). This suggests a collaborative management of the springs towards a sustainable environment. Damage to the environment in Batu has reached alarming levels, while recovery efforts have not been able to keep pace with the damage. Thus the effect of 331 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Environmental Politics : Model of Networks Governance Policy in Water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java Muhammad Kamil : Environmental Politics : Model Of Networks Governance Policy in water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 global warming on the rain will still take place within a period of time. It is very worrying for the environment sustainability given that economic development is not even aware of sensitivity to the sustainability of the trees function as the support of environmental stability. The water conservation issues that have been pursued so far has not been able to overcome these problems and also inefficient in terms of cost. Nature and government must have a good relationship.. Therefore, damage to the environment such as natural disasters, floods, landslides and droughts occur as a result of government regulations that are less concerned about the environment. The ecological disaster in Batu should be changed to the policy strategy for the conservation of soil and water management through a holistic approach with a focus on natural resources. In Batu, since 2001 experienced ecological degradation, especially springs that became the needs of the community. At least from the 111 springs in Batu City, only 57 springs remain. 54 was lost due to the unsustainable policy in the management of the Water Source after the stipulation of Batu became Administrative City. It is caused by the rapid development of tourism and hotels. So the need for water conservation through effective management and efficient utilization is very necessary and urgent activities. Water managementas a natural resource is a part of a water conservation program that fully maintain, rehabilitate, maintain and utilize the resources of existing water effectively and efficiently for the welfare of society. This effort is necessary to reduce volusi and pollution of water resources due to over-exploitation treatment in order to meet increasing needs of the community. The challenges are a problem that must be resolved through the management of water sources effectively through regulatory support from the government. In addition, the need for innovation overall water resource management and innovative in designing a community needs in a sustainable manner. The development of innovation by adopting local wisdom to be one choice as a source of government policy making as efforts to achieve self-reliance in managing water resources sustainably and sustainably. Therefore, members of the network governance must continue to work over and over again in the long term. Working together from time to time is the order of coordination facilitated by the existing network structure. In its development in the future, it will create an improvisation of the existing network. In this case, network governance can be defined as a process of organizing a dynamic rather than as a static entity. Network coordination could not random or uniform. Has a pattern, a word that is able to explain the coordination that is built into this governance network. A. Research Method This research uses descriptive qualitative research. For finding, uncovering, and digging the facts contained in a specific problem that is happening in the management of water resources in the city of stone. The focus of this research is to look at the problem of Water Resources Management in Batu, to see how the state works and stakeholder involvement in decision making process and water resources management in realizing sustainable development. The data source is processed from the primary data obtained from the stone city government and secondary data through interviews with policy makers directly related to the management of water resources and stakeholders involved in the decisionmaking process. 332 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Environmental Politics : Model of Networks Governance Policy in Water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java Muhammad Kamil : Environmental Politics : Model Of Networks Governance Policy in water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 B. Network Governance as a Concept for Suistainable Development Network Governance a form of response to the conditions of the exchange of assets, demand uncertainty, the complexity of the task and the frequency of the task and the request itself. Exchange conditions regarding the above items are structural which enable an institution or any other form for subsequent use social mechanisms to coordinate and maintain the exchange of four things mentioned above. When all the conditions are in a stable position, the form of network governance has the advantage of being better than the governance of the hierarchy and the market system, both in terms of adaptation to specific conditions and coordination among the actors involved (Jones, 1979: 911). Network governance has two key concepts are different and each of them has a partial definition in explaining it. The concept is: (1) The pattern of the exchange interaction and relationships and (2) Flow of resources between several independent units. The explanation of the first concept is the emphasis on exchange patterns that are horizontal or lateral. The long-term relationship that ultimately resulted in a dependency relationship between the actors involved. As well as the latter is to have reciprocal communication lines in order to maintain good coordination among all actors involved. While the independent resource flows is a pattern of relationships involving individuals, groups and organizations. The relationship is long term and the market system relations. The flow of resources is the focus of the emphasis in this second concept. Each of the units involved in this relationship is emphasized to have the independence to interact. Network governance is a structure that involves multy stakeholders to create a product or service based on open contracts that eventually coordinate to create a contingency plan and maintain the flow of resources exchange between parties involved (Jones, 1979: 914). Network members involved are in the same but with a different work and competence in order to achieve the same interests. Articulation of interdependence which is stable and has a pattern of horizontal relationships and operationalized by autonomous actors. The relation between these actors are dynamic represented by negotiation, where regulations are normative, cognitive and imaginary framework and networks government are dynamic and constantly evolving to adjust to the social, economic and political movements (Sorensen, 2007: 9). In some cases of network governance has presented a challenge to liberal democracy. First, look at people's network governance is not something given, but the result of a political process. Second, network governance presents a critique of the representative model. The concept of representation is essentially not a mirror of society, but the other community. This refers to the views of representatives of elitism, particularism representation and limited representation. network governance also questioned the autonomous character of the concept of representation. For that network governance offers a model of political participation to provide the grant legitimacy to the actors to reconstruct the identity it represents and makes political decisions that refer to the identity of the group it represents. Despite the criticism against governence based on the logic of the free market and competition, network governance still leave for the logic of the records should be provided access to adequate citizen. Third, the administration looked at the network governance should not be political, 333 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Environmental Politics : Model of Networks Governance Policy in Water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java Muhammad Kamil : Environmental Politics : Model Of Networks Governance Policy in water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 because in actual fact the administration has a great influence in the policy process, because of the direct involvement and even decisive. C. Result and Dicussion Institutional Design: The functions, powers, resources and challenges In order to realize the integration of development between sectors, regions and communities. Government set up the environment and minimize our environmental impact through the Constitution No. 7 of 2011 on Spatial Plan 2010-2030. Environment agency or policymakers have a number of distinctive Characteristic that ideally can be used as a reference point for setting politics as an instrument of mutual interest. Three basic of characteristic environment that can be identified in the water management resources in Batu. First, the nature of the environment as a unified system across the boundaries of public administration and politics. That is, the environment is never faithful and can never be fenced off by the space created through politics. He crossed the national borders, ignoring the conceptualization of sovereignty as a point of departure in the meaning of a modern state. Environmental properties never loyal and can not be fenced in by the limits of government administration or pattern settings. Batu has 111 points of springs, and of these as many as 58 point sources of water (52.25%) water discharge is relatively fixed/normal, discharge up to 15 Lt/sec. While the 28 point sources of water (25.22%) discharge conditions that exist ranging from 5 Ltr/sec up to 15 ltr/sec. And 25 point source water (22:52%) decreased discharge below 5 ltr/sec and there are almost dead from the previous average of 10 liters/sec. Therefore, the sustainability of water resources is the responsibility of government and society. Functionally, th government has implemented its function in regulating the sustainability of water availability in Batu. The hierarchy of decision-making process is conceptualized by BAPPEDA and related with Stakeholder: Dinas Lingkungan Hidup, Dinas Pekerjaan Umum dan Cipta karya. The mechanism conceptualized by Bappeda is well structured and consists of monitoring, evaluation and adaptation, will include a continuous learning process. Through which local stakeholders can be effectively involved in water resources management tasks that determine the welfare conditions of society both right now and in the future. Delegation of authority of this kind emphasizes that there is control and water resources management, because in it related to the issue of power relations and the role between government and society. 334 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Environmental Politics : Model of Networks Governance Policy in Water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java Muhammad Kamil : Environmental Politics : Model Of Networks Governance Policy in water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Activities: Water Resources Managemen t More Power Fewers Power Basic Framework: BAPPEDA (Planning, Monitoring, and Evaluating) DPU DAN CIPTA KARYA (Natural Resource Conservation, Utilization of Natural Resources, Water Damage Control) Figure 1. Network Model of Water Resources Management in Batu Planning Agency as a government resource planning elements of governance and carry out tasks of regional planning policy formulation, coordination of development planning that includes the vision, mission, goals, strategies, policies, programs and development activities. The programs are made in line with the policies and strategies defined and based on the principle of sustainability, balance, public benefit, integrity and harmony based on the direction the management of water resources in accordance with the constitution No. 7 of 2004. In addition, sustainable water management and provision of water supply for the community management is given to the Dinas Pekerjaan Umum dan Cipta Karya and the Regional Water Company (PDAM) of Batu. Dinas Pekerjaan Umum dan Cipta Karya served as a builder along with BAPPEDA level two as a builder level to formulate a policy on the management of water resources and also tasked to provide guidance to taps and HIPPAM related to the management of water resources, improvement specific to the skills in the exploitation and maintenance of irrigation networks and water distribution is fair and equitable. and also have a responsibility if there are problems that occur in the management of water resources, it is in accordance with the instructions of Governors (Ingub) No. 9 of 1989. While the Regional Water Company (PDAM) of Batu is a company or Local Government Owned Enterprises who undertake public drinking water. PDAM duty to direct management to the field so that the public Batu clean water shortages get good service and be able to meet people's needs for clean water Batu increasingly. Management conducted by PDAM refers to the Spatial Plan (RTRW) of Batu to be right on target so that water service can run with the maximum and sustainable. Additionally taps in doing its job of providing water services public Batu also through completion the Water Master Plan (RISPAM) so that management can work effectively and there is continuity between SKPD another so as to facilitate the management of water resources and more easily obtain investment budgetary funds in managing water resources. 335 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Environmental Politics : Model of Networks Governance Policy in Water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java Muhammad Kamil : Environmental Politics : Model Of Networks Governance Policy in water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 In the context of Batu, the government has formulated three regulations and has proposed to the City Council related Batu sustainable water management and the corresponding needs of the community as an institutional design efforts.Three of the proposed regulation, namely the Water Supply System, Formation PDAM (Regional Water Company), and Equity at the taps.The local regulations regarding drinking water supply system, will organize its implementation in Batu. While the regulations on the establishment of taps, is already there. However, the new regulations from the center, should be changed regulation. Associated with equity participation fee is intended to make up the shortfall that had been used by PDAM of Batu limited. For that, it needs to be set as the amount of capital investment, and profits earned as revenue (PAD). Such as water supply network owned by PDAM of Batu much leaked. If the condition is maintained, will significantly reduce the flow of water. The purpose of these bylaws, will optimize public services, benefits, also minimize the potential for problems in the management of water resources in Kota Batu. Bappeda coordinating with related SKPD for management of water resources to meet water needs of society Batu increasing. Policy management conducted by the Government requires coordination between SKPD concerned in the management of water resources in order to create inter-related decisions in achieving a goal fulfill community need clean water. Water resource management activities subjected to various kinds of constraints that come from the surrounding communities. Therefore the management process implemented by the Government should be in the public interest and involve the community in decision making in order to create good governance. This is consistent with the core of the concept of Habermas concluded in the model of pubic relations sphere and the political system (Hardiman, 2009:149). In these models, all the laws and policies made by the state executive, legislative and judicial institutions must go through the testing processor discourse with civil society. Referring to the model is expected of local government policies such as the Regional Strategic Plan, regional development plan (RPJMD), legislation, budget, and other regional policy can go through the testing process with civil society. Therefore any government policy decisions should involve the participation of the community as one of the stakeholders in policy. Draft local regulations (Ranperda) on water management in Batu become a benchmark of government responsibility on sustainability. A most authoritarian regimes, does not have enough power to not migrate into the territory of neighboring countries. Similarly, the environment does not care and will never care about the struggle to get autonomy as a concept and political movement that has fought for very long by quite a lot of areas in various regions of the world which even involves quite a lot of casualties and created a lot of problems in a nation often defined as "regional question". How big autonomy given to an area, for example, autonomy possessed not strong enough to stop the flow of a river that crosses different regions. The characteristic above hypothetically could be incentive structure is important for the cooperation development among actors, cross interests are difficult to achieve through the use of other issues. A functional form of political arrangement within the framework of achieving the maximum collective gain. Second, theinherent environment in it most subjective interests of human beings, regardless of the political space and freed. Every individual, require as space environment 336 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Environmental Politics : Model of Networks Governance Policy in Water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java Muhammad Kamil : Environmental Politics : Model Of Networks Governance Policy in water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 needs today that can not be delayed fulfillment and at the same time the future space needs that can not be accelerated. In this context, the neighborhood has a variety of meanings ranging from his position as an economic space, cultural space, and even according physical space. Due to the above reasons, environmental can serve as a base first and foremost in the political arrangements of the present and the future. In contrast to democracy at the level that is much more abstract example of subjective needs above is concrete. The environment is present in a real and every time and touches each individual and group. This allows providing incentives for the political environment to serve as an instrument to achieve collective gain. Third, the power to punish the environment arising as a result of human neglect of the environment has a very distinctive nature and discriminatory. Disasters arising from negligence logical dat a natural environment setting and regardless of class. Due to the above reasons, it makes sense that the environment can be shared to support energy politics as the art of arranging the common interest. An arrangement art functioned to minimize the risk of a collective. A concrete form is variable. However, a new formulation of the development by sustainable attributes deaelopment sustainable or environmentally friendly labeled (environmentally sound development) is a concrete expression of the look-politics as an art of living arrangements together in a double frame: collective risk minimization and maximization of gain. In reality, idealization as described above not only found but more so, from time to time gets worse. This problem is more serious in Indonesia. Can disaksikary first, the environment has never been a political reference point for Batu. Environmental Management in the Batu, for example, only to end up with the "deal" that the environment is in trouble. Unfortunately again, when an agreement is reached, the situation is so bad, so that the business realignment becomes almost useless job. Individual Relationships, Groups and Organizations in the Management of Natural Resources The management of water resources is done through the alignment of the interests of society and economic sovereignty of Batu. The causal core in the degradation of sustainability and management of water resources one of which is the economic growth measured by perkapita opinion. In contrast to a number of environmental and green drivers in Batu such as Living environment facility (WALHI) East Java and Malang Pusaka Foundation, it must be clearly understood that the modern world trend to grow is a consequence of the dynamics of capitalism and industrialism. Modernity have been described in the classical development theory Rustow (1992) has been transformed into the type of people who are completely different, namely sebuat risk society. The transformation was, in part, due to the emergence of these levels and the risk of environmental hazards expansion that has never existed before and shape models of conventional modern society without being able to understand their origins. Claims regarding the transformation of classical modernity into a risk society in which there were radicalized social movements in response to the water crisis in Batu. It explicitly indicates that the relations of contemporary political and cultural power in the management of water resources Batu serves to obscure the origins of environmental degradation and protect the cause of environmental degradation, especially the preservation of water resources. Political model of 337 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Environmental Politics : Model of Networks Governance Policy in Water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java Muhammad Kamil : Environmental Politics : Model Of Networks Governance Policy in water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 management and decision-making processes through the government regulation is a work that policy makers must be born with. Democracy and democratization over the political process is an important political elements fighting for more continuity and sustainability of water resources for the people in Batu. Along with the development of the stone city that leads to the international tourism, tourism development is growing and impacting on people's lives. One is the ecological issue into the spotlight that can not be avoided. Ecological issues in the stone town is basically related to forest management and management of water resources. To guarantee the implementation of water resources management that can benefit as much as possible for the benefit of society it is necessary to pattern the management of water resources is based on the principle of balance between conservation and utilization of water resources can not be separated from the interests of individuals, groups and organizations. Water resources management in Batu is inseparable from the interests of individuals, management pattern can be started by the decision makers who termanivestasi in government work environment. Work environment that gave to vertical and horizontal relationships within the government machinery to make the nadir that must be answered logically. The logicof actors in the political process in environmental management is on people's liberation struggle. Policies that are born by the government in addition to presenting the criticism also has value and challenges. Criticism of a policy has always been focused on the process that generated the policy. Governmental actors in the delivery of the management model the spatial arrangement of the environment. In the context of environmental management, to be achieved spatially is the capacity of actors in putting political mobilization to achieve these changes and in the context of the wider community structure, and in the ongoing attempt to understand the interplay between importance and strategic value and ideal. Public policy and its consequences is an important framework in response to environmental governance and sustainability issues of water availability in Batu. The government has the capacity to reconstruct the environment costs into the political process, because the costs would be borne polity and economy. The situation is somewhat more complex when environmental costs are placed as a political agenda. So that the direction of government policies and actions have not explained how the polity earnest created and run by political decision makers. This makes the environment of political movements or organizations engaged in the environment would not be able to intervene in the policy process and to create a brake on the process of environmental degradation. Therefore, it takes a full understanding of policy makers and stakeholders to support the rescue of the environment, especially water resources for sustainability. Ideas through the viewpoint of the policy-making process can bear the consequences and arguments rescue springs for the needs of the stone city. agai types of interests and values that motivate political ideal and the implementation of a policy and the options available to reaffirm the demands of sustainability and the availability of water resources in the future. Ideal values that drive politics in the decision making process may include issues of justice, especially justice between generations. Moral aesthetic significance of the environmental and moral rights of living beings. 338 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Environmental Politics : Model of Networks Governance Policy in Water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java Muhammad Kamil : Environmental Politics : Model Of Networks Governance Policy in water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 The argument is the importance of the environment in the process of political mobilization of water resources management policy in Batu can be understood through the factors of the causes and consequences of environmental degradation. The Ideal value and importance as a driving factor in the political mobilization of water resources management policy to be very tentative and different. This difference may be exaggerated because people could oppose destroying the environment because of many reasons. The reasons are (1) for the benefit of individuals to enjoy uninterrupted water supply. (2) because of concern or moral ideal that prioritizes the interests of the strong moral stance to protect the group with no matter what the consequences. And more comprehensive concern may possibly include economic interests, health and personal aesthetic. Alternative and Synergy of Decision Makers: The Efforts to Move from Ecological Stagnation of Natural Resources Management in Batu In the analysis of sustainable livelihoods needed a means to open up space for public participation in environmental management. the government actors in building networking with stakeholders one is to create synergy in the policy process. Arguments important that decision makers actor can not work alone, but need to mix and match with several parties including SKPD (regional work unit) and society as objects of policy. The network in the decision making process of water resources management is to achieve cooperation between the Government and the community in the management of water sources with the same mutual preservation and availability of water supply water source so that debits the water can be increased to meet the needs of the people in Batu.The Cooperation will be conducted by the Government, the private and the public about the management of water resources applied in physical development. It is intended that the Government tasked to plan, monitor and evaluate the management of water resources in order to run properly and in accordance with the purpose to meet community needs for clean water in Batu. The involvement of the private sector from the selection of tender winners to implement water resources management projects. The private sector performs technical duties in the installation of pipes that will channel water to the people of Batu who need water. Community cooperation by participating in the reconstruction of public facilities such as public roads that have been excavated for the planting of pipes. Community participation an inseparable element in ensuring the sustainability of water resources. Sustainability and the availability of water is not only the responsibility of Batu, but also of society. Water management and the community will change the perspective of the ecological crisis as a result of improper management and due to the use of various sectors tkurang wise. In the process of governance, the Government is required to constantly adjust to the development of environmental issues, particularly the issue of the sustainability of the water source. Such adjustments in an attempt to respond to global environmental development. The environmental developments including internal and external environment. Internal changes include the complexity of the workload of government in providing public services increasingly complex society. This requires the government to continue to support the implementation of government through regulatory support to the management of sustainable water sources. The external factors require government to be more flexible in governance. This is due to the rapid development in the travel and Batu increasingly demanding roles of public organizations can accommodate all interests in a democratic framework. 339 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Environmental Politics : Model of Networks Governance Policy in Water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java Muhammad Kamil : Environmental Politics : Model Of Networks Governance Policy in water Resources Management and Conservation in Batu, East Java ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 D. Conclusion: Natural Resource Resolution Mechanisms In order to realize sustainable water management scheme in Batu, the government together with the various stakeholders in decision-making. Ecological policy in the stone town is inseparable from the relations of individual, group and organization. So that the management of water resources through keterpihakan dilakukaan against the interests of society and economic sovereignty. The power of government in achieving environmental sustainability and the sustainability of water demand management is done through the hierarchical relationships with relevant stakeholders, namely BappedaBatu as development planners, Dinas lingkungan Hidup dinas Pekerjaan umum and Cipta Karya, and the Environment Agency as implementing water resources management policy. Hierarchical decision-making process of Water Resources management in Batu City, by function, power and resources owned Government in implementing for sustainable development, the government in addition to synergy with SKPD (regional work unit). In addition, the community becomes an element that can not be separated in environmental sustainability. Therefore, the move from the ecological stagnation of the government also involves the community in supporting government work. The government has formulated three local regulations and has been proposed to DPRD (Regional People's Representative Assembly) related to sustainable water management and according to community needs as an institutional design effort. Three proposed regulations, the Drinking Water Supply System, the Establishment of PDAM (Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum), and Equity Participation in PDAMs. the local regulation on drinking water supply system will regulate its operation in Batu. 340 Proceeding International Conference on Government Leadership and Social Science Sam Ratulangi University, 11-13 April 2018 Demanding Governance Accountability and Promoting Democratic Leadership for Public Welfare Achievement Dikson Junus1,Nirmala Afrianti Sahi2,Suaib Napir3,Atika Marzaman4 : The Empowered Analysis of the Local Government Achieve Good Governance in the District of Gorontalo ISBN : 978-602-6309-44-2 Bibliography Alston, Margareth and Wendy Bowles. (1998). 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